SERGEY Eyzenshteyn: Autobiography, moyo, filmography. Photo Eyzenshteyna Sergeya Mihaylovicha

Dzina Sergeya Eyzenshteyna ndi zodziwika mdziko lonse monga dzina la mmodzi wa omwe adayambitsa luso amaziona m'mafilimu komanso katswiri lalikulu la Russian avant-garde. katswiri wake wosafa amagwiritsa ntchito mu Film Institute ngati milozo pa unsembe ndi ayendetsa.

wotsogolera Legacy

Mu 2025, izo chidzakhala chikumbutso 100th wa katswiri wa dziko amaziona m'mafilimu filimu "nkhondo" Potemkin "." Sergei Mikhailovich ndinali ndi zaka 27 zokha pamene iye anavula tepi. Ochepa mukudziwa zomwe chaka anabadwa SERGEY Eyzenshteyn, ndipo iye anakhala ndi moyo zaka makumi asanu okha (kwa chaka cha 1898 ndi 1948). Tikumbukenso kuti ngakhale anali ndi mavuto aakulu ndiponso oopsa kuposa kale m'dziko lathu.

SERGEY Eyzenshteyn, amene filmography zikuphatikizapo pafupi twente-faifi mafilimu, ndi theka wabwino wa iwo za Mexico, anasiya mbiri wapadera, osati mwa mawonekedwe a mafilimu. Komanso mabuku ndi zolemba ophunzira a mafilimu a kanema. Buku lathunthu ntchito wotsogolera lapangidwa ndi mabuku khumi. Kwa iwo mukhoza kuphunzira zambiri zosangalatsa za momwe kunali nthawi imene iye ankakhala ndi ntchito SERGEY Eyzenshteyn. Autobiography wodzilemekeza m'makalata, zolemba ntchito, essays ndi nkhani.

World la oyang'anira Eisenstein

Wotchuka wotsogolera filimu Mikhail Romm analemba Maulendo Ake kuti ntchito yake anaphunzira filimu Eisenstein a "nkhondo" Potemkin "." Iye anali Inde mkulu wa wophunzira ndipo anali ndi mwayi ntchito mu kusintha situdiyo "Mosfilm". Michael I. makumi nthawi ndikusinthidwa wotchuka "nkhondo" Potemkin "," bwinobwino kusanthula ndi kuphunzira staging, phokoso, chikhalidwe, dialogues ndi chimango mfutizo ogwiritsa dongosolo.

Alfred Hitchcock akunena kuti ndi wophunzira ntawiri wa wathu wotsogolera kwambiri. Iye sanabise kuti pa njira zake ntchito ntchito anausankha Sergei Mikhailovich. Wake "saspiens" wotchuka, amene ali chete kwambiri, amawapopa mavuto, kupanga nkhawa mpweya - pogwiritsa ntchito maluso a Eisenstein, monga: tsatanetsatane chilengedwe ndi kudziwa mbali munthu, maganizo osiyana, mwadzidzidzi kucheperachepera ndi kukula chinthu liwiro ndi kufulumiza nthawi mwa rhythmic mafelemu ogwiritsa, zotsatira phokoso, shading, ndi zina zotero ..

Banja & Makolo

SERGEY Eyzenshteyn, amene moyo chili akula - chinsinsi cha kuseri kwa zisindikizo zisanu ndi ziwiri, komanso ambiri mwa anzake otchuka ndiponso aphunzitsi sanalenge banja lawo. Ngakhale mkazi wake, kapena ana obzavolsya. iye anatsutsika wolakwa kwa makolo, amene sanali kumupatsa iye maphunziro oyenera nkhaniyo. SERGEY Eyzenshteyn, amene chithunzi chili m'munsimu, analandidwa pafupi ndi mayi ake ndi bambo zaka ziwiri kapena zitatu zakubadwa.

