Zimayambitsa zivomezi ndi mavuto. Chikhalidwe cha zivomezi

Yadothi mtunda wakhala chizindikiro cha chitetezo. Ndipo lero, munthu amene amaopa kuuluka pandege, amaona kumuteteza poganiza chabe pansi pa mapazi lathyathyathya pamwamba. chinthu choopsa amakhala chotero, pamene kwenikweni kuuluka amalowetsa pansi pa mapazi ake. Chivomezi, ngakhale anafooka, kwambiri kuchepetsa wotetezeka zambiri zotsatira ndi kumphatikiza ndi owonongedwa ndi mantha ndipo ndi maganizo osati thupi. Komanso, ali mmodzi wa ngozi anthu, kuletsa kuti anthu sangathe, koma chifukwa chakuti asayansi ambiri kufufuza zimayambitsa zivomezi, kenaka utentha mamba kukhala njira fixation, kulosera ndi chenjezo. Zitachitika kale ndi anthu thupi la chidziwitso pa nkhani imeneyi zimathandiza kuchepetsa zomvetsa zina. Pa nthawi yomweyo, zitsanzo amasonyeza zivomezi wa zaka zaposachedwapa kuti akadali kwambiri kuphunzira ndi kuchita.

Akamanena za chodabwitsa ndi

Pa mtima uliwonse chivomerezi ndi funde zivomerezi, chifukwa mu gulu la matanthwe a pansi padziko. Vutolo limachitika chifukwa cha njira zamphamvu zinandivuta osiyana. Wokongola zivomezi zazing'ono zimachitika chifukwa kutengeka mbale lithospheric padziko, nthawi zambiri pamodzi zolakwa za. Chozama mu malo zimayambitsa zivomezi zambiri ndi zotsatirapo zoipa kwambiri. Zidzachitika m'madera pamodzi m'mbali mwa kusuntha mbale, amene kumizidwa pakhoma. njira zikuchitika pano kuyambitsa zotsatira kuonekera kwambiri.

Zivomezi kuchitika tsiku ndi tsiku, koma ambiri a iwo anthu osaganizira. Iwo okha omwe ndi zipangizo zapadera. Mphamvu yaikulu pazipita mantha wovulala zimachitika mu zone panayambira, malo pa moto, anabereka mafunde zivomerezi.

mamba

Masiku ano, pali njira zingapo kuti aone mphamvu ya chodabwitsa lapansi. Iwo zochokera mfundo monga mphamvu ya chivomezi, ukulu wake ndi kalasi mphamvu. Otsiriza awa ndi mtengo zimene zikusonyeza kuchuluka kwa mphamvu anamasulidwa mu mawonekedwe a mafunde zivomerezi. Zimene kuyeza zotsatira za mphamvu anali akufuna mu 1935 ndi Richter choncho yotchuka yotchedwa Richter lonse. Izo ntchito lero, koma izo, zosiyana ndi zimene ambiri amakhulupirira, aliyense chivomezi zimachitika mfundo ndi zopindulitsa zoopsa.

Mfundo zivomezi amene nthawi zonse za zotsatira zokhudza lonse zina. Bukuli lili ndi kusintha yoweyula matalikidwe kapena ukulu wa kusinthasintha mu malo omwe. Khalidwe lonse ili kufotokoza mphamvu ya chivomezi:

• mfundo 1-2: zodabwitsa m'malo ofooka, zipangizo yekha mayina;
• 3-4 mfundo: adazindikira nyumba zitalizitali, nthawi zambiri ndinasintha akugwedeza chandeliers ndi kusamuka kwa zinthu zazing'ono, munthu angaganize chizungulire;
• 5-7 mfundo: inagwedezeka akhoza anamva kale pansi, mwina kuoneka ming'alu pa makoma a nyumbazo, anagwa pulasitala;
• 8 mfundo: inagwedezeka amphamvu kuyambitsa kuoneka ming'alu kwambiri padziko, zooneka kuwononga nyumba;
• 9 mfundo: kugwetsa makoma a nyumbazo, nyumba zambiri mobisa;
• 10-11 mfundo: chivomezi zikubweretsa zigumukire ndi kugumuka, kugwa kwa nyumba ndi milatho;
• Mfundo 12: kumabweretsa mavuto ambiri zoopsa, mpaka kusintha amphamvu malo ndipo ngakhale malangizo a kayendedwe ka madzi m'mitsinje.

Mfundo za zivomezi zomwe zalembedwa mu magwero osiyanasiyana amene anatsimikiza kuti lonse lino.

