Tanthauzo la mtundu. Nations a dziko. Anthu ndi mtundu

Nation - ndi chikhalidwe ndale, mbiri wabwino gulu la anthu. Tanthauzo la mtundu sawona bwinobwino ndithu, choncho pali malangizo mawu asinthe. Iwo ayenera kukhala wokhoza ntchito lingaliro ili mu mabuku ambiri a sayansi ndi otchuka ndi Musati muzidalira pa nkhani yonse.

Kodi kumvetsa mawu akuti "mtundu"

Choncho, njira ya constructivism ananena kuti mfundo ya "mtundu" kotheratu yokumba. Ozindikira ndipo chikhalidwe osankhika amalenga mfundo, yomwe pamakhala anthu ena. Kuchita zimenezi, sikuti muyenera kufuula mawu otamanda andale kapena manifestos. Wokwanira kuti zilandiridwenso kutsogolera anthu m'njira yoyenera. Ndipotu, wangwiro kwambiri ndi mfundo yakuti likulowerera mutu pang'ono ndi pang'ono, popanda kukakamiza.

Malire a zotsatira za chikhalidwe mitundu ndi chogwirika ndithu ndale komanso malo cordons. Constructivist theorist Benedict Anderson amapereka tanthauzo wa mtundu imodzi: longoganizira m'dera ndale, amene ali wa mphamvu yonse mu chikhalidwe ndi zochepa za dziko lonse. Otsatira maganizo kukana kuphatikizidwa mu mtundu kumanga ndi chikhalidwe cha mibadwo yapita. Iwo ali ndi chidaliro kuti patatha mafakitale, anthu atsopano.

mtundu fuko

Primordialists mfundo ya "mtundu" amaimira ngati zamoyo wa ku fuko ndi mlingo watsopano ndi kutembenukira mu fuko. Ndi mtundu wa dziko, koma amagwirizana ndi mfundo mzimu wa anthu ndi zikutsindika kugwirizana kwake ndi "mizu".

Okhulupirira chiphunzitso ichi amakhulupirira kuti mtundu akupanga umodzi ephemeral mzimu mosawoneka mu nzika iliyonse. A amathandiza kugwirizanitsa anthu chinenero ndi chikhalidwe. Pa maziko a chiphunzitso cha mabanja chinenero mumakumbukira nthawi zimene anthu ali kuyandikana wina ndi mzake, ndi zimene zili. Koma ena kuposa kuti, osati chikhalidwe, komanso anthu a anachokera ku zinthu amamangidwa ndi chiphunzitso anati.

unzika

Anthu ndi mtundu - mfundo si ofanana, komanso mtundu ndi mtundu. Zidalira pa maganizo anu ndi mfundo za chikhalidwe. Mu mayiko a Soviet Union mawu akufotokoza dera mitundu, koma sifikira onse amene akugwa pansi pa tanthauzo la mtundu. Ku Ulaya, dziko - adzaupereka kwa mtundu kumanja kwa nzika, kubadwa, analeredwa mu malo chatsekedwa.

Pa nthawi ina panali maganizo mitundu ya dziko anapanga ndi makhalidwe chibadwa, komabe n'zotheka kupeza osakaniza ngati wa onse, Russian German, Chiyukireniya, Polish ndi ena ambiri. Pankhaniyi, chibadwa masewero alibiretu ntchito pa chizindikiro cha munthu monga nzika za dziko, pali chimapambana chinachake wamphamvu kuposa achibadwidwe chibadidwe yonse yochepetsetsa ya thupi.

mitundu mitundu

mitundu Conventionally wa dziko akhoza kugawidwa mu mitundu iwiri:

1. Time.The.
2. Monoethnic.

iwowa akhoza m'madera a dziko kumene n'kovuta kupeza pali: m'mapiri, pa zisumbu mu nyengo nkhanza. Ambiri a mitundu pa dziko - multiethnic. Ndi nawatsimikizira zotheka kuti tikuona, ngati inu mukudziwa mbiri ya dziko. Pa kuli anthu anabadwa ndi kufa Ufumu, lili ndi odziwika bwino pa dziko nthawi. Kuthaŵa masoka achilengedwe ndi nkhondo, anthu ankayenda kuchokera kumalekezero a Africa kwa ena, kuwonjezera, pali zitsanzo zina zambiri.

chilankhulo

Tanthauzo la mtundu si kugwirizana ndi chinenero yokha. Palibe kugwirizana pakati pa njira zolankhulirana ndi mtundu wa anthu. Pa nthawi, pali zinenero wamba:

• English;
• French;
• German;
• Chinese;
• Chiarabu ndi zina zotero. d.

