The amisiri kwambiri Russian

Popeza nthawi Ubatizo wa Russia, amene anadza pa mathero a X atumwi, mu kuya kwa Mpingo Orthodox anayamba achilendo ndi wapadera luso, wotchedwa - Russian iconography. Zinali iye amene kwa zaka pafupifupi zisanu ndi ziwiri anakhalabe pakati chikhalidwe Russian, ndi kokha mu ulamuliro wa Peter Ine akunyalanyaza kupenta boma.

Zizindikiro Mongolian nthawi

Amadziwika kuti pamodzi ndi Orthodox Lazaro anaitenga ku Byzantium ndi kukwaniritsa chikhalidwe chake, analandira pa Kiev ukulu chitukuko zina. Ngati siginecha ya woyamba anamangidwa mu Kiev Desyatinny kachisi chitachitidwa ndi Prince Vladimir anaitanidwa ambuye kunja posachedwa amisiri Russian anaonekera Pereyaslavl, Chernigov, Smolensk, ndi ku likulu la dziko, dzina lake Amayi a mizinda ya ku Russia. Kusiyanitsa ntchito zawo kwa zithunzi zojambulidwa ndi aphunzitsi Byzantine, n'kovuta, chifukwa si amadziwika mwa njira yonse ya sukulu dziko mu chisanadze Mongol nthawi zambiri.

Kuti anapulumuka ntchito ochepa anaphedwa pa nthawi imeneyi, koma ngakhale mwa iwo pali weniweni katswiri. Chidwi kwambiri awa ndi ziwiri Novgorod mafano "The Nkhope Woyera", olembedwa ndi mbuye osadziwika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XII, kumbuyo komwe zochitika za "The molemekeza Mtanda." Kwa zaka zoposa zisanu ndi zitatu, timam'konda kum'patsa mu chithunzi ndi shading yosalala. Pakali pano, chizindikirochi ndi mu mndandanda wa State Tretyakov Gallery. Photos of chizindikiro ichi chikuyamba nkhani.

Other, palibe zochepa wotchuka ntchito za nthawi chisanadze Mongol, anasonyeza pa State Russian Museum ku St. Petersburg - komanso ndi chizindikiro Novgorod linkadziwika kuti "Mngelo wa Golden Tsitsi." Nkhope ya m'ngelo, wodzala ndi wochenjera maganizo ndiponso lyricism, imapangitsa wowerenga ndi maganizo a bata ndi kumva. Luso kusonyeza maganizo amenewa amisiri Russian mu uthunthu wake tinatengera kwa aphunzitsi awo Byzantine.

Icon kupenta nthawi ya Mongol-Chitata goli

Nkhondo ya Russia Batu Khan, kuyambitsa nthawi ya Chitata Mongol goli, kopambana bwanji moyo wa boma lonse. Izo anagwa kukopa kwake ndi Russian iconography. Kwambiri, anapanga malo kale luso anagwidwa ndi kuwononga chiguluchi, ndipo amene anapambana tsoka ambiri, anakumana ndi mavuto, omwe sakanakhoza koma bwanji wonse luso mlingo wa ntchito opangidwa mu iwo.

Komabe, ngakhale mu nthawi ya mavuto a amisiri Russian anatha kulenga sukulu yake ya kupenta, kutenga malo oyenera mu mbiri ya chikhalidwe dziko. Special zochotsa chizindikiro theka lachiwiri la XIV ndi XV m'ma pafupifupi onse. Nthawi imeneyi mu Russia ndinkagwira ntchito Way lonse aluso kwambiri, wotchuka kwambiri woimira amene anali Andrei Rublev, amene anabadwa mu Moscow ukulu padziko 1360.

Mlembi wa wosafa "Utatu"

Anatenga malonjezo kumene kumakhala Amonke ndi dzina Andrew (dzina yake yolembedwa osadziwika) mu 1405, Ambuye nawo kupenta nyumba ya Annunciation Cathedral wa Moscow Kremlin, kenako Mfundo mu Vladimir. Izi ntchito yaikulu kwambiri ya Andrei Rublev ankagwira ntchito limodzi ndi awiri ojambula zithunzi ena otchuka - Theophanes Chigiriki ndi Daniel Black, yokhudza tikambirana pansipa.