Gawo

Kukhoza kulosera ngozi iliyonse zogwirizana kumvetsa bwino chimene chimachititsa izo. Zimayambitsa chachikulu cha zivomezi zikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu awiri akuluakulu: zachilengedwe ndi yokumba. Woyamba ndi zosintha mkati, komanso chikoka cha njira zina dziko, yotsirizira chifukwa cha zochita za anthu. Gulu la zivomezi kuganiza mwakuya zomwe zinatipangitsa izo. Pakati zachilengedwe tectonic kumasulidwa, landslip, chiphala, ndi ena. Tiyeni tione iwo mwatsatanetsatane.

tectonic chivomezi

Makungwa a dziko zonse zoyenda. Kuti maziko a zivomezi kwambiri. Mbale tectonic amapanga kutumphuka kusuntha wachibale wina ndi mzake, adzawombana, mogwirizana ndi converge. Mu malo fractures, kumene mbale malire ndi mphamvu ya psinjika kapena mavuto, anapeza nkhawa tectonic. Kukula, izo posachedwa kapena mtsogolo kumabweretsa m'chiwonongeko ndi kusamutsidwa a miyala, chifukwa mu mafunde zivomerezi amabadwa.

mwaulesi ofukula kuyambitsa posambira mapangidwe kapena zochotsa miyala. Mmene kusamutsidwa mbale angakhale ang'ono ndi kukhala chabe masentimita angapo, koma kuchuluka linatuluka pa mphamvu ili ndi chokwanila kuwononga kwambiri padziko. Kuda njira ngati pansi ndi noticeable kwambiri. Izi zikhoza kukhala Mwachitsanzo, kusamuka kwa gawo limodzi la munda wachibale wina, ming'alu kwambiri ndi zolephera.

Pansi wosanjikiza madzi

Zimayambitsa zivomezi pansi pa nyanja ndi amodzi pa dziko - mwaulesi mbale lithospheric. Chinachake tanthauzo losiyana kwa anthu. Nthawi zambiri kuchepetsa mbale zikuluzikulu amachititsa tsunami. Ochokera pa malo omwe yoweyula ndi pang'onopang'ono kupeza okwera ndi pafupi gombe mamita zambiri mpaka khumi, ndi zina makumi asanu.

Malinga ndi kafukufuku, 80% ya madzi anatsika pa Pacific gombe. Today pali ntchito zambiri mabacteria chivomezi, ogwira ntchito yotani zikamera ndi kufala kwa mafunde yotayikitsa, kuchenjeza anthu za kuopsa. Komabe, anthu adakali wamng'ono kutetezedwa masoka zachilengedwe zotero. Zitsanzo za chivomezi ndi tsunami kumayambiriro kwa zaka za ichi - umboni wina.

mapiri

Pankhani zivomezi kwenikweni zimachitika mutu ndi adaona kamodzi red-hot chiphalaphala kuphulika fano. Zimenezi n'zosadabwitsa: zochitika ziwiri zachilengedwe zokhudzana. Chifukwa cha chivomezi zingakhale ntchito chiphala. Timasangalala moto wotentha umalimbikitsa padziko pansi. Nthawi zina mokwanira yaitali maphunziro kuphulika zikuchitika nthawi bursts mpweya ndi nthunzi, amene kupanga mafunde zivomerezi. Pamwamba kuthamanga amalenga otchedwa chiphala kugwedeza (kugwedeza). Ndi mndandanda wa inagwedezeka yaing'ono nthaka.

The chifukwa zivomezi ndi njira zikuchitika mkati monga mapiri a yogwira ndipo zinatha. Zikatero, iwo ali chizindikiro kuti stilled moto phiri ngakhale kudzuka. Akatswiri ntchito chiphala zambiri ntchito yaying'ono zivomezi kulosera kuphulika.

Nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta kuti unambiguously zimachitika chivomezi tectonic kapena gulu chiphala. Zizindikiro za otsiriza ankaona malo malo omwe pafupi ndi phiri, ndipo chikuperekedwa ochepa.

n'kugwa

Chifukwa cha chivomezi angathe kutumikira, ndi kugwa kwa miyala. Zigumukire ndi kugumuka mu mapiri chifukwa cha zosiyanasiyana njira mu mchere ndi zochitika zachilengedwe ndi zochita za anthu. Cave ndi kupanga zivomerezi mafunde akhoza wachabechabe mapanga pansi. Rock imagwera osakwanira facilitates zosangalatsa wa madzi amene wawononga dongosolo looneka olimba. Chifukwa cha kugwa ndipo angakhale tectonic chivomezi. Kugwa kwa yoopsa misa Choncho amachititsa negligible zivomerezi ntchito.

