Sitima zapamadzi - ndi chiyani ichi? Russian sitima zapamadzi

The sitima zapamadzi - ndi kalasi osiyana sitima amatha kuyenda pansi pa madzi poipa kwambiri ndipo kwa nthawi yaitali pansi madzi. Today sitima zankhondo ndi waukulu mwatsatanetsatane chida cha Bulu la mtundu uliwonse. ntchito yaikulu - chozemba. Izi zimapangitsa sitima zankhondo singasiyanitsidwe mu mkhalidwe nkhondo.

Mbiri ya chilengedwe: chiyambi

Kwa nthawi yoyamba pa funso la chimene sitima zapamadzi, anapereka yankho othandiza kuti Leonardo da Vinci. Iye anafotokoza ankhondo ake ndi ubwino mwatsatanetsatane ndipo nthawi yaitali ntchito pa Kamangidwe chipangizo, koma kenako kuwotchedwa onse a zanyengo ake, chifukwa choopa zotsatira sizingasinthe.

Mu 1578 Chingelezi wasayansi William Bourne mu lipoti lake ndondomeko ya sitima zapamadzi, amene anamuona iye mu kuya kwa nyanja Black. Anafotokoza sitima zapamadzi - palibe kanthu monga woyamba U-bwato zopangidwa Greenland pa khungu ndi zikopa. chotengeracho wogwidwa ballast akasinja, ndi zinthu monga kuyenda panyanja m'chumunicho. Chotero sitima zapamadzi sakanakhoza kwa nthawi yaitali pansi madzi, koma ngakhale anasonyeza zotsatira zodabwitsa.

Official ntchito kumanga sitima zankhondo anapangidwa anthu okha 1620. Ovomerezeka a pomanga anapereka English Korol Yakov I. angagwiritse m'madzi chotengera anatenga injiniya Dutch K. Drebbel. Posachedwapa ngalawa bwinobwino anayesedwa London. Zipangizo woyamba m'madzi chombo UK ntchito pa nkhafi mphamvu zoyendera. Mu Russia, lingaliro la kupanga zombo chobisika anayambitsa ndi Peter I. Komabe, ndi imfa yake ntchito ankaphedwa Mphukira. Mu 1834 panali woyamba onse zitsulo-m'madzi sitima zapamadzi. inventor ake anali Russian injiniya K. Schilder. Tinakwera anali bwato chipangizo. mayesero anali bwino, ndipo yoyamba m'madzi kukhazikitsidwa kwa chida cha zinachitikadi kumapeto kwa chaka.

The Navy US sindikanakhoza kupirira pambali. Mu 1850 iye anayamba ntchitoyo motsogozedwa ndi L. Hunley. Ngalawa inali kulamulidwa ku chipinda osiyana. mota ntchito wononga kwambiri zimene anawomba nsalu oyendetsa banja. Penyetsetsani anadutsa protrusions kakang'ono mu nyumba ya. Mu 1864, mwana woyamba Hunley anamiza sitima ya mdani. Kenako, kupambana umenewu popitilira Russia ndi France.

Pa sitima zankhondo First World zida ndi dizilo ndi Motors magetsi. Sanakonze mbadwo watsopano mwa sitima zankhondo za momwe mulinso akatswiri Russian. Pa nkhondo kumenyana zinakhalira 600 ziwiya kwambiri nyanja, kenako anamiza sitima ndi owononga 200.

Mbiri ya chilengedwe: m'nyengo yatsopano

Ndi chiyambi cha nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse sitima zankhondo ambiri anali kuyenda bwino wa USSR (211 mayunitsi). Mu malo chachiwiri anaima flotilla Italy - 115 sitima zankhondo. Chotsatira ndi United States, France, Britain, Japan, ndipo ndiye yekha Germany ndi 57 pansi pa nyanja chotengera. Dziwani kuti sitima zapamadzi izi ankaona waukulu nkhondowo wagawo wa Bulu nthawi ya nkhondo. Izi zikutsimikizira chakuti Soviet Union predominated padziko nyanja ndi pansi mpaka kumapeto kwa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse. Zoipa anali sitima zapamadzi kuti Amira okwana zombo za adani zoposa 400. Ngakhale sitima zapamadzi akhoza kuyenda pansi pa madzi mpaka mamita 150, pamene m'madzi kwa maola ambiri. Liwiro pafupifupi anali pafupi 6 mfundo. A zisinthe mu m'madzi zomangamanga wapangadi wasayansi wodziwika Walter. Anaikira thupi streamlined ndi injini opaleshoni hydrogen peroxide. Izi zinathandiza sitima zankhondo kugonjetsa liwiro chotchinga cha mfundo 25.

sitima zankhondo lero

Modern sitima zapamadzi - ndi deepwater luso ntchito zomera mphamvu za nyukiliya kutulutsa mphamvu zofunika. Komanso amapereka mphamvu sitima zankhondo ndi mabatire, ndi injini dizilo, Stirling injini ndi zina mabatire. Pa nthawi, mayunitsi nkhondowo achuma mndandanda wa mayiko 33.

