Zilandiridwenso ndi yonena za Shillera Fridriha

A tingachipeze powerenga anazindikira mabuku dziko ndi Friedrich Schiller. Wambiri ndi ntchito awulule anamuzindikira woukira, munthu amene saganizira yokha m'nyengo ya chilengedwe chilungamo ang'onoang'ono katundu. moyo wake ft chidwi ngakhale a m'banja lachifumu, zomwe ife kufotokoza pansipa. Moyo wa ndakatulo ndi Wolemba wina yokha akufanana sewero ed, kumene talente akulimbana ndi tsankho, umphawi ndi yapambana.

Azungu mwasankha nyimbo ya European Union ake "Ode kwa Joy." Ikani nyimbo Lyudvigom Van Beethoven, izo adawomba wapadera chapamwamba.

Inde a munthu uyu anatuluka m'zigawozigawo ndakatulo, Wolemba wina, luso theorist, womenya ufulu wa anthu.

anabadwa unfree

Pamene Shiller Fridrih anabadwa mu Germany, kunali apakhungu serfdom.

Nzika za ambuye ang'onoang'ono sangapite pansi kupitirira chuma cha suzerain wake. Ndipo ngati zimachitika, ndiye obisalira anabwerera ndi mphamvu. Nzika akanatha ngakhale kusintha ntchito yake imene iye anali "munakhala" ang'onoang'ono kapena kukwatiwa popanda chilolezo cha mbuye wake. Mu udindo uwu nightmarish malamulo, akufanana khola chitsulo, kukhala Friedrich Schiller.

Iye wakhala tingachipeze powerenga, kani, osati ndi chi German anthu, koma ngakhale. Frederick mophiphiritsa, anatha kulowa kachisi wa luso kudzera chitseko kwa iye ndi boma ndi zotsala za Middle Ages.

Only mu 1807 (Schiller anafa 1805), Prussia anathetsa serfdom.

makolo

Schiller yonena kumayambira Duchy wa Württemberg (Marbach ndine Neckar), pamene iye anabadwa pa 11.10.1759, mu banja ndi mkulu, ndi regimental mankhwala wothandizira Ioganna Kaspara Schiller. Amayi tsogolo ndakatulo anali m'banja la mankhwala ndi innkeepers. dzina lake Elizabeti Dorothea Kodvays. Mu nyumba ya makolo ake anali chikhalidwe cha umphawi woyera, zaukhondo ndi aluntha.

Bambo ndi mayi a Johann Kristofa Fridriha Von Schiller (ichi ndi dzina lonse la zapamwamba za) anali achipembedzo kwambiri ndi mzimu yemweyo ana. Papa a ndakatulo iyi, mbadwa ya m'mphawi banja vinyo yopanga, anali mwayi kupeza maphunziro zachipatala. Iye anakhala mkulu ndi mbuye wake, wanzeru, koma osati ufulu. Iye anasintha malo ake okhala, ofesi, kutsatira chifuniro cha mbuye wake.

mapangidwe

Pamene mnyamata zaka zisanu, makolo ake anasamukira ku mzinda wa chigawocho chomwecho Lorch. Atate ali kumeneko breech malo recruiter kulemba anthu usilikali. zaka zitatu koyamba mpingo luso maphunziro Friedrich Lorch chinkhoswe m'busa, munthu wabwino, amene anali wokhoza chidwi mnyamata mu Latin, German, ndipo katekisimu.

Pamene seveni Schiller ndi banja lake anasamukira ku Ludwigsburg, iye anali kuphunzira mu sukulu Latin. Pa 23, mnyamata anaphunzira chitsimikizo (lamanja kufikako sakramentili). Poyamba iye anafuna kuti akhale wansembe, kutsatira charism wa owasamalira.

ang'onoang'ono despot

Wambiri ya Schiller unyamata wake wakhala mndandanda wa mavuto chifukwa cha kulephera adzatero wolamulira wa Württemberg. Iye analamula serf wake kuphunzira malamulo pa sukulu ankhondo a ntchito malamulo. Schiller sanathe moyo wina, iye ananyalanyaza maphunziro. Patatha zaka zitatu, mnyamatayo anali womaliza pa mndandanda mu gulu anzawo a anthu 18.