Zilandiridwenso imatengedwa olamulira pamwamba mu Russian chizindikiro kupenta, amene anali sangathe kufikira wina wa olamulira. Mowonekera komanso wotchuka ntchito ndi "Utatu" - chizindikiro cha Rublev, akusungidwa mu Tretyakov Gallery mu Moscow.

Ntchito nkhani Chipangano Chakale, ozikidwa pa Zomwe zinachitika m'Baibulo mu mutu wa 18 wa Genesis (Bwino wa Abraham), mfitiyo amalenga zikuchokera, ndi miyambo yake yonse, kutali kuposa analogues ena onse. Kutuluka zosafunika, mu maganizo ake, mbali Nkhani, cholinga kum'patsa pa atatu kanjedza angelo, kufanizira ndi Triipostasnogo Mulungu - mowonekera amene ali Utatu Woyera.

Image, chikuyimira chikondi cha Mulungu

chizindikirochi Rublev chikusonyezera umodzi wa thupi atatu Mulungu. Izi zimatheka mu njira m'munsi gulu kuyika bwalo kuti apange chithunzi angelo a. zitheke, imene munthu watenga payokha ali ndi integrally kupangidwa, kuti akuyimira mkulu chikondi chimene lotchedwa Iisus Hristos. Choncho, "Utatu" - chizindikiro cha Rublev, anakhala ngati akuti lathu wauzimu wa Chikhristu chonse.

Andrei Rublev anamwalira pa October 17, 1428, anthu a mliri inayamba mu Moscow. Iye anaikidwa pa dera la Andronikov ansembe yotchedwa, pamene imfa kaye ntchito yake pa kupenta kwa Mpulumutsi Cathedral. Mu 1988, zochita za Council Local wa Russian Orthodox mmonke Andrew (Rublev) anali canonized pakati pa oyera.

The Mlangizi wa ambuye wamkulu

Mu mbiri ya Russian iconography pafupi Andrei Rublev ndi Daniel yofanana Chorny. Zizindikiro, kapena kani, frescoes yotentha ndi iwo pa kupenta nyumba ya Mfundo Cathedral mu Vladimir, mofanana mu zizindikiro zawo luso mobwerezabwereza kuti akatswiri kovuta kukhazikitsa Attribution yeniyeni.

Akatswiri pali zifukwa kukhulupirira kuti kuchita pamodzi ndi Rublev malamulo, Danieli anatumikira monga mbuye okalamba ndi ozindikira, mwinanso awathandize bwinobwino. Pa mfundo imeneyi, anthu ena amakonda kunena kuti iye ntchito imene ambiri kuoneka bwino mphamvu ya sukulu kale chithunzi kupenta nyumba ya atumwi XIV. Chitsanzo chidwi kwambiri ndi Zojambula pakhoma "Chifuwa cha Abrahamu" anasunga lero mu Mfundo Cathedral wa Vladimir. Photo mmodzi wa makombo a zojambulajambula a tchalitchi patsogolo gawo ili nkhaniyo.

Anafa Daniil Chorny, monga Andrei Rublev, chifukwa cha mliri mu 1528, ndipo anaikidwa m'manda pafupi ndi iye Andronik obisika. amisiri onse asiya kwambiri ophunzira amene iwo analenga zojambula ndipo zithunzi, anali zitsanzo ntchito m'tsogolo.

Russian zojambulajambula chiyambi Byzantine

No chitsanzo zochepa chidwi wa iconography nthawi imeneyi atha kutumikira ngati ntchito ya Feofana Greka. Anabadwa mu 1340 ku Byzantium (kumene dzina lake), anaphunzira zinsinsi za luso, kuphunzira ambuye anazindikira wa Constantinople ndi Chalcedon.

Kubwera kwa Russia kale anapanga zojambulajambula, ndipo anakakhala Novgorod, Theophane anayamba gawo latsopano la ntchito yake ndi pachithunzipa kuti watsikira kwa nthawi yathu Mpingo wa Chiwalitsiro. Ukupezeka, ndipo mfitiyo mural chosonyeza Khristu Pantocrator, mbadwa, aneneri, komanso chiwerengero cha zithunzi za m'Baibulo.

kalembedwe wake luso amakhala ndi mogwirizana mkulu, komanso nyimbo udzatha, wakhala anazindikira a m'nthawi, ndipo otsatira a mbuye anaonekera. Izi bwino umboni ndi murals wa Mpingo wa Mfundo ndi Fedor Stratelita anapanga mu nthawi yomweyo, aluso ena, koma anapitiriza aya zofotokoza za chikoka cha ambuye Byzantine kupenta.

