Tramway: zizindikiro nyumba ndi malamulo

Tramway - dongosolo lino zomangamanga ndi zinthu ngati structural monga m'munsi (kapena dongosolo pansi), kapangidwe chapamwamba, nyumba ngalande, roadbed, ndi pamwamba pa msewu.

nyumbayi Code

Pokonzekera subgrade - siteji koyamba ntchito yomanga njanji sitima. Ngati intaneti aikidwa pa njira, ndi kotenga ngalande kukumba, ngati njira ali mu tsamba alibe, ndiye analenga chitunda kapena zamkati.

Kenako zakhala zikuzunza m'miyoyo pansi-njanji thandizo ndi ballast. Oterewa m'munsi mwa njira sitima. zogwiriziza Awa ndi kotenga sleepers, ndi sleepers kapena nyumba chimango. Ballast kusankha miyala, mchenga kapena miyala yabwino.

Permanent njira - ndi njanji, wapadera ntchito gawo (. Mitanda, turnouts, kuwoloka ndi zina zotero), Fasteners, amene anafuna kugwirizanitsa njanji ndi pansi-njanji zogwiriziza (ziyangoyango, linings, akapichi, spikes, ubwenzi, zomangira, etc ...) ndi kugwirizana magetsi.

Kuchotsa pansi ndi ngalande Madzi a mvula maofesi amene anaika.

The m'misewu yaikidwa pakati pa njanji ndi kunja ngati tramroad ili panjira ya. ❖ kuyanika kungakhale la mwala amaika mumsewu, phula simenti, miyala kapena slabs konkire.

miyeso kandalama wa njanji

The chizindikiro chachikulu ndi m'lifupi njirayo. chilolezo Ichi pakati pa nkhope ntchito mitu zii, anayeza perpendicular kwa kotenga njanji olamulira. Pa gawo molunjika wa njanji unatenga wofanana kukula kwa 1524 mm (Russian muyezo njanji n'zotsimikizira). M'madera kupindika kapena anaŵerama younikira m'lifupi akhoza ziwonjezeke malinga ndi utali wozungulira kutembenukira kapena limaoneka lokongola.

Sites ndi awiri njanji malangizo zakhala zikuzunza m'miyoyo ndi gulu ngolo m'lifupi (2600 mm) ndi kusiyana zofunika pakati pawo (600 mm). Choncho, pakalibe malo intertrack muzilowa mawaya kukhudzana, wamba osachepera m'lifupi pa gawo wake patsogolo akutengedwa wofanana 3200 mm, yachibadwa - 3500 mm. Pamaso pa zogwiriziza m'lifupi malo intertrack sayenera zosakwana 3550 mm.

Pamene atagona sitima njanji leni m'lifupi inakonzedwa malo intertrack pakati nkhwangwa anakafika njira yomweyi.

Malawi ndi utumiki

Malinga ndi malamulo, tramways anayikidwa pa Alley katundu kapena munachitapo panjira m'mbali, pakalibe - pakati. Pa padoko la, misewu ikuluikulu kapena mmisewu ndi magalimoto mu njira imodzi ndi amaika mumsewu njira mbali imodzi ya njira ya.

Zokonda zapatsidwa pa malo njira amalimata kwa ena ukonde magalimoto. Si nthawi zonse zotheka: m'dziko wopanda makamaka m'mizinda ikuluikulu, sikokwanira.

Mwa maikidwe mayendedwe sitima anawagawa:

• utumiki (anaika pa madera kudzilimbitsa ndi pakati pa maulendo ntchito ndi omwetsera);
• nthawi (wokwera pa yochepa ntchito kukonza);
• opaleshoni (waukulu sitima mizere).

Zikugwira ntchito tramway anaika zambiri mbali ziwiri. njanji Single anayikidwa mu malo sikutheka kuti atsogolere njira malangizo onse.

Lililonse dalaivala ayenera kudziwa kuti m'mabande sitima sali gawo la Mzere wa msewu, koma chinthu osiyana a msewu. Choncho, ngakhale njanji kugwirizana ndi magalimoto malangizo lamizeremizere sizili kuwachititsa trackless galimoto. Kunyamuka kwa sitima njanji milandu wapadera motsatira Malamulo a DD.