Pakuti zivomezi izi yodziwika ndi asilikali ochepa. Monga ulamuliro, buku la thanthwe anakomoka si kokwanira kuti akhonza kusinthasintha kwambiri. Komabe, nthawi zina chivomezi wa mtundu uwu patsogolo kwa kuwonongeka noticeable.

Gulu la kuya kwa yatsoka

Zimayambitsa chachikulu cha zivomezi ndi apaubale monga tanenera kale, ndi zosiyanasiyana njira m'chikondi cha dziko. Mmodzi wa mitundu ya gulu la zochitika n'kozikidwa pa mozama za mtundu wawo. Zivomezi anawagawa mitundu itatu:

• Pamwamba - pakati ili pa akuya zosaposa 100 Km, a mtundu uwu pafupifupi 51% ya zivomezi.
• Wapakatikati - kuya zimasiyanasiyana mu osiyanasiyana kuchokera 100 mpaka 300 Km, mu imeneyi ili imakonzedwa matumba 36% zivomezi.
• Kwambiri kuganizira - zosakwana 300 Km, gawo la mtundu zimenezi n'zomwe 13% ya mavuto amenewa.

The kwambiri nyanja lidagwedezeka mtundu wachitatu zinachitika mu Indonesia mu 1996. likulu lake inali pa akuya oposa 600 Km. chochitika walola asayansi "kutionetsera" matumbo a dziko akuya kwambiri. Pofuna kuphunzira kapangidwe ka subsoil ntchito pafupifupi kwambiri kuganizira zivomezi si owopsa kwa anthu. deta ambiri pa dongosolo la Dziko zimapezeka Kuphunzira otchedwa Wadati Benioff zone, sipangakhalenso ankayimiridwa ngati pamapindikira mumbali mzere osonyeza malo kuitana zomvetsera tectonic mbale pansi pa ena.

zochita za anthu

Nature zivomezi kuyambira chiyambi cha chitukuko cha kudziwa luso la anthu zasintha. Kuwonjezera yachibadwa kenaka utentha mamba ndi mafunde zivomerezi anawonekera yokumba. Man, lophunzira chikhalidwe ndi zinthu zake, komanso kukula mphamvu luso, ntchito zawo zingakubweretsereni ndi tsoka. Zimayambitsa zivomezi - ndi mobisa mabomba, chilengedwe cha Madamu lalikulu, m'zigawo mabuku lalikulu la mafuta ndi gasi, zotsatira kukhala opanda pansi.

Mmodzi mavuto mwachilungamo kwambiri pankhani imeneyi - chivomezi, akuwuka kwa chilengedwe ndi kudzazidwa Madamu ndi. Buku wautali kwambiri ndi kulemera kwa ndime madzi opanikizika wa subsoil ndi kutsogolera kusintha mu hydrostatic mgwirizano mu miyala. The apamwamba a damu analenga, m'pamenenso zikamera otchedwa anachititsa ntchito zivomerezi.

M'madera zivomezi zimachitika chifukwa cha zinthu zachilengedwe, zochita za anthu nthawi zambiri superimposed pa njira tectonic ndi amakwiya masoka achilengedwe. Deta yotere akusokoneza maudindo ena pa makampani nawo chitukuko cha minda mafuta ndi gasi.

zotsatira

Amphamvu chivomezi chifukwa chiwonongeko chachikulu m'madera ambiri. Zotsatira zoopsa amachepetsa monga mtunda kuchokera malo omwe. The owopsa chiwonongeko - ndi zosiyanasiyana ngozi munthu. Kugwa kapena mapindikidwe chuma zokhudza mankhwala woopsawo kumabweretsa anamasulidwa mu chilengedwe. The Tinganenenso chimodzimodzi za manda ndi malo a manda zinyalala nyukiliya. ntchito zivomerezi angakhale chifukwa cha kuipitsidwa kwa m'magawo akuluakulu.

Kupatula pa chiwonongeko zambiri m'mizinda, zivomezi ndi mavuto ndi njira zina. Zivomerezi mafunde, monga taonera kale, angachititse kugumuka, mudflows, kusefukira kwa madzi ndiponso kusefukira kwa madzi. chivomezi zone pambuyo tsoka zambiri kusintha kupitirira kuzindikira. ming'alu zakuya ndi mipata, kukokololoka kwa nthaka - izi ndi zina "kusintha" wa kutsogolera malo kusintha kwambiri zachilengedwe. Iwo akhoza kuwonongedwa kwa nyama ndi zomera za m'deralo. Izi ntchito ndi mpweya zosiyanasiyana ndi mankhwala zitsulo akubwera kuchokera fractures zozama ndi chiwonongeko yosavuta mbali lonse malo.

