Zinyalala ngozi kalasi 1-4: malawi ndi magwiritsidwe

Kuwononga 1 - 4 kalasi ngozi kuteteza onse chilengedwe ndi anthu ndi nyama ayenera bwino kusungidwa ndi mofatsa. Zonsezi kuti kungasokoneze pa topezeka, kodi magulu 5, koma owopsa ali woyamba zinai, m'mwezi wachisanu tichipeza zipangizo zomwe zingagwiritsidwe zobwezerezedwanso kachiwiri.

kalasi 5

kalasi ali mlingo wotsikitsitsa chiopsezo. Nthawi zambiri, tikulankhula za kungotaya lalikulu-kakulidwe m'banja: mipando yakale ndi zinthu, mankhwala zopangidwa pulasitiki kapena galasi, pepala ndi chakudya zinyalala.

grade 4

Zinyalala 1 - 4 kalasi ngozi ali m'magulu malinga ndi mlingo wa kukhudzana. Kalasi 4 chabe zikuphatikizapo mankhwala ndi otsika ngozi chilengedwe. Kukonza kuwonongeka kwa zoipa zimene angathe kukhala zaka zitatu. Kupatula zinyalala bulky banja, gulu ili mulinso zomangamanga zinyalala: zotsalira za njerwa, chomenyedwa, zitsulo, galasi wosweka, matabwa zosafunika.

kalasi Izi zikuphatikizapo ndi zakudya wochuluka kuti awonekere chifukwa cha ntchito yomanga zitsime ndi chitukuko kumunda. Kutaya ngozi zinyalala kalasi 4, makamaka amene mmene muli mafuta, ayenera kutsatira malangizo malamulo.

kalasi 3

Gulu la ngozi akapatsidwa mankhwala ndi zipangizo kuti aziwononga chilengedwe. Kuchira kumatenga za zaka 10. kalasi ndi kubvomereza kuti zinyalala zomangamanga zinyalala kupanga mu mawonekedwe a zida olakwika, cheza labala, mafuta zolinga zosiyana, zidulo ndi alkalis. gwero la kuipitsidwa mu nkhani iyi ndi pomanga, kuphatikizapo malo yosatha zomangamanga, zomera mafakitale.

2 kalasi

zinyalala woopsawo 1 - 4 makalasi ntchito kwa nthawi yaitali - zaka zosachepera zitatu. chiopsezo amagwira ntchito katundu, mankhwala a kalasi wachiwiri. zinyansi izi amatha kusintha mgwirizano wa topezeka, ndipo panadutsa zaka zosachepera 30 adzabwezeretse m'madera zakhudzana. M'kalasimo uli mankhwala zomera zoipa, zipangizo yawonongeka, ndi nyimbo mankhwala - mafuta, alkalis, zidulo. gwero la kuipitsidwa ndi mabizinezi mafakitale. Mu m'kalasi yachiwiri ya ngozi ndipo zikuphatikizapo mabatire, amene amachititsa kuwonongeka mpaka kalekale chilengedwe chifukwa poyizoni acid ndi patsogolo. Zinyalala zosonkhanitsira, motsatira malamulo, ayenera kuphedwa mu chidebe wodzipereka.

grade 1

Izi ndi zoipa zinthu zoopsa kwambiri, pamaso pa zomwe m'chilengedwe angakhale ndi zotsatira zowawa ndi chiwonongeko kuti kuli kovuta kuti achire. gulu Izi zikuphatikizapo zinyalala mafakitale. Galvanic maselo, thermometers, Mercury nyali kapena fulorosenti zochokera zida zosiyanasiyana - zonse izi kungotaya kalasi 1 zoopsa. mndandanda kumaphatikizapo woyamba wa zinthu zonse Mercury munali, chifukwa achitsulo ndi mofulumira anamasulidwa mu chilengedwe ndi mavuto mpaka kalekale kwa topezeka kudera.

