Vuto. Mitundu ya mavuto: zachuma, maganizo ndi ena

Mawu "vuto" pafupifupi aliyense amaona ngati vuto, n'zongochedwetsana, kutsekeka, akuchedwa chilichonse.

Vuto: The yonse ya mavuto

Ngati yofunika zikuluzikulu za ano, ndi kwaiye masiyanidwe ake. Kumaphwanya chokhazikitsidwa ndondomeko ya moyo, zokhudza muzochitika zones za zochita za anthu, wavala munthuyo mapeto akufa ndi vuto. Mitundu ya mavuto:

• maganizo;
• sayansi;
• ena;
• chuma;
• kasamalidwe;
• zachilengedwe;
• padziko lonse.

mavuto a m'maganizo

mavuto a m'maganizo ndi anthu maganizo vutoli chikhalidwe zokhudza ubwenzi wake ndi mzake ndi chilengedwe.

Zotsatirazi mitundu ya mavuto maganizo:

• Zolaula -. Mu mawu ena, "bodza padziko" Awa ndi mavuto pa ubwenzi wawo, nsanje, chopweteka zokonda mantha zoonekeratu, kusowa kudziletsa ndi chifuniro lofotokozedwa mu ulesi ndi kusafuna Usatong'olere.
• Anamubisa - kupezeka munthu, koma kuonekera mpaka kupeza iwo.
• Nato - yemweyo mavuto chobisika, kuli imene palibe umboni wodalirika, koma pali zizindikiro zamaganizo amakonda kukhulupirira moyo wawo.

mavuto sayansi

Mitundu ya mavuto sayansi (ongolankhula, methodological, gulu) ndi m'ndandanda wa akutulukira nkhani ongolankhula ndi zothandiza, m'malo ovuta, mosiyana ndi chidziwitso alipo ndipo ayenera analankhula kafukufuku. Pofuna kuthetsa mavuto sayansi zinthu zamakono pamafunika khama la gulu lalikulu la akatswiri zosiyanasiyana, omwe ayenera chifuniro ndi mtima kukwaniritsa sayansi.

mavuto

mavuto ali yafotokozedwera kukhutitsidwa tsankho kapena chosakwanira cha zosowa ndi zofuna za anthu ndi magulu. Mu amafuna zofunika kuti tizindikire zofuna zonse zokhudza thupi (zovala, nyumba, chakudya), ndi nkhani yauzimu (kulankhulana, maphunziro, kudzikonda kuzindikira). Zotsatirazi mitundu ya mavuto:

• Aliyense payekha monga banja. kusungulumwa ichi, maganizo, mwanzeru, kudzipatula, akumane m'mlengalenga mu banja, kutsutsika, mavuto mkati, mavuto mu maphunziro a ana ndi achinyamata, mavuto ndi thupi ndi maganizo (ukalamba, kulumala).
• Umoyo ndi zachuma, amagwirizana ndi umphawi, ulova za kuchuluka kwa anthu ovutika.
• Social ndi chilengedwe, chifukwa mavuto thanzi la munthu chilengedwe wowonongeka.
• Social stratification kugwirizana ndi gulu la anthu pa maziko a ena (mphamvu, ndalama, ntchito), zimayambitsa disparity appreciable pakati pa kakhalidwe ka moyo wa zigawo zosiyana za anthu. Imathandiza kuti chilengedwe cha zinthu zabwino kuti azikachita chikhalidwe ndi mpheto.
• Khalidwe kuphatikizapo khalidwe wakhalidwe losalongosoka, criminality, nthenda chikhalidwe ndi anomalies.
• Symbolization ndi kayeseleledwe chikhalidwe, kuti ndi wokhotakhota worldview ndi kupotoza makhalidwe.
• Social ndi zinthu zandale mlingo wochepa wa ntchito chikhalidwe cha anthu, kusagwirizana ndiponso kusakhazikika ubale chikhalidwe.

mavuto a zachuma

Dziko, lotengeka ndi njira kaphatikizidwe, ndi kunadetsa adza kwa kufunikira kwa malonda ndipo chuma mgwirizano pakati pa mayiko mmodzi dziko zachuma zovuta. njala zofuna kugawa moyenera pakati ogula, mu nkhani iyi, pali patsogolo nkhani. Mitundu ya mavuto amene kulipo atasunga wagawo chimodzi, monga kwathunthu palokha wa wina ndi mzake. Mwachitsanzo, chosowa zakudya zofunika - vuto chakudya - kungasokoneze thanzi la munthu chifukwa, kuchepetsa ubwino wa anthu ogwira ntchito. Ndipo uyu, nayenso ali kungasokoneze kukula zachuma, liwiro ndi kuchititsa mavuto chuma.