Ovomerezeka ayendetsa pa tramways

Kwathunthu analola kuzemba pa njanji kwa magetsi - mphambano iyi.

DD malamulo amalola magalimoto m'njira ya sitima, pokhapokha ngati:

• iwo zili kumanzere kwa dalaivala;
• ali pa mlingo ofanana ndi msewu;
• ndi sitima ndi galimoto oyendayenda mbali imodzi.

Chakuti kayendedwe ka magalimoto pa njanji ndi mbali imodzi ngati kunjira onse panjira mukukhala. Koma pa zinthu zomwezi ziyenera kulengedwa kwa ndimeyi yosalala trams. Ndiponso, kusiya mayendedwe a sitima akhoza akuvutika ndi zizindikiro zoyenera magalimoto.

zochita TC oletsedwa pa tramways ndi

chilango adzakhala akatulutsidwa mu zochita wotsatira wa dalaivala:

• kuyenda pa njanji, anaika kudzanja lamanja la galimoto;
• atakwera sitima njanji ili kapena pansipa kapena pamwamba panjira ya;
• kuchoka kumtunda kumene kumadza mayendedwe sitima (pakuti angasiye lamanja kuyendetsa galimoto);
• U-kuyatsa njanji mwa kumanja.

Komanso ndi ziletso adzakhala chokhwima prohibitive kunyalanyaza zizindikiro magalimoto ndi / kapena kulemba ntchito pamwamba msewu. Zikuphatikizapo zizindikiro 3,19; 4.1.1; 4.1.2; 4.1.4, komanso kulemba 1.1; 1.2.1 ndi 1.3.

Motsatana ndi amazipotokola

Monga momwe tikuonera bwino malamulo a DD, galimoto ikuyenda m'njira kwa magetsi analola kucheza, iwonso inafikira kumanzere ndi kutembenukira (nthawi yomweyo popanda kusokoneza ndime ya magetsi), kuphatikizapo ankawoloka msewu kudzera mphambano.

The kumanja amaloledwa DD malamulo ngati:

• Palibe kulemba mzere padziko msewu;
• Tram njanji ali kudzanja lamanja la galimoto ndipo pa mlingo ofanana ndi msewu.

Kuyambira kuzemba, onetsetsani kuti zoyendera magetsi salinso yogwira. Kasinthasintha imagwiridwa yekha pa njira yoyenera. Tikapanda kutero ndi lofanana kusamukira malangizo chimadza, kuti kumatanthauza wabwino wa rubles 5000. Nthawi zina ipita kuchiyambi mbendera isanathe mchitidwe uwu.

Mukhoza kukhota motere:

• kuonetsetsa kuti mayendedwe sitima ndi kudutsa ndi malangizo galimoto si kuti ndi pamwamba / pansipa panjira, ndi kuti zizindikiro ndi kulemba msewu loletsa mchitidwe, kulibeko;
• kupereka njira (ngati n'koyenera), magetsi;
• kusintha kwa sitima amalondola mbali imodzi;
• kuti monga kukhota mbendera, kupanga U-iwonso;
• zimitsani kuchiyambi mbendera.

Ngati zosiyana mu tramways amaloledwa (pa zinthu tafotokozazi), zikuwachitikira ndikoletsedwa. Pakuti sikutheka popanda woyendayenda pa msewu moyang'anizana.

Kumanja kudzera tramways malamulo kudzilamulira motere. Kukwaniritsidwa kwa mchitidwe uwu galimoto azitenga kumanja. Yambani Right ku njanji kwa magetsi koletsedwa.

zolakwa n'zotheka kukhota

Mmodzi wa chachikulu - kuzemba akuyamba ndi njira, osati sitima njanji. Udindo mu nkhani iyi si anapereka. Tikuyankhula yekha za chilengedwe cha mwadzidzidzi. Ngati bwino nkuyamba kutembenuka, pali Mwina lalikulu la kugunda ndi galimoto ulendo misewu yolunjika.