Zofunikira za malamulo kuti kalasi yoyamba ya zinyalala iyenera kusonkhanitsidwa mosiyana mankhwala ena ma CD wapadera. Monga ulamuliro, izo analenga ku zitsulo kanasonkhezereka, kuyambira zinyalala sangakhoze zobwezerezedwanso. Kutaya ngozi zinyalala kalasi 1, makamaka mankhwala enaake ndi zinthu nyukiliya ndi mankhwala ikuchitika okha ndi ntchito zipangizo zina zapadera. Dongosololi yokha ikuchitika mwa njira zosiyana: cementing, mayikirowevu mphamvu kapena kupulumutsa kuti landfills wapadera. A njira za makolo a moto, mwachitsanzo, okhawo zina kuipitsanso chilengedwe.

Zochepetsera zinthu chiopsezo?

Monga tanena kale, ndi zinyalala 1 - 4 kalasi ya ngozi kungawononge mpaka kalekale chilengedwe. A njira yapadera ulamuliro zimenezi zisachitike zisachitike, kukhazikitsa, kulola pazipita pokonza zinyalala ndi kupitiriza ntchito. M'mayiko ambiri, ndipo mu Russia makamaka ayamba malamulo, chimene zinyalala ayenera pansi:

• yobwezeretsanso;
• processing;
• reused.

Njira nazo: moto

Yobwezeretsanso 1 - 4 kalasi nthawi zambiri kuchitidwa ndi kasungidwe kapena moto. Yoyamba njira ndi anthu akhala akutayirapo dothi ochiritsira Komabe, siziwononga chilengedwe ndi bungwe pa nthaka dongo ikamauma geosynthetics osiyana. ntchito yawo - kuteteza kutayikira zinthu woopsawo mu chilengedwe.

Moto - akhoza kuchepetsa chiwerengero chawo mu landfills, koma ndondomeko izi ndi mpweya woopsa zinthu zoipa. Ngati mukufuna kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe, mankhwala anawonongedwa zomera moto, zomwe zili ndi Mipikisano gawo dongosolo mpweya kuyeretsedwa.

Kuwononga 1 - 4 kalasi ngozi kuti sangathe zobwezerezedwanso ndi ntchito m'tsogolo, amene sakhoza zidzatenthedwa ayenera kuikidwa m'manda. Pamene munakonza repositories a dongosolo Geological ntchito akasinja - lubwe, basalt, gypsum, koma mu nkhani iyi m'pofunika kukumbukira zina zinthu.

1. Zigawo ayenera kukhala madzi ndi madzi mwankhanza strata ayenera kuyikidwa pansi.
2. Ndi kuvomerezedwa kwa mapindikidwe kumene kumabwera ndi kukameta ubweya mchikakamizo cha zinthu zosiyanasiyana.

Ngati inu ntchito kutaya mobisa zinyalala, ndiye mwachita ndi ntchito muli wapadera.

Kutaya katundu woopsawo

Kutaya zinyalala ngozi kalasi 1 - muyeso kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, nkokoma kusunga zipangizo zachiwawa mu akasinja wapadera mobisa kuti adzakomane amafuna mkulu.

1. Zinyalala aikidwa pa Tarah, amene adzatha kulimbana katundu osiyana - makina mafunde mantha.
2. Kuwayika zinthu zopindulitsa kuchokera mizere mphamvu.
3. Ndi kuvomerezedwa mwambo yosungirako otsika kutentha ndi desensitization kuteteza zinyalala ku ankachita mankhwala ndi zigawo otsala.

Kapena yobwezeretsanso?

Zinyalala Amasamala kobvuta yekha ayenera kuthetsa yosonkhanitsira osiyana. Koma ndi njira kwambiri pakachitika vuto. Ambiri zinyalala 1 - 3 kalasi ngozi yabwino ndithu kuti zingagwiritsidwenso ntchito. Tikuyankhula zokhudza mapulasitiki, mabatire, zamkati mwa mtundu uliwonse. Kumene, ndondomeko imeneyi kumafuna bizinesi yaikulu, zimene si stint m'mayiko a ku Ulaya, koma Russia njira imeneyi si ntchito kawirikawiri aliyense kampani mukhoza kupeza njira nazo kupanga zinyalala.

