Thunthu chovuta mu Chilengedwe

Osmium ndi lero limanenedwa ngati chikhazikitso yakula pa dziko. imodzi yokha centimeter kiyubiki wa thunthu akulemera magalamu 22,6. Iwo chinamasulidwa mu 1804 ndi sayansi British Smithson Tennant, ndi Kutha golide Aqua regia. Pambuyo kuyesera mankhwala anakhalabe pellet. Ichi chinali chifukwa makamaka osmium, ndi insoluble alkalis ndi zidulo.

Amafotokozera yakula pa dziko

Ndi bluish-woyera zachitsulo ufa. Mu chikhalidwe, zopezeka mu mawonekedwe a isotopes asanu ndi awiri, asanu ndi limodzi ndi khola ndi munthu wosakhazikika. Kachulukidwe zikuluzikulu pang'ono kuposa iridium, amene ali osalimba wa magalamu 22,4 pa centimeter kiyubiki. Kuchokera ku zipangizo anapeza kuti tsiku, nkhani yakula m'dziko - ndi osmium. Adzaupereka kwa gulu la zitsulo osowa lapansi monga lanthanum, yttrium, scandium, ndi lanthanides ena.

More wapatali kuposa golide ndi diamondi

Zinabala ochepa, zikwi khumi makilogalamu ake pa chaka. Ngakhale mu gwero lalikulu la osmium, Dzhezkazgan gawo lili atatu miliyoni khumi magawo. mtengo Market zitsulo osowa ndalama dziko pafupifupi 200 madola zikwi pa gram. Chiyero pazipita kukonza amafotokozera mu pafupi makumi asanu peresenti. Ngakhale Laboratories Russian anakwanitsa kutenga chiyero peresenti 90,4, koma kuchuluka kwa zitsulo si kuposa mamiligalamu ochepa.

The kachulukidwe ya kanthu kunja Dziko Lapansi

Osmium Mosakayika mtsogoleri wa zinthu akwaniritse lathuli. Koma ngati ife titembenukira maso athu mu mlengalenga, ndiye chidwi chathu adzatsegula zinthu zambiri wolemera kwambiri kuposa "mfumu" wathu wa zinthu zolemera.

Popeza kuti m'chilengedwe chonse pali zinthu zina zingapo kuposa Padziko Lapansi. Kukula kwa angapo a zinthu danga kwambiri kotero kuti nkhaniyo ili amazipanga ting'onoting'ono basi.

Ngati tikambirana kapangidwe ka atomu, ife tikupeza kuti mtunda interatomic mu dziko, ndi zofananirako tikuona danga. Kodi mapulaneti, nyenyezi ndi zina zakuthambo ali pa mtunda okwanira. Monga enawo zimatenga opanda kanthu. Ndi nyumba imeneyi ndi maatomu ndi kukoka amphamvu mtunda imeneyi mokwanira kwambiri yafupika. Mpaka "indentation" Nyerere wina ndi mzake.

Nyutironi nyenyezi - ndi superdense kumwamba zinthu

Kuyang'ana kutali ndi Dziko Lapansi, tingathe kuona nkhani yovuta kwambiri danga pa nyenyezi nyutironi. Izi ndi mwachilungamo wapadera dziko okhala, za mtundu wina zotheka wa kusanduka Nyenyezi. The m'mimba mwake zinthu zimenezi ndi 10 200 Km, pa misa wofanana dzuwa wathu kapena 2-3 zikuluzikulu.

thupi ili kunja makamaka lopangidwa ndi nyutironi pachimake yomwe imakhala neutrons madzimadzi. Ngakhale ena mfundo za asayansi izo ziyenera kukhala mu chikhalidwe olimba, mfundo zodalirika kulibe lero. Komabe, ife tikudziwa kuti ndi nyutironi nyenyezi, kufika kusokonekera psinjika kwake, ndiye kuwasandutsa supernovae ndi bursts yaikulu mphamvu ya dongosolo la 10 ⁴³ -10 ⁴⁵ joules.

kachulukidwe zoterozo nyenyezi angafanane Mwachitsanzo, ndi kulemera kwa phiri la Everest, anaikidwa matchbox a. Ndi mazana a mabilioni a matani pa millimeter kiyubiki. Mwachitsanzo, kukhala bwino kwambiri mmene kwambiri osalimba wa thunthu, timatenga lathuli ndi kulemera kwake 5,9 × 1024 makilogalamu ndi "kusintha" ndi nyutironi nyenyezi.