Mitundu ya mavuto a zachuma tinganene kuti ndi nkhani zotsatirazi:

• Kodi kubala?
• Kodi kubala?
• Amene kubala?

Izi ndi zofunika kuti molondola kudziwa kusankha katundu chopangidwa kuti zifunika kwa gwero ili ndi luso, komanso kusokonekera lolondola la mankhwala analandira pakati pa ntchito zachuma chifukwa owerengeka katundu analenga ndi utumiki.

mavuto kasamalidwe

mavuto Management womwe osakhala zolinga anakonza ntchito mu ntchito wa kampani, kuchititsa n'zimene ndi malfunctions mayendedwe. Pankhaniyi, kuthetsa vutolo likhoza kukhala woyenera kasamalidwe njira mtsogoleri, chimene chiri chofunika kwambiri mwamsanga kuti ndi matenda vuto. Mitundu ya mavuto kasamalidwe:

• STRATEGIC, napempha mapangidwe, kumvetsa bwinobwino kuwunika ndi kugwiritsa ntchito Nawonso achichepere ndi;
• mwatsatanetsatane kuthetsedwa mu nthawi yaifupi poyerekezera ndi wofunika
• yaitali -, sing'anga - yochepa ndipo panopa;
• pa mlingo wamkulu: pansi, pakati komanso pamwamba.

Pofuna kuthetsa anafunika kudziwa ndi kumvetsa zizindikiro chifukwa izo. Ambiri ndi:

• kusatsatira mu zimachitika pakati mayunitsi mkati;
• osauka amasokoneza ntchito;
• ndalama mkulu wa kasamalidwe ndi kupanga;
• kusowa kwa ogwira oyenerera ndi fluidity ake;
• ntchito yaing'ono zokolola;
• zoipa malonda kanjedza;
• chakale zamakono ndondomeko ndi kuwonongeka kwambiri ya zida;
• ang'ono phindu;
• payables yaikulu.

Kawirikawiri zizindikiro tafotokozazi azigwirizana, kupereka vuto zovuta lapansi. Mwachitsanzo, ndalama zochepa amagwirizana ndi ndalama yapamwamba ndi osauka mankhwala khalidwe.

Muzigwiritsa mavuto kulemba mu manja awo mphamvu ya mutu, kuseri kwake chidziwitso wamphamvu ndi zinachitikira, ukatswiri, ntchito nzeru ndi luso kumva vuto mu magawo chiyambi cha penipeni.

mavuto a zachilengedwe

mavuto Environmental makamaka chifukwa zochita za anthu, tinapangidwa kukumana zofuna zawo ndi kusintha zoipa chilengedwe. Kuwonjezeka mwachangu kupeza mitundu ya mavuto a zachilengedwe monga:

• Zikutha m'mayiko ozoni, amene amateteza zamoyo ku cheza zoipa dzuwa. Chifukwa yaikulu ya "Mpweya umene dzenje" (danga ndi okhutira otsika Mpweya umene) ndi ndende kwambiri zinkakhalira CFC - mankhwala kwambiri oyaka, ankagwiritsa ntchito kunyumba kuntchito. Asamathe mu zigawo chapamwamba mpweya, iwo apanga okusayidi ndi chlorine, amene wawononga ozoni. The attenuation wa zotsatira ozoni mu chopinga wa photosynthesis zomera kugwa zokolola, kusintha dziko ultraviolet dzuwa, zomwe zimalimbikitsa kufala khansa ya pakhungu.
• Kufunda chifukwa cha magetsi a m'mlengalenga m'munsi, luso kudutsa yokha shortwave cheza dzuwa Motero kupewa matenthedwe kuleza yoweyula cheza cha padziko lapansi. Mpweya (oxides asafe, methane, freon, mpweya woipa) kupanga mtundu wa denga la kutentha pa dziko, kubwerera kwambiri kutentha mu nthaka, zomwe zimabweretsa kudzikundikira ake mu zigawo pamwamba pa mlengalenga. Izi ndi zotsatira zoipa monga kukula kwa madzi a m'nyanja chifukwa kusungunuka kwa madzi, mvula yochulukirapo, kusintha mphepo malangizo ndi nyanja mafunde, nyamuka kutentha, kutentha achilengedwe. Mu Kyoto mu December 1997, msonkhano wa mayiko osiyanasiyana kusintha lonse nyengo mumlengalenga kunachitidwa mwa mayiko 159 nawo. Zotsatira zake zinali kukhazikitsidwa kwa mgwirizano wake kupereka kuchepetsa wonse wa 5.2% akukhavukira cha mpweya woipa.
• Acid mpweya, amaimira zochitika zachilengedwe (mvula, matalala, chifunga) ndi asidi wambiri chifukwa anthu ambiri ayoni wa hydrogen mu njira. Izi zimachititsa yimitsira zomera, yafupika kukula nkhalango, ulimi, acidification nyanja, zikubweretsa imfa ya algae ndi nsomba.
• Kutaya zinyalala - makuponi zotsalira za zipangizo, theka-yomalizidwa zipangizo umatulutsa m'kati kupanga ndi mowa.