Back cha mma 1990, armament NATO a inkakhala ziwiya 217, kuphatikizapo SSBNs ndi SSNs. Pa nthawi imeneyo, Russia anali kuyenda bwino pang'ono mayunitsi zosakwana 100. Mu 2004, ku Russia lolongosoka mwa Italy chilengedwe cha yaing'ono sanali nyukiliya mtundu sitima zapamadzi. ntchito unkatchedwa S1000. Komabe, mu 2014 wakhala atapanga mwa kanthawi atakambirana. Lero, mmodzi wa yachangu ndi wosinthasintha kwabasi sitima zankhondo amaonedwa kukhala wa hydrogen. Mwakuya U-212 kalasi chotengera amene angoyamba kumene anayamba kupangidwa mu Germany. Maboti ntchito pa maziko a hayidirojeni, potero kukwaniritsa pazipita noiseless kuyenda.

gulu la sitima zankhondo

Sitima zankhondo zikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu za magulu a:

1. Malinga ndi mtundu wa zopangira magetsi: mphamvu za nyukiliya, dizilo, nthunzi ndi gasi, mafuta, wa hydrogen.
2. Gwiritsani: wosiyanasiyana, ifeyo, apadera.
3. kukula: ikuthamanga, sing'anga, yaing'ono.
4. Malinga ndi mtundu wa zida: torpedoes, ballistic, mzinga, losanganikirana.

Unit ambiri ndi zozama nyukiliya sitima zapamadzi. Mtundu wa sitima zankhondo ali gulu yake:

1. SSBN - sitima zankhondo za nyukiliya ndi zida ballistic.
2. PLARK - sitima zankhondo za nyukiliya ndi mabomba wovuta.
3. MPLATRK - wosiyanasiyana chida sitima zapamadzi oponya, mphamvu yaikulu gwero umene ndi riyakitala nyukiliya.
4. DPLRK - sitima zankhondo dizilo ndi mivi ndi torpedoes.

Ku mitundu experimental akhoza kukhala wolemekezeka: ukuuluka, zouluka ndi kosakhalidwa mtsinje sitima zapamadzi.

Chikhazikitso cha kamangidwe

Sitima zankhondo amapangidwa ndi nyumba 2: kuwala ndi cholimba. Woyamba ndi kupereka sitimayo bwino katundu hydrodynamic ndi chachiwiri - kutetezela lalikulu kuthamanga madzi. Makolokoto anasonkhana kuchokera zosapanga dzimbiri, Koma nthawi zambiri zidzachitika ndipo kasakaniza wazitsulo titaniyamu. Pa sitima zapamadzi ali akasinja wapadera kwa ballast ndi ulamuliro kokha. Akusunsa ikuchitika ntchito hydroplanes. Surfacing anatsimikiza ndi kusamuka kwa madzi ndi wothinikizidwa mpweya akasinja ballast. Kayendedwe ka sitima azitsogolera dizilo kapena mphamvu za nyukiliya zomera. sitima zankhondo Small kuthamanga pa mabatire ndi magetsi. Special magudumu dizilo ntchito chifukwa cha phindu. Mu ntchito monga galimoto injini.

mitundu ya zida

Cholinga sitima zankhondo ndi kuchita ntchito yeniyeni:

- chiwonongeko cha Zombo Zankhondo,
- kuwonongedwa kwa ziwiya Mipikisano cholinga,
- chiwonongeko cha zinthu mdani njira.

Malinga ndi zolinga za sitima zankhondo amaika mitundu inanso yoyenera ya zida: mabomba, torpedoes, maroketi, zida zankhondo, zamagetsi. Chitetezo, ambiri zombo pa nyanja ntchito kunyamula machitidwe mpweya chitetezo.