Motero, kuti kachulukidwe Lapansi ndi wofanana kuti kachulukidwe wa nyutironi nyenyezi, tiyenera yafupika kukula kwa apulo wamba, 7-10 masentimita awiri. Kachulukidwe wapadera zinthu Nyenyezi kumawonjezera ndi kayendedwe kwa pakati.

Zigawo ndi osalimba wa thunthu

Wosanjikiza lakunja la nyenyeziyo akuimira mu mawonekedwe a magnetosphere a. Mwachindunji pansi osalimba a kanthu kale anafika pafupi tonne imodzi centimeter kyubu. Popeza kuti tadziŵa Dziko Lapansi, pa mphindi, ndi thunthu akwaniritse zinthu wapezeka. Koma musati kudumpha kuganiza. Tikupitirizabe kuphunzira za nyenyezi wapadera. Iwo akutchedwanso pulsars, chifukwa liwiro mkulu wa kasinthasintha padziko nguli. Izi chizindikiro pa zinthu zosiyanasiyana kuyambira ndi makumi angapo maulendo chachiwiri.

Ife idzaturuka patsogolo mu kuphunzira matupi superdense zakuthambo. Ndiyeno wosanjikiza amene ali ndi makhalidwe a zitsulo, koma nthawi zambiri ndi ofanana mu dongosolo ndi khalidwe. makhiristo ndi zochepa kwambiri kusiyana ndi zimene taona kophimba galasi la nkhani lapansi. Yomanga mzere wa makhiristo mu 1 centimeter, tifunika kuyala ndi zinthu biliyoni 10. kachulukidwe mu wosanjikiza izi mu nthawi miliyoni kuposa mu akunja lapansi. Imeneyo si nkhani yovuta kwambiri la nyenyeziyo. Pamakhala wosanjikiza neutrons wachuma amene kachulukidwe ndi zikwi wamkulu kuposa wina m'mbuyomu.

Phata la nyutironi nyenyezi ndi osalimba ake

M'munsimu pachimake, ndi apa kuti kachulukidwe ndi pa pazipita ake - kawiri kuposa overlying wosanjikiza. Thunthu la thupi lakumwamba la phata ndizo zonse kudziwika pulayimale tinthu sayansi. Pa nthawi imeneyi tafika ku mapeto a ulendo wa ku maziko a nyenyezi pofufuza nkhani yakula mu chilengedwe ndi.

Mission pofunafuna kachulukidwe yapadera nkhani m'chilengedwe chonse Zikuoneka kuti ithe. Koma malo mwadzaza zinsinsi ndi zochitika sanaidziŵe, nyenyezi, mfundo ndi malamulo.

Black mabowo dziko lonse

Tikumbukenso kuti lero kale lotseguka. Izi dzenje wakuda. Mwina zinthu zachinsinsi kungakhale khama chifukwa chakuti nkhani yakula m'chilengedwe chonse - zigawo zake. Chonde dziwani kuti yokoka mabowo wakuda ndi wamphamvu kwambiri moti kuwala sangathawe izo. Mu mfundo za asayansi, chinthu kukopedwa mu dera la malo nthawi, wasindikizidwa kuti danga yatsala pakati particles ndi maziko.

Mwatsoka, chochitika kaja (otchedwa malire, kumene kuwala, ndipo chinthu chilichonse pansi pa mphamvu yokoka, sangathawe una wakuda) kutsatira zopeka zathu ndi maganizo mozungulira zochokera mpweya utuluke particulate.

Asayansi ena amanena danga kuti wosanganiza ndi nthawi ya mwambo kaja. Akukhulupirira kuti akhale "pochitika" m'chilengedwe chonse wina. Mwina izi ndi zoona, ngakhale n'zotheka kuti malire awa amatsegula malo wina ndi mtundu malamulo atsopano. M'dera limene nthawi kusintha "malo" ndi danga. Location za m'tsogolo ndiponso m'mbuyomu anatsimikiza kokha kusankha zotsatirazi. Monga kusankha kwathu kupita kudzanja lamanja kapena lamanzere.

Ikhoza zotheka kuti dziko lonse pali chitukuko amene katswiri ulendo mwa dzenje wakuda. Mwina anthu m'tsogolo dziko lapansili kutsegula chinsinsi cha kuyendayenda nthawi.