Pambuyo kumuyalutsa aakulu amene anachitika mu 1909, mabanja makolo wakhala mndandanda zonse zoipa ndi chiwonetsero zachiwawa. Little Serge anakakamizika kumvera amayi ndi abambo, nthawi zonse watsegula maso ake pa wina ndi mzake. Mama akuti Sergei, atate wake - wakuba ndi scoundrel, ndi atate wake, iwonso, inanena kuti mayi wake - mkazi kugulitsa. Pambuyo pake, mu 1912, pamene Sergei anali ndi zaka 11, makolo ake linatha ndi omwazika. Ndi zochita za Holy Synod ya mnyamata anakhala ndi bambo ake.

Ukwati wa makolo tinganene kuti wosiyana. Amayi, Julia Ivanovna Konetskaya, anachokera ku banja lolemera. bambo ake, nthumwi osauka a kalasi m'tauni, anabwera St. Petersburg ku Tikhvin. Pali Ntchito subcontracted, anapeza likulu kakang'ono ndipo anakwatira mwana wa munthu wamalonda wolemera. Mwamsanga iye anatsegula ntchito yake - "Neva barzhnoe Company".

Atate wa mkulu mtsogolo, Mihail Osipovich Eyzenshteyn, anali ndi mizu Swedish Ayuda. Kukhala mwamuna Yulii Ivanovny Konetskoy iye perevoz mu Riga, kumene anabadwira, ndipo mwana wawo yekha, Sergei.

Maonekedwe a chigawo chapakati cha Riga kukuchitika chifukwa choti ntchito za Mihaila Eyzenshteyna. Pantchito yake monga mmisiri mkulu wa mzinda, anamanga oposa makumi asanu wokongola nyumba Art Nouveau. Iwo akadali kukometsera likulu la Latvia. Mikhail Osipovich kusiyana ndi khama kwambiri makhalidwe abwino malonda. Iye ankagwira ntchito yapamwamba, kukwera ku Mulingo wa State milandu. Ndipo anapereka ana ake ndi ufulu otchuka cholowa.

Sergei Mikhailovich talente

Kuyambira ali wakhanda, bambo, Mihail Osipovich Eyzenshteyn, anaphunzitsa mwana wake kuwerenga. Iye anamupatsa iye maphunziro kwambiri. English, German ndipo French SERGEY Eyzenshteyn anali pafupifupi mwangwiro. The mnyamata Posakhalitsa ndinadziwa kukwera, kusewera nyimbo pa limba, akujambula zithunzi. Pamene kachitidwe wathunso mwana wanzeru, ndi chidwi kwambiri kumvetsa sayansi zosiyanasiyana ndi kufikira kwa kutulukira zinthu zatsopano. Komanso bwino utoto.

okhala ambiri ndi zojambula zili zina zosafunikira kwambiri, n'kuzitentha mukadzakula, wafunsira bungwe ndi chidwi kwambiri zisudzo. Woyamba unachitika mu 1957 ku Moscow. M'tsogolo, zina zachidule zoseketsa, zojambula zina zachidule a zovala ndi zokongola kwa sewerolo, staging mafilimu, zithunzi za nkhani m'Baibulo ndi zolembalemba, komanso zojambula anapanga paulendo wake mu Europe ndi America, anabwera Africa lonse la Europe ndi ku America. Ndipotu, awiri okha mafilimu - "Alexander Nevsky" ndi "Ivan Grozny" - SERGEY Eyzenshteyn anapanga zojambula zoposa 600.

Atate Sergeya Eyzenshteyna akhafuna kuona mwana wake wamanga. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, mu 1915 SERGEY analowa Institute of Civil Akatswiri Petrograd. Panthaŵi imeneyi, makolo ake anapatukana, ndi atate wake ankakhala mu Berlin ndi mkazi wake watsopano.

aphunzitsi

atate wake wauzimu Eyzenshteyn SERGEY Mihaylovich anamva lalikulu zisudzo wotsogolera Vsevoloda Emilevicha Meyerholda. Iye kuchilemekeza iye komanso kulemekezedwa. Akukhulupirira kuti namatetule ndi zoipa munthu sakhala pamodzi, koma Meyerhold moyo wake ananyoza Mulungu amanena izi nthawi zambiri. SERGEY Mihaylovich Eyzenshteyn, moyo - mutu wa taphunzira, analemba za aphunzitsi ake pa ayendetsa ed izi: Meyerhold anali ndi luso lapadera kuphunzira, osati kupereka ophunzira nzeru zothandiza. Eisenstein limanena kuti zinsinsi zonse wotsogolera Meyerhold, anaona ndi comprehended mwamsanga pamene anafika rehearsal ya sewerolo.