Mphamvu ndi zofooka

Chiwonongeko yochititsa chidwi kukhala pambuyo megalozemletryaseny. Iwo yodziwika ndi ukulu wa wamkulu kuposa 8.5. mavuto amenewa, mwamwayi, yosowa kwambiri. Chifukwa cha zivomezi izi m'mbuyomu anapanga ena nyanja ndi mitsinje. Chitsanzo kwabasi wa "ntchito" tsoka - Nyanja Gek-Gol ku Azerbaijan.

More modzichepetsa kufunika kwa chivomezi, zomwe zimachititsa ngozi yaikulu ndi imfa amatchedwa zowononga zoopsa. Komabe, ofooka zivomerezi ntchito atha kubweretsa kusintha chidwi. zivomezi zoterozo kuchititsa akulimbana m'makoma anatenga chandeliers ndi zina zotero ndipo, monga ulamuliro, sichichititsa zotsatira zoopsa. Kuopsa kwambiri ali mu mapiri, kumene angathe kuyambitsa zigumukire kwambiri ndipo kugumuka. Location foci ngati zivomezi pafupi mphamvu opangira magetsi kapena nyukiliya angathe kuyambitsa opangidwa tsoka.

Ofooka chivomezi - ndi uphimbika kuopseza. Pa Mwina asayembekezere m'deralo, monga ulamuliro, ndi chovuta kwambiri kuphunzira, pamene chidwi kwambiri pa ukulu wa chodabwitsa nthawizonse kusiya kulemba. Choncho, kuopsezedwa zonse mafakitale ndi zogona chitukuko pafupi mabacteria ndi seismically yogwira. nyumba zimenezo zimaphatikizapo Mwachitsanzo, ambiri zomera mphamvu za nyukiliya ndi US, komanso manda a zinyalala za nyukiliya ndi poizoni.

zivomezi

Ndi maonekedwe a zimayambitsa tsoka ndi zokhudzana likamaomba m'madera seismically oopsa pa mapu a dziko lapansi. Mu Pacific, ndi zone zivomerezi, kumene njira imodzi kapena wina, zogwirizana ndi zolepheretsa a chivomezi. Pamafunikanso Indonesia, kugombe la kumadzulo kwa Central ndi South America, Japan, Iceland, Kamchatka, Hawaii, ndi Philippines, ndi Islands Kuril ndi Alaska. The chachiwiri achangu zone - Eurasian Pyrenees, ndi Caucasus, Tibet, ndi Apennines, Himalaya, ndi Altai, Pamir ndi Balkans.

zivomezi khadi ndi full, ndi zina zoopsa. Iwo onse ogwirizana ndi malo a ntchito tectonic, pamene Mwina wa kugunda mbale lithospheric, kapena ndi mapiri.

Map of zivomezi Russia ndi zonse zingapo okwanira zotupa kuthekera ndipo alipo. The mabacteria owopsa chikutanthauza - ndi Kamchatka, Eastern Siberia, ndi Caucasus, Altai, Sakhalin ndi Islands Kuril. Ochuluka kwambiri zotsatira zake chivomezi mu zaka posachedwapa m'dziko lathu linali pachilumba cha Sakhalin mu 1995. Ndiye mphamvu ya tsoka linali pafupi eyiti mfundo. Ngoziyi inachititsa kuti chiwonongeko zambiri Neftegorsk.

Great ngozi tsoka ndi kulephera kwake kuteteza zimayambitsa asayansi padziko lonse kuphunzira mwatsatanetsatane chivomezi: zimayambitsa ndi zotsatira "chizindikiritso" zizindikiro ndi mphamvu kulosera. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti patsogolo luso pa dzanja limodzi, kumathandiza onse molondola kwambiri kuneneratu zochitika m'khutu kuti agwire kusintha pang'ono mu njira mkati mwa dziko lapansi, ndi pa zina - limakhala Chinanso ngozi: kuti zolakwa pamwamba anawonjezera kuti hydro ndi mphamvu za nyukiliya ngozi, mumapezeka mafuta mu malo kupanga zoyipa moto lonse kuntchito. Nkosafuna chivomezi - chodabwitsa monga osokoneza ngati patsogolo sayansi ndi luso: ndi zowononga ndi yoopsa, koma zikusonyeza kuti dziko moyo. Malinga ndi asayansi, kutha lathunthu zochitika mapiri zivomezi zidzatanthauza imfa ya dziko mawu miyala. zosiyanasiyana Anamaliza chuma mchere, kuthamangitsidwa mafuta, zaka kale mamilioni angapo a Dziko Lapansi n'kumawotha mwake. Koma sizikumveka ngati kudzakhala anthu padziko lapansili popanda zivomezi.