Kodi kuthana ndi poizoni?

Woopsawo zinyalala 1 - 4 makalasi, amene wapangidwa poizoni, nthawi zambiri zopanda mwa njira matenthedwe. Iwo anali kumeneko kwambiri.

• Phula-gawo makutidwe ndi okosijeni ntchito kutaya zinyalala mu gawo madzi ndi precipitates amene ali mu madzi ogwiritsidwa ntchito pa. njira amatenda ntchito pa kutentha zina ndi kuthamanga, yodziwika negligible zomvetsa mphamvu, koma pa ndondomeko pa Kutentha pamwamba mukhale chopondapo aumbike, ichi ndi drawback chachikulu.
• Sakanikira catalysis. Izo ntchito pamene chofunika n'chongoletsa zinyalala mafakitale mu gawo gaseous kapena madzi.
• Pyrolysis, chomwe ndi oxidizing kapena youma. Zobwera chifukwa cha okosijeni pyrolysis - ndi kuwonongeka matenthedwe mankhwala zoipa mankhwala, pamene nazitentha kapena pang'ono, kapena kukhudzana ndi mankhwala chifukwa kuyaka kwa mafuta. Njira yabwino kwa sludge, mapulasitiki, mafuta, zosafunika mafuta. Pamene youma pyrolysis mankhwala kuwola ndinso thermally koma popanda oxygen. Chifukwa Mwachangu mkulu ndipo sanali zinyalala, luso zikufunika kwambiri.
• Gasification - njira ina yobwezeretsanso. Ubwino wa njira imeneyi ndiye anapanga pa mpweya kuyaka angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati mafuta, ndi utomoni - ngati mankhwala feedstock.
• Low-kutentha plasma. Njira imeneyi ndi zothandiza pamene mukufuna kutaya zinyalala poizoni.

zinyalala mankhwala

Kuti monga zoipa mankhwala zinyalala ngozi kalasi 1, mndandanda wa womwenso mankhwala enaake a sulphate, mankhwala nthaka, phosphates. Nthawi zambiri, zinyansi awa amayambira chifukwa cha flotation ndondomeko ya patsogolo mchere ndi amines. Ngati fumbi uwu udzafika mu thupi, sipangakhale mavuto ndi bronchi ndi magazi zotengera.

The zoipa kwambiri limapangidwa zinyalala, amene ali Mercury ndi mankhwala ake, mankhwala enaake mercuric, antimony potaziyamu cyanide. Ngati munthu mwadzidzidzi poizoni zinthu zimenezi, dziko lonse la manjenje, impso angalephere chidwi, monga Motero - imfa. N'chifukwa chake zinyalala (4 kalasi ya ngozi kuphatikizapo) - ndondomeko udindo.

N'chifukwa chiyani ndifunika pasipoti?

Kuwononga kalasi chilichonse cha choopsa chofunika chitukuko cha pasipoti, ozikidwa angapo mapepala. Ngati pasipoti izi si, kampani akukumana ndi chabwino ndithu, kuwonjezera, ntchito zake akhoza inaimitsidwa. chakuti sitili pa chikalata ichi imatengedwa ngati waphwanya chitetezo zachilengedwe za chilengedwe. Kukafola pasipoti kumafuna angapo magawo - kuchokera mndandanda wa ntchito ndalama Laboratories kufufuza ndi mawerengedwe wapadera wa kalasi ngozi zinyalala.

anapezazo

Yobwezeretsanso zinyalala - nkhani imene nkhawa asayansi padziko lonse lapansi m'badwo kuposa wina. Mavuto amene safuna njira logwirizana ndi mankhwala processing makampani Komanso si dziko lililonse anazindikira kuti zinyalala mafakitale angagwiritsidwe ntchito kachiwiri. Kumene, pali zipangizo zatsopano, njira ndi zipangizo kulola osachepera pang'ono kusintha mkhalidwe zinthu zachilengedwe ano, koma kusowa ndalama kwa kukhazikitsa ntchito imeneyi amalenga ngozi anthu.