The chachiwiri wamba kulakwitsa - kutembenukira kwa sitima ya amalondola zosiyana malangizo. Pankhaniyi, dalaivala ndi kuphwanyiratu malamulo Kwalamulidwa DD, ndime 9,6, ndiko kuti, zimapangitsa kuyenda ndi kayendedwe ka tramways zosiyana malangizo.

Nthawi zambiri galimoto mu chimadza sitima njanji si lonse. Pankhaniyi, magalimoto apolisi Woyang'anira akuyenerera mchitidwe uwu monga kuchoka mu chimadza magalimoto sitima magalimoto. Ndipo izi, ndithudi, kungachititse kuti chabwino ndi.

Pali kulakwitsa zidzachitika kukhota kudzera mbali ya kumanzere, komwe imene anaimitsa galimoto. Zikatere, ndi zofunika kuyamba mchitidwe, pamene magalimoto (anaimitsa galimoto ndi kudzakwaniritsa) ali pa mzere womwewo. Chotero nawonso kuyambira mu malo zolimba minimizes kuthekera kugunda.

The mphambano ya mphambano mulibe malamulo oletsa

DD malamulo amalola yekha tidziteteze:

• zoyendera magetsi (kumanja kwa dalaivala) ndipo amayendayenda galimoto panjira, zonse kukhota kumanzere;
• Tram (ili kumanja galimoto) ndi galimoto akusuntha mu njira yomweyo kuti ziwirizi, koma galimoto anapitiriza kusuntha molunjika;
• zoyendera magetsi kudzanja lamanja la dalaivala adzachita kukhota kumanzere, pamene galimoto trackless akupitiriza kusamukira ku mzere wolunjika.

Ukapita mphambano anatsimikiza ku ndime ya malemba m'pamene DD 5,10; 5.15.1 ndi 5.15.2 malamulo kayendedwe ka magulu kapena kusonyeza njira chisonyezo n'zosiyana, chilango chifukwa chosiya njira zoyendera magetsi zidzakhala zofunikira, chifukwa choletsedwa. Right ndiyo popanda kudutsa njanji ya sitima.

Kodi mungapeze ngati msewu ndi tramway younikira mbali imodzi? Kuzemba analola ngati njirayo ndi mlingo. Zikatero, kukhota kumanzere imagwiridwa ndi tramways monga zitasintha. magalimoto ena akhoza anasonyeza zizindikiro 5.15.1; 5.15.2 kapena njira kulemba 1,18.

Ngati pali magalimoto kuwala kapena magalimoto Mtsogoleri

Pankhaniyi, pamene athe chizindikiro kapena zimasonyeza Woyang'anira onse modes zoyendera trolley ali ndi mwayi mtheradi mosatengera malangizo ake kuyenda. Komabe, pamene chinathandiza, muvi wobiriwira mu gawo wothandiza oletsa magalimoto pamodzi ndi apamsewu electrotransport adzakupatsani njira magalimoto kusuntha mbali zina.

Ndi angati kulipira

Kuchuluka kwa chilango kwa chokhumudwitsa pa tramways chimadalira pa kukula kwa vutolo. Kwambiri "mtengo" anthu - galimoto galimoto pa mayendedwe zosiyana malangizo. Pakuti ndi chilango kwa rubles 5000 kapena kulandidwa galimoto chilolezo kwa miyezi sikisi. Koma ngati vutolo analemba kamera ya kanema, dalaivala apeza kuchokera zabwino basi.

Chilango cha ankawoloka nkhope ndi mosalekeza Mzere umene umawalekanitsa galimoto njanji ku mayendedwe a. DPS Woyang'anira amangokhala kuchenjeza, ndi akhonza kumupatsa wabwino wa rubles 500.

Yofanana chidzankhalira kwa pagalimoto ulendo sitima ya amalondola mbali imodzi, koma n'kusokoneza sayenda magetsi.

Galimoto amasiya pa malamulo magalimoto tramways kutanthauza kuyan'anila pamanda. Lero, ndi "ofunika" 1500 rubles. Mu likulu ndi St. Petersburg chifukwa kuphwanya izi kulipira 3000 rubles.