Komabe, mu uthunthu zilandiridwenso ake Feofana Greka chaululidwa Moscow, kumene anasamukira ku zaka 1390, nakhala ndi ntchito kwa kanthawi Nizhny Novgorod. Mu mbuye likulu anali pachibwenzi osati utoto akachisi ndi nyumba za nzika wolemera, komanso chilengedwe cha zithunzi ndi buku zithunzi.

Akukhulupirira kuti motsogozedwa wake, boma la Russia utoto mipingo ingapo zinachitikadi, kuphatikizapo Mpingo wa Kubadwa kwa Yesu wa Virgin, Arhangela Mihaila ndi Annunciation. analembadi yake amati ndi chilengedwe cha angapo zithunzi wotchuka - ". The Mfundo ya Amayi a Mulungu" "Kusandulika kwa Ambuye" (zithunzi pa mbali imeneyi ya nkhani), "Don chithunzi cha mayi wa Mulungu" ndi Kunja Moyo Master mu 1410.

Wamakhalidwe wolandila ambuye a m'mbuyomu

M'malo mwa miyambo luso anakhazikitsa Andrei Rublev ndipo m'nthawi yake, anakhala Dionisiyo - zojambulajambula, mafano ndi kuphedwa kwa mpingo tchalitchi cha Mfundo za Mariya Namwali Wodalitsidwa Joseph Volokolamsk ansembe yotchedwa, komanso frescoes ndi iconostasis Ferapontov ansembe yotchedwa, kosatha chuma cha chikhalidwe Russian.

Amadziwika kuti Dionisiyo, mosiyana ambiri amisiri zoweta, sanali wansembe. madongosolo ambiri anagwira ndi ana ake, Vladimir ndi Theodosius. Iwo lidakalipobe kwambiri ntchito anaphedwa ndi wojambula yekha kapena kutsogozedwa ndi iye amandimvera. Wotchuka ambiri a iwo zithunzi - "Ubatizo wa Khristu", "The Virgin Hodegetria" (chotsatira chithunzi), "Zinafika ku Gahena", komanso chiwerengero cha ntchito zina.

Zaka za moyo wake si bwino unakhazikitsidwa, amadziwika yekha kuti mbuye anabadwa padziko 1444, ndi tsiku la imfa amatchedwa pafupifupi 1502-1508 zaka. Koma anathandiza osati Russia komanso chikhalidwe cha dziko kwambiri kotero kuti kusankha UNESCO 2002 anapatsidwa u Chaka Dionisiyo.

Russian amisiri za m'ma 17. Simon Ushakov

Chigawo lirilonse la mbiriyakale mu nthawi ya kuwuka luso danga kapena kuchepa, ndi makonzedwe kwambiri, chifukwa ngakhale nthawi ya nthawi imene unalibe zikamera ntchito kwambiri, ndithudi, anapanga preconditions kwa chilengedwe cha tsogolo lawo.

Bwino Tingaone mmene maonekedwe a komanso moyo wauzimu wa Russia wa m'zaka XVI linapereka kusintha, kupanga mitundu yatsopano luso la zojambulidwa bwino m'zaka lotsatira.

Inde, chidwi kwambiri ndi choyambirira kulenga umunthu wa atumwi XVII unali likulu zojambulajambula Simon Ushakov (1626 - 1686). Mwamsanga comprehended zinsinsi za luso, iye ali kale mu m'badwo wa makumi awiri anali kulemba monga wojambula wa Silver Komiti Ambuye dongosolo, kumene ntchito yake inali kupanga zina zachidule kupanga wa ziwiya mpingo ndi zapamwamba.

Komanso, mbuye wamng'ono utoto mbendera, anasolola mapu, anatulukira zokongoletsera kwa needlework ndi kuchita zambiri ntchito zoterezi. Iye ankayenera kuti kuzilemba fano kwa akachisi zosiyanasiyana ndi m'nyumba. M'kupita kwa nthawi, ndi mbali iyi zilandiridwenso anam'bweretsera kutchuka ndi ulemu.