Mu 1776 analowa mphamvu ya mankhwala, iye anakhala ndi chidwi kuphunzira kuno. Koma mankhwala chiphunzitso anakopeka nkhani zazing'ono wake - nzeru, mabuku. Mu 1777, magazini olimba "German Chronicle" lofalitsidwa ntchito loyamba ode achinyamata Schiller a "Mgonjetsi", olembedwa potsanzira wokondedwa ndakatulo Friedrich Klopstock.

Wambiri ya Schiller, motere kuchokera pamwamba, osati "majeure" nkhani. Man, si anamvera amafuna kukhala wazamalamulo, iye anayamba kudana ndi Duke-wankhanza. chifuniro Chake 29 wazaka maphunziro a Academy anali malo amodzi okha a dokotala regimental, popanda udindo wa mkulu wa. Despot ankaoneka kuti iye anali wokhoza dislocate moyo wa manyazi mnyamata, koma kale Friedrich Schiller ankaona mphamvu ya luntha lake.

Luntha watero palokha

32 wazaka Wolemba wina analemba sewero "The Tinfunika". No Wofalitsa Stuttgart si ntchito kufalitsa chotero ntchito yaikulu kapolo, oopa zotsutsana ndi wamphamvu zonse Duke wa Württemberg. Kuchita khama polengeza yokha kwa anthu, kuti mabuku yokha Friedrich Schiller. yonena wake monga Wolemba wina ndi ikuyamba ndi ntchito imeneyi.

Saucy nzika, amene anafalitsa sewero "The Tinfunika" pa ndalama zake, anali wopambana. Ndipo Choikidwiratu anamutuma mphatso. Bookseller bwenzi kumchititsa kuwonana ndi katswiri wa luso ndi Baron Von Dalberg, kulamulira Mayngemskim zisudzo. Drama pambuyo revisions zazing'ono anakhala yapadera yotsatira zisudzo yina Prussia!

wolemba chimakwirira mtima, iye zimakondwerera mu talente. Mu nthawi yomweyo, Schiller lofalitsidwa deta yake yoyamba ya ndakatulo, "Anthology cha 1782". Akuoneka kukwaniritsa msinkhu uliwonse! Iye mpikisano chifukwa Championship mu Swabian sukulu ndakatulo ndi Gothaldom Shteydlinom kale anamasulidwa wake "Collection nyimbo." Kupereka chithunzithunzi cha choyalutsa kwa deta wake, wolemba ndakatulo limasonyeza malo a buku, Tobolsk.

Kuzunzidwa ndi kuthawa

Schiller yonena mu nthawi imeneyi ikusonyezedwa ndi kuthawira banal County Palatinate. Kusuntha yowopsa anaganiza 22.09.1782, pamodzi ndi bwenzi lake Streicher, limba ndi kupeka. Duke wa Württemberg anali okhazikika, amayesetsa kusintha tingachipeze powerenga m'tsogolo chuma campaigner.

Schiller kuvala masabata awiri brig kuti adachoka pa Regiment kwa kuyendera kupanga ed a "achifwamba." Pa nthawi yomweyo iye analetsedwa kulemba.

Axamwali, osati popanda chifukwa choopera machenjera ndi Archduke. Schiller anasintha dzina kuti Schmidt. Choncho anakakhala osati mu mzinda wa Mannheim, ndi malo odyera "Hunter a pabwalo" wakunja kwatawuni m'mudzi Oggersgeym.

Schiller ankafuna kupanga latsopano lolembedwapo kusewera "Mwandichitira chiwembu cha Fiesco ku Genoa." Komabe, amalipiritsa anaonekera womvetsa chisoni. Kukhala umphawi, anakakamizika kupempha thandizo kwa Henriette Von Valtsogen. Iye mowolowa manja analola Wolemba wina wa ku moyo mu chikhalidwe chake wopanda munthu.