Iwo analandira monga boma ndi dziko kuposa wina. Palinso zitsanzo kumene ambiri a mtundu salankhula chinenero yomwe ndi kusonyeza mtundu wawo.

Nkhaniyo angathe kuonedwa kuti m'dzikoli imodzi amagwiritsa zinenero zinayi - ndi Switzerland. Pali alandirika kulankhula German, French, Italy ndi Romansch.

mtundu Psychology

Malingana ndi chiphunzitso cha chuma, munthu wabadwa, moyo ndi kufa popanda kusiya malo bwino. Koma mkubwela kwa mafakitale, chithunzi zinali amapereka mng'alu. Mtundu wa anthu kusakanikirana, kudutsa mzake ndi kubweretsa cholowa chawo.

Popeza achibale ndi oyandikana nsinga amathyoka mosavuta, mtundu amalenga gulu lonse anthu popanda constraining iwo m'magulu awo. Pankhaniyi, ammudzi aumbike osati chifukwa cha zimene munthu, consanguinity kapena mnzake, ndi chifukwa cha mphamvu ya chikhalidwe otchuka, imene imagwiritsidwa m'maganizo ndi chifanizo cha mgwirizano.

mapangidwe

Kuti mtundu, tiyenera kugwirizanitsa zachuma, andale komanso mitundu yosiyanasiyana makhalidwe nthawi ndi malo. The ndondomeko ya mapangidwe fuko ndi zikhalidwe linakhalapo zikukwaniritsidwa imodzi, kotero mapangidwe ndi ogwirizana. Nthawi zina, mapangidwe mtundu chachitika, muyenera kupanga Kankhani kuchokera kunja. Mwachitsanzo, nkhondo yomenyera ufulu kapena ndi ntchito ya mdani pafupi kwambiri anthu. Iwo nkhondo lingaliro, yosalekerera moyo wake nthawi yomweyo. Izi ndi chimatilimbikitsa kwambiri kuti agwirizane.

Erasing kusiyana kwa mitundu

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti thanzi la mtundu akuyamba ndi mutu komanso chimatha. Kuti oimira anthu kapena boma kuzindikira wokha monga fuko, m'pofunika anthu chidwi wamba, chilakolako, njira ya moyo ndi chinenero. Koma apa ndi n'chongoletsa awa mbali kwa anthu ena, muyenera woposa mabodza ndi chikhalidwe. Health a mtundu akuwonetseredwa mu maganizo ake yunifolomu. Onse mamembala ake ali wokonzeka kufotokoza zolinga zawo, iwo musati mukaikire kulondola zosankha ndi kumva limodzi chamoyo, ndipo imakhala ambiri maselo. chodabwitsa akhoza anati mu Soviet Union, pamene chigawo chimodzi maganizo ndi zotsatira cholimba pa adzadziwire anthu, iye ankaona kuti ndi nzika ya dziko lalikulu, pamene aliyense aganiza synchronously.

Nation - ndi mfundo zikuluzikulu kuti amalola delineate malire ake. Pa nthawi, kapena mtundu kapena malire ndale kapena nkhondo sangathe bwanji mapangidwe ake. lingaliro ili, ndi njira, anaonekera mu nthawi ya French kuukira boma zotsutsana ndi mphamvu ya mfumu. Pajatu ankakhulupirira kuti anali wodzozedwa wa Mulungu ndi malangizo ake onse amaonedwa kukhala wabwino koposa, ndiponso osati akufunira ndale. Modern ndi chi nthawi wapanga kusintha tanthauzo la mtundu, koma zikamera umodzi njira boma ulamuliro, ndi katundu ndi matanthauzo msika, kufalikira kwa maphunziro, ngakhale m'mayiko lachitatu dziko, kulera mlingo chikhalidwe cha anthu, ndi chifukwa, dzina. Choncho, chikoka pa mapangidwe m'dera chikhalidwe ndi ndale kwayamba kuvuta.

Mchikakamizo cha nkhondo kapena kusintha inakhazikitsidwa mitundu yonse ikuluikulu ku Ulaya ndi maiko atsamunda a Asia, Africa. Amakhalabe multiethnic, koma kuti amve za thupi mtundu uliwonse Sikuti ndi dziko lomwelo. Ndipotu, ndi m'malo maganizo athu ndi moyo, osati gulu thupi. Zimadalira chikhalidwe ndi maphunziro a munthu mmodzi, chilakolako chake chofuna kukhala mbali ya lonse, osati kulekanitsidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo ndi maganizo aumunthu.