Pambuyo kulanda ndodo ya amadutsa popita Kosungira Zida (1656), Simoni Ushakov wakhazikitsa wokha ngati ojambula zithunzi ambiri anazindikira nthawi yake. Palibe Moscow zojambulajambula anali kutchuka, ndipo sanali monga woyanjidwa ndi mtima achifumu. Zimenezi zinkathandiza kuti azikhala moyo wa ulemu ndi kutukuka.

Ngakhale kuti amisiri Russian ankafunika kulemba ntchito zawo basi pa zitsanzo wakale, Ushakov bwinobwino ntchito mu nyimbo za zinthu payekha kupenta Western, lomwe nthawi imeneyo zitsanzo zonse anaonekera ochuluka mu Russia. Kukhala pa maziko a miyambo mbadwa Chirasha Byzantine, koma pa nthawi yomweyo mwakuya reworked kukwaniritsa ambuye European, chithunzicho analenga latsopano, otchedwa fryazhskie kalembedwe inakulitsidwa mu ntchito ya amisiri wa nthawi ina. M'nkhaniyi muli chithunzi chithunzi wake wotchuka "The MGONERO" lomwe linalembedwa ndi mbuye mu 1685 kuti Dormition Cathedral cha Utatu-Sergio Lavra.

An mbuye chabwino cha Zojambula pakhoma kupenta

The theka lachiwiri la XVII m'ma amalembedwa ndi ntchito za mbuye wina wamkulu - Gury Nikitin. Anabadwa mu Kostroma, mwina kumayambiriro 1620, iye anali adakali wamng'ono anaphunzira kupenta. Komabe, zinachitikira lalikulu wabweza novice mbuye mu Moscow, kumene mu 1653, limodzi ndi gulu la m'dziko lake chinkhoswe mu penti angapo akachisi likulu a.

Gury Nikitin, amene ntchito yake ndi osiyana chaka chilichonse onse ungwiro kwambiri, ankadziwika kwambiri ngati katswiri wa Zojambula pakhoma kupenta. Ife anapulumuka zojambula zambiri zopangidwa m'malo ndi mipingo munthu mu Moscow, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Pereslavl ndi Suzdal.

Mbali khalidwe la frescoes anapanga mfiti pa nkhani m'Baibulo, ndi mtundu wawo celebratory amakambirana ndi kuchuluka kwa ophiphiritsa, chifukwa cha umene pa moyo chithunzicho nthawi zambiri anadzudzula kusiya kupembedza luso, ndiko reorient ake mavuto chobvunda dziko. Komanso, chifukwa cha kusaka analenga anakhala wapadera luso njira, akulola mbuye kulenga mwa nyimbo zake zochuluka okhudza malo kwenikweni. Mu mbiri luso, iye anapita pansi pa dzina "chilinganizo Gury Nikitin". Wotchuka zojambulajambula anafa 1691.

Zilandiridwenso Feodora Zubova

Pomaliza, akulankhula za iconography za m'ma XVII, osati kutchula dzina la mbuye wina wamkulu - ndi Theodore Zubov (1646-1689). Anabadwira ku Smolensk, iye anali kumayambiriro 1650, anthu wachinyamata anasamukira ku Great Ustyug komwe mipingo utoto chizindikirochi "The Nkhope Woyera", nthawi yomweyo anakhazikitsa mbiri yake monga wojambula ndi wokhwima.

Patapita nthawi, kutchuka kwake kotero ambiri anayala mu Russia, kuti chithunzicho anaitanidwa kuti Moscow ndipo anagwirizana ndodo ya amisiri amadutsa popita Kosungira Zida, kumene ankatumikira kwa zaka zoposa makumi anai otsatira. Pambuyo pa imfa ya Simoni Ushakov, kwa zaka zambiri mutu wa anasonkhana kumeneko ambuye, Feodor Zubov anatenga malo ake. Mwa mabuku ena a mbuye iye walandira wapadera mbiri mafano "apostolate" imene anamaliza kulemba pepala chithunzi. A chopereka woyenera chitukuko cha luso Russian ndi Zubov ndi ana - Ivan ndi Alex mwakhala mu m'badwo wa Petro pakati pa engravers kwambiri chakonkuno.