Kukhala dzina ankaganiza

Kuyambira 1782 mpaka 1783 chuma kubisala pansi pa dzina fictitious benefactress Dr. Ritter Friedrich Schiller. yonena wake mu nthawi ino - ikulongosola za moyo wa wakunja ndi anasankhidwa kuyesera, kukhala wokhoza kukhala talente awo. Iye anaphunzira mbiri ndi analemba kusewera "Luisa Miller" ndi "Mwandichitira chiwembu cha Fiesco ku Genoa." Kulemekeza bwenzi lake, Andreya Shtreyhera, amene anagwira khama kwambiri kuti Mannheim wotsogolera zisudzo, Baron Von Dalberg, iye anafotokoza ntchito ya ena. Schiller ati kalata kwa Baron wa masewero ake atsopano, ndipo akulonjeza kuti atipereke kunyumba!

Nthawi imeneyi (1983) munda kukaona Henriette Von Valtsogen ndi mwana wake wamng'ono Charlotte. Schiller anagwa mchikondi ndi mtsikana ndipo anafunsa mayi ake kuti amulole kumukwatira koma anakana chifukwa cha umphawi wawo. Anasamukira Mannheim kukonzekera ntchito zawo kuti chiphunzitso cha.

Kupeza ufulu. Kupeza malo ofunda

Ngati umaimba "Mwandichitira chiwembu cha Fiesco ku Genoa" pa siteji ya zamasewero a Mannheim akuthamanga ngati mawu wamba, ndi "Luisa Miller" (anadzatchedwa "chidwi ndi Chikondi") kumabweretsa kukumenya chachikulu. Mu 1784 Schiller alowa m'dera anthu German kupeza ufulu chilolezo chokhala awo, akugonjera Palatinate, ndipo potsiriza lembani mzere pansi pa chisautso cha Archduke.

ndi maganizo ake wake pa chitukuko cha zisudzo German, ndi kulemekezedwa monga Wolemba wina wotchuka. Iye akuti ntchito yake "Theatre - bungwe makhalidwe," wakhala tingachipeze powerenga.

Posachedwa Schiller akuyamba yochepa chibwenzi ndi wokwatira mkazi Charlotte Von Kalb. Wolemba, wofunitsitsa zongoganiza, anatsogolera moyo bohemia. Young ndakatulo dona uyu anaona kuti mpikisano wake yotsatira yotereyi akazi a zigonjetso.

Anayamba Schiller mu Darmstadt ndi Archduke Karl August. Iye Wolemba wina kuwerenga kachitidwe koyamba kwa zochitika "Don Carlos." Anadabwa kwambiri ndipo anasangalala talente wolemba, mfulu anapatsa malo mlangizi wolemba. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti Wolemba wina akuonera chikhalidwe, osati kwambiri. Komabe, izi sizisintha moyo wake.

Posachedwa Schiller mikangano ndi akuswa pangano ndi mkulu wa Mannheim zisudzo. wolemba amaona analenga kugunda amadalira chifuniro chake ndi ndalama kuyesera amaumiriza Schiller.

Leipzig zimatengera kusimidwa ndakatulo

yemweyo kudzasokonezeka moyo anakhalabe Friedrich Schiller. yonena wake si koyamba kukonzekera nkhonya mu moyo wake. Chifukwa umphawi iye wokanayo anakwatira Margarita Shvan, mwana wamkazi wa bwalo ankagulitsa. Komabe, posachedwapa moyo wake kusintha kwa bwino. Mu Leipzig, ife anayamikira ntchito yake.

Wolemba wina wachita kale mosalekeza anaitanidwa mafani ntchito zake, bungwe m'dziko lolamuliridwa ndi Gottfried Kerner. Amapita koopsa (iye ali salipidwa ngongole yake ya guilders 200, anatengedwa buku la "The Tinfunika"), wolemba akatulukire kwa mafani ake ndi pempho kwa chithandizo. Kuti amakondwera, posakhalitsa analandira ndalama ya ku Leipzig mu ndalama yokwanira kulipira ngongole ndi kusamukira kumene anayamikira. Ubwenzi ndi Gottfried Kerner womangidwa zapamwamba moyo wake wonse.