Kuchulukana dziko zinyalala, munali mu kapangidwe kake, poizoni opatsirana zinthu, zachiwawa ndi flammable amachititsa mavuto aakulu kwa anthu ndi chilengedwe zimathandiza kuti mpweya, zomera, nthaka, pansi ndi madzi pamwamba. Yankho poyamba anali kutaya zinyalala ndi moto ndipo akhala akutayirapo dothi. Ndi kukula kuwononga chilengedwe Amaonetsa miyezo zachilengedwe kuthetsa izi vuto - kusanja, yobwezeretsanso ndi ntchito ya umisiri otsika zinyalala, imene amadza zimawononga chilengedwe si upambana mlingo analola miyezo ya ukhondo.

Mitundu ya mavuto padziko lonse

mavuto padziko lonse, ndi zachilengedwe-achilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe mu chikhalidwe, bwanji zofuna za anthu onse, mozama kuopseza m'tsogolo mwake. Pamene dongosolo komanso inakula kuti Chili zovuta za mavuto onse pamwamba, iwo amafuna njira yomweyo ndi ntchito khama pazipita mayiko onse a dziko.

Malingana ndi maonekedwe khalidwe izi mitundu ya mavuto padziko lonse:

• Pakati anayamba ndi maiko ndi m'mayiko osauka ndi chuma mu kusamba. Chigamulo umalimbana popewa mikangano ndi kukhazikitsa dongosolo chuma, kuteteza mtendere, nkhondo yolimbana ndi umphawi, matenda, njala, mankhwala osokoneza bongo.
• Pakati chikhalidwe ndi munthu. Pamudzi The umalimbana kuteteza chilengedwe, chitetezo ndi kufalitsa mafuta ndi yaiwisi zipangizo, kukula kwa nyanja ndi mlengalenga, kupereka anthu ndi chakudya, mphamvu ndi zipangizo.
• Pakati pa munthu ndi dziko. Pankhaniyi, mu malo oyamba pali kufunika zaumoyo, maphunziro, vuto zaziwerengero ndi zina zotero.

mavuto padziko lonse wa sikelo mapulaneti

The mavuto padziko lonse lapansi masiku ano monga:

• Kuopseza nkhondo, ndi kugonjetsa amene ndi kutsitsa mtundu manja, kuletsa wa chitukuko ndi ntchito machitidwe zida zoopsa, kuwonongedwa kwa zida za nyukiliya.

• Global uchigawenga umalimbana kulanda madera atsopano ndi kuopseza anthu.
• Mavuto zachilengedwe ndi yochititsa anthu alowererepo pa zinangokhalako zokha.
• Kupanda zachilengedwe - vuto yofunika kwambiri (mitundu mavuto alipo, monga zogwirizana m'njira zake). Pankhaniyi, pakufunika kuthetsa vuto la anzake a munthu ndiponso chikhalidwe, zikubweretsa mavuto zoopsa monga wakuta zachilengedwe ndipo n'kale lonse kuwonongeka kwa malo. zoyenera ndi kukhala miyeso umalimbana ntchito ndalama zachilengedwe ndi kuchepetsa zoipitsa mu nthaka, mpweya ndi madzi.
• Chinthu zaziwerengero ndi kuchepetsa mlingo wa kukula kwa chiwerengero cha anthu m'mayiko olemera ndi ambiri awo m'mayiko osauka.
• kusiyana Economic ndi chikhalidwe pakati pa muyezo wa ku mayiko olemera (East ndi West) ndi mayiko a World Chachitatu (Asia, Africa, Latin America). Pankhaniyi amafuna kugwiritsa ntchito khama kuchepetsa kukukulirakulira kusiyana ndi Kupha backwardness lonse zachuma.
• Kukwera sayansi ndi luso ndi zotsatira zake zoipa, umafuna ntchito zomveka ndi ogwira mwa zinthu zake kuti athandize anthu ndipo munthu aliyense payekhapayekha.
• The kufalikira kwa matenda opatsirana (AIDS, Ebola).
• Kumwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo, uchidakwa ndi zizolowezi zina zoipa. Pankhaniyi, khama chofunika kutumizira kugonjetsa chizolowezi kuchepetsa matenda chikhalidwe, polimbana ndi uchidakwa, mankhwala osokoneza bongo, Edzi, TB ndi matenda ena.