Madalaivala amene amalola kupita mozungulira chopinga mu njira zosiyana malangizo magetsi, kukhala okonzeka kulipira ndalama za ufulu ndi theka zikwi rubles. Ndipo palibe magalimoto kupanikizana panjira, palibe magalimoto kupanikizana si chochitira khalidwe loipa: iwo anazindikira monga cholepheretsa. Ngati pagalimoto ali anasiya mobwerezabwereza kwa chokhumudwitsa chomwecho, Administrative Code amalola kumuchititsa chiphaso galimoto kwa miyezi 12. Ndipo ngati mulandu uyu camcorder, chilango ndi kuchuluka kwa 5 000 rubles. Yofanana kuchira (mwinanso kuwamana khadi) kuyembekezera dalaivala kupita wozungulira chopinga kuti ndikanakhoza kuzilambalala popanda kuima panjira magalimoto magetsi.

Nthawi zina, dalaivala ali ndi chifukwa chomveka kukakamiza iye kuswa anafotokoza. Pofuna kutsimikizira ulemu Komabe, ndi mabwalo amilandu.

ngozi zapamsewu

Pafupifupi nthawi zonse, iwo anazindikira ponena pagalimoto. Nthawi zina kwambiri, vuto ndi woyendetsa sitima. Mwachitsanzo, anasiya siteshoni, osati kuyang'ana pa mbali, kapena kuyenda anayamba chofiira (kapena chikasu) magalimoto chizindikiro.

Chinthu choyamba chimene chiyenera kuchitika kuti dalaivalayo, ochititsa ngozi, - njira zoyendera magetsi. Chifukwa malipiro anataya phindu zoyendera kampani - ndi zosangalatsa mtengo. Nthawi zambiri, bwalo amapanga zokambirana kwa Chakuamba ndipo anapereka ndalama owonjezera 10 000 rubles. Choncho avtoyuristy analangiza zivute zitani monga ngozi ufulu sitima amalondola posachedwapa.

Ngati chochitikacho zinachitika mayendedwe magetsi si chinkhoswe, muyenera mofulumira kutenga deta wa mboni, lembani ngozi pamsewu chiwembu, makamaka za chinthu chilichonse amodzi kutenga zithunzi pang'ono kuchokera kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zabwino osiyana ndi kutsatira nthambi yapafupi ya apolisi apamsewu. Ngati zinthu amalola, mukhoza ntchito kwa kuyenderako, malamulo atsopano ndiponso malangizo kuwalola.

chosayenerera

Kukwera pa njira za sitima, kuphatikizapo zosiyana, ali ololedwa pa yokonza ntchito limodzi / Mipikisano kanjira panjira. Pankhaniyi, magalimoto akuluakulu oyendera apolisi bungwe kupatutsidwa kwa msewu amene angatenge pa tramways kauntala.

Komanso ofanana kupatutsidwa kwa msewu magalimoto apolisi ali ndi ufulu kupereka chifukwa chachikulu ngozi ya galimoto. Koma zinthu izi ndi ofanana, ayenera kusintha kayendedwe ka galimoto.

mizere Tram pa msewu wa Okonda

Mu Moscow, pa kumanganso the web pa yakumadzulo. Okonda. Tsopano apa ali avale zosagwira njanji, kupanga n'zotheka kwambiri pa liwiro la kayendedwe ka magalimoto. Koma tramways kukonza si onse. Tsopano anayambitsa "wobiriwira yoweyula" galimoto magetsi. Ichi ndi lamulo wapadera wa maloboti ndi masensa apaulendo. Last anatsekula kufikako a zoyendera lalikulu. Malinga ndi akatswiri, ndi trams, ndi ziziyenda kutaya nthawi kuyenda kuwoloka kasanu ang'onoang'ono, trams mulibe kudikira iwo kuti atembenukire "wobiriwira" pa magetsi magalimoto, ndi dalaivala kuti ayime pa "ofiira" pakalibe kudutsa ndi sitima. Experimental "wobiriwira yoweyula" walandira ndemanga zambiri zabwino. Choncho, monga njira anzeru adzakhala anaika mu likulu.