17.04.1785 Bambo Schiller adza kwa mzinda kulandiridwa.

Panthawi imeneyi tingachipeze powerenga kachitatu akugwa, koma kachiwiri sizinathandize: amakana Margarita Shvan. Wakufayo mu wakuda mdima tingachipeze powerenga umabala phindu zopindula wake, Gottfried Körner. Iye limawaletsa bwenzi chikondi kwa kudzipha kuyamba kuitana kwa ukwati wa Frederick Minna ndodo.

Ofunda ubwenzi ndi anapulumuka mavuto aakulu zauzimu, chifukwa ukwati wa mnzake analemba ode wanzeru "Kuti Joy" ndi F. Schiller.

Wambiri ya wolemba n'kukakhala pa kuyitana kwa pafupi zomwezo Kerner m'mudzi Dresden Loschwitz chinali ndi ntchito chidwi :. "nthanthi Letters" sewero "The Misanthrope", monga kukonzedwa ndi sewero "Don Carlos" Ndi kulenga kuchulukana nthawi imeneyi akufanana Boldin Yophukira Pushkin.

Schiller amadziwika. Wolemba wina akana kupereka ku Hamburg kuchiwonetsero ankachitika masewero ake. kukumbukira kwambiri atsopano mavuto mogwirizana ndi yopuma ndi Mannheim zisudzo.

Weimar nthawi: kuchoka ku luso. TB

Iye anali 08/21/1787 akadzafika mu Weimar pa kuyitana kwa wolemba ndakatulo Christoph Wieland. Iye limodzi ndi mbuye wa, bwenzi lakale, Charlotte Von Kalb. Kukhala nkhani ya anthu mkulu, ndi anayambitsanso Schiller ndi kutsogolera olemba German Johann woweta ndi Martin Wieland.

Wolemba ndakatulo anayamba kufalitsa magazini "Thalia" tinkawasindikiza mu "German Mercury". Apa anachoka pafupifupi khumi ntchito, kudzifunsa mu mbiri. luso lake chikuzika, ndipo mu 1788 anakhala pulofesa pa yunivesite ya Jena.

Iye nkhani pa mbiri ya dziko lapansi ndi ndakatulo anamasuliridwa "Aeneid" ndi Virgil. Schiller analandira malipiro a 200 thalers chaka. Izi ndi ndalama mwachilungamo kakang'ono, koma lilili kuti kukonza tsogolo.

Choncho wasankha kukonza miyoyo yawo ndi kukwatira Charlotte Von lengefeld. Koma patatha zaka zinayi umabweretsa mayesero latsopano: kulankhula m'makalasi ozizira ndi kachilombo ndi wophunzira ake, kudwala chifuwa cha TB Friedrich Schiller. Chidwi mfundo mu mbiri kusonyeza wachikoka, umphumphu wa munthu. Disease mitanda ntchito yake yophunzitsa, riveted kwa bedi, koma tsoka kwa gawo chete ya kuwina mtima anthu.

A siteji latsopano la tsoka

Ngati funde la mphamvu apamwamba, mu ora la anzake kuthandiza. Pano, pamene matenda zachititsa kuti n'zosatheka ntchito Schiller Mulungu, Chidanishi wolemba Jens Holstein Baggens anakopa Prince ndi Werengerani Schimmelmann perekani zapamwamba zochizira ndi subsidy wa thalers chikwi.

Yachitsulo ndi thandizo la ndalama anakweza bedi mtima pa mapazi ake. Iye sakanakhoza kuphunzitsa ndi mnzake, wofalitsa Iogann Kotta anapereka mwayi kupeza. Posachedwa Schiller chimatsatira msinkhu wina wa zilandiridwenso. Iye Eti limayamba ndi mwambo tsoka: wolemba ndakatulo wotchedwa bambo kufa, amene panthawiyo ankakhala Ludwigsburg.

chochitika ankayembekezera: Pre atate kwa nthawi yaitali ndipo anali kudwala kwambiri. Classic koma kwa makolo udindo - kunena tiwonana kwa atate wake, anakopeka mwayi kukumbatira ndi kumutonthoza alongo atatu ndi mayi ake, amene sanamuona zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu!

Mwina ndicho chifukwa iye anapita yekha, ndi mkazi wake, wokhala boma.

Kukhala kwawo yaing'ono, wolemba ndakatulo analimbikira wamphamvu wauzimu - kukhala zilandiridwenso.