Russian sitima zapamadzi

Mmodzi wa atsopano anatengera pa zombo anafika sitima zankhondo "nsomba yam'nyanja yamchere". Ntchito yomanga mayunitsi 24 inatenga zaka 20, kuyambira 1982. Lero, kutaya sitima zankhondo Russian ndi 18 "nsomba yam'nyanja yamchere". Maboti zinamangidwa mu chimango cha ntchito 877. Awa zombo kwambiri madzi anakhala prototypes a otchedwa "Varshavyanka". Mu 2004 iye anabadwa mbadwo watsopano wa sitima zapamadzi, "Lada", ntchito pa elektrodizelnoy unsembe. chotengera lakonzedwa kuti awononge mipherezero iliyonse mdani. Izi sitima zankhondo Russian ochuluka zikomo mlingo osachepera phokoso. Chifukwa cha kukwera mtengo kwa polojekiti mwamsanga anakomoka.

Waukulu chidwi mphamvu ya zombo Russian ndi sitima zapamadzi nyukiliya "Pike-B". ntchitoyi kwa zaka zoposa 20 mpaka 2004. Today sitima zankhondo za mtundu uwu pa zida Russian ndi mayunitsi 11. "Pike-B" ndi kukwaniritsa liwiro la 33 mfundo kumizidwa chifukwa 600 mamita ndi kukhala panyanja ndi yoyenda yokha kwa masiku 100. Mphamvu - anthu 73. Kumangidwa kwa wagawo wina ndalama moponya pafupifupi 785 mln. Madola.

Komanso mu nkhokwe ya zombo ali ngati sitima zankhondo za nyukiliya ku Russia, monga "Shark", "Dolphin", "Barracuda", "Kalmar", "Antey" ndi ena.

The sitima zapamadzi zatsopano

Mu "Warszawianka" zino posachedwa limabwezeretsa atsopano Russian mayunitsi panyanja. Chimenechi chidzakhala sitima zapamadzi zatsopano "Krasnodar" ndi "Stary Oskol". Maboti adzabwera mu utumiki mu theka lachiwiri la 2015. The doko ndi ziwiya pansi pa nyanja "Kolpino" ndi "The Great Novgorod", koma kumanga awo udzatha yekha ndi mapeto a 2016. Chifukwa, kudzakhala 6 "Warszawianka" Kamangidwe mayunitsi pa Black Sea zombo a muyezo pepala. Oimira zino tinapangidwa kutsutsa Adani, ndiye kuteteza panyanja zapansi, ntchito gombe. Sitima zankhondo "Varshavyanka" amatanthauza mtundu chete. ntchito Elektrodizelnom pa injini.

Kutalika kwa sitima zapamadzi ndi 74 m, ndipo m'lifupi -. 10 mamita m'madzi galimoto angafikire liwiro la 20 mfundo. Kumiza pakhomo - 300 mamita moyo kusambira -. Masiku 45.

Atasowa ndi olowa sitima zapamadzi

Mpaka 1940s, sitima zankhondo ndipo kenako anatayika mu kuya kwa nyanja ndi nyanja. The zifukwa anali kapangidwe zolakwika ndi missteps recaps, ndi chinsinsi ntchito asilikali otsutsa.

Pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiwiri akuti tchulani mayunitsi sitima zapamadzi. Pa zaka 50 zapitazi, akatswiri afika pachimake. Chiyambireni cha 1950 sitima zapamadzi si yoopsa pa moyo wa anthu ogwira ntchito, ndi kulankhulana ndi mdani yomweyo atathana maziko a asilikali. N'chifukwa chake m'zaka za posachedwapa, kotero pang'ono anataya sitima zankhondo. Wotchuka akusowa chotengera imatengedwa "chinkhanira" (USA), ndi "Dakar" (Israeli) ndi "Minerva" (France). N'zochititsa chidwi kuti onse atatu olowa sitima zapamadzi inaonongeka m'mikhalidwe chachinsinsi pakapita masabata 2 mu 1968. Malipoti pa ngozi zitatu anatchula chinthu wosadziwika, pambuyo kukhudzana ndi amene kulankhulana ndi adalira chinatayika muyaya.

Okwana pa zaka 60 zapitazi wakhala mwalamulo olembedwa 8 olowa sitima zankhondo za nyukiliya, kuphatikizapo asanu Russian ndi American awiri. Woyamba anali m'chombo "Thresher" (USA), pa gulu limene panali anthu 129. ngoziyi inkachitika chifukwa cha mdani kuukira mu 1963. Anthu onsewo anaphedwa.

Kwambiri zokopa ndiponso momvetsa chisoni ndi tsogolo la sitima zapamadzi "Kursk". M'chaka cha 2000 chifukwa kuphulika kwa oponya mu chipinda choyamba cha chombo Amira pansi Nyanja Barents. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, anthu 118 anaphedwa.