Patapita mwezi ndi theka pambuyo maliro a bambo ake, anapita Alma wake Mater, Academy asilikali. Iye anadabwa kwambiri chifukwa chakuti iye anali fano ophunzira. Iwo moni mwansangala: patsogolo pawo anali nthano - Shiller Fridrih, ndakatulo nambala 1 mu Prussia. Anachoka tingachipeze powerenga atapita izi analemba ntchito yake yotchuka "Letters pa zokongoletsa Education wa Munthu."

Mu Ludwigsburg wobadwa mwa woyamba ake. Iye potsiriza osangalala. Koma kukhala zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri zokha anamusiyira ...

Wolemba ndakatulo anabwerera kumzinda wa Jena, mu mkhalidwe kudzoza kulenga. talente yake faceted kuwala nawo mwakhama! Schiller, patapita zaka za mozama mbiri, chiphunzitso cha mabuku, aesthetics, abwerera kumka ku ndakatulo kachiwiri.

Iye anatha kukopa alakatuli zabwino zonse za Prussia nawo mu "Ora" magazini. Mu 1795, ku cholembera chake kunja ntchito nzeru zaumunthu a ndakatulo, "The Dance", "ndakatulo ya moyo", "Hope", "The Genius", "Kudulidwa kwa dziko."

Cooperation ndi Goethe

Pakati anapempha Schiller mu "Ora" Journal woyimba ndipo anali Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. moyo wawo kulenga analowa Poyankha, amene lakusonkhezerani chilengedwe cha ngale zamtengo wapatali ya mkanda mabuku German za m'ma XVIII.

Iwo anali masomphenya wamba mfundo civilizational wa French kuukira boma, njira ya chitukuko cha mabuku German, ndi rethinking wa luso lakalekale. Goethe ndi Schiller kudzudzulidwa kumasulira mabuku yofanana ndi chipembedzo, ndale, zokongoletsa ndi mafunso aumunthu. M'makalata awo adawomba makhalidwe ndi woganizirana changu. Awiri anzeru ndakatulo, anasankha gulu la zolembalemba, mpikisano chitukuko:

• kuyambira December 1795 - mu kulemba epigrams;
• mu 1797 - mu kulemba m'Chiarabu.

m'makalata Friendly wa Goethe ndi Schiller ndi chitsanzo chochititsa chidwi cha luso epistolary.

Gawo lotsiriza la ntchito. Weimar

Mu 1799 anabwerera ku Weimar Friedrich Schiller. Ntchito olembedwa ndi iye ndi Goethe anali Kukula kwa zisudzo German. Iwo anakhala maziko kulenga zochititsa chidwi kwambiri zisudzo mu Germany - Weimar.

Komabe, mphamvu Schiller atayanika mmwamba. Mu 1800, iye atsiliza kulemba tsekwe wake nyimbo - tsoka "Maria Stuart", ntchito kwambiri, ndi bwino ndi kumveka lonse m'dziko lapansi.

Mu 1802, Mfumu ya Prussia zimakupiza a ndakatulo otchuka. Komabe, Schiller Eti anachita ichi. achinyamata ndi okhwima zaka yake yabwino zinadzala ndi mavuto, ndipo tsopano kumene m'banja lachifumu ankaganiza kuti Iye anali kufa. Iye zina zomwe anthu akufuna kukana achabechabe yekha udindo, koma iye anavomereza chilangocho, kungoganiza ana awo.

Iye ankakonda kudwala, akudwala chibayo aakulu. Nchifukwa, izo itakula chifuwa chachikulu, nadza naye ku anamwalira pa msinkhu wa talente ndipo pa zaka 45.

Pomaliza

SIKUKOKOMEZA kunena kuti Germany anakonda ndakatulo wa nthawi zonse akhala ndi chifuniro Iogann Gete ndi Friedrich Schiller. Photos chipilala nthawi kuwonetsera kwa abwenzi awiri akukhala Weimar, bwino kuti aliyense German. zopereka zawo kwambiri pa mabuku: zapamwamba ananka naye kwa njira ya umunthu watsopano, mwachidule mfundo za Choonadi, Romanticism ndi Classicism.