Sadzachitanso kuzindikira zizindikiro za matalente aliyense wa ophunzirawo, Meyerhold pansi napemphera monyenga ina yomweyo anachotsa ndi odana angathe. Iye anachita Meyerhold zambiri kudzera akazi. Chotero iye anapita ndipo Eisenstein.

Ngati Meyerhold sanafune kugawana nzeru zawo ndi ophunzira, mkulu SERGEY Eyzenshteyn M'malo mwake, moyo wake onse ndi luso kuika pa chilengedwe cha malamulo chilengedwe amaziona m'mafilimu amene iye moona anafotokoza mu zolemba zake pa luso la mafilimu a kanema. Handbook wa Opanga filimuyi padziko lonse kukhala "Art wa mise paulendo yekha" wake, "Mizankadr", "unsembe", "njira" ndipo "sanyalanyaza chilengedwe."

Kumanga chiphunzitso filimu

Popanda kukhala munthu wamanga, monga ngati bambo ake, Eyzenshteyn SERGEY Mihaylovich Komabe, anasiya chidwi chojambula Chithunzi cha nyumba, amene amati ndi "kumanga chiphunzitso cha mafilimu a kanema." Dongosolo ili tinganene kuti konsekonse. Pa n'zosavuta kuwombera mafilimu osati kokha, ndi abwino kwa kukula kwa mapulani chitukuko cha amaziona m'mafilimu ambiri.

Maziko amene lonse dongosolo - njira ya dialectics, ndiye kucheza mgwirizano, nkhondo ndi mgwirizano mgwirizano. Pa njira kukazikoloŵeka mbale lotsatira - limaonetseratu munthu. Pansi tanthauzo limeneli, amatanthauza njira zimene anthu amasonyeza chisoni anthu.

Pamwamba pa mbale ya "mawu anthu" ndi mizati anayi - ndi pathos mizankadr, mise paulendo powonekera ndi azithunzithunzi. mizati awa, kapena kani, zinthu pamodzi, kudzera unsembe, kulenga chithunzi ankafuna kuti zimakhudza mphamvu ya maganizo a anthu. Zonsezi pamodzi ndi nzeru za luso, mu nkhani iyi, kanema. ntchito mopitirira pa filimu kumaphatikizapo kuphunzira mozama za khalidwe la anthu, ndi sayansi. Izi ndi zofunika mwamtheradi, monga mavuto amene filimu, mowirikiza kuwonjezera, kuwongolera luso, kuchuluka Kuphunzira pa omvetsera, khalidwe mfundo za mkuuka. Korona kapangidwe mbendera ndi mawu akuti "filimu njira".

Nkhondo ndi mphamvu ya luso galimoto

Mawu "nkhondo" - monga m'munsi chimene chimakhazikika luso - mu nyumba chiwembu cha chiphunzitso filimu akusowa. Komabe, SERGEY Eyzenshteyn ankakhulupirira kuti nkhondo ndi mphamvu zako zonse zimene zili onse lathu kulenga ndi zowononga galimoto. chikhulupiriro chake ndi zochokera wake ali mwana, pamene iye amachita nesmyshlony mwana kunapezeka kukhala mbali ya zithunzi wamkulu ndi zoipa zimene zinachitika pakati pa makolo. Malinga ndi kudzakwaniritsa izo staging, pakalibe anthu ena, anali mtsikana ababa amayi mmene umboni makhalidwe oipa a anthu ena, mmene arbitrator kuthetsa amene ali wolondola ndani nanga cholakwika momwe ponena za moyo wawo wochititsa chifundo, ndi monga timaulendo tina yoimba munthawi ya chete mwakhumudwitsa mwamuna kapena mkazi. Zinali mpira, zouluka kwa mmodzi wa iwo wina. Moyo umenewu ndi kukangana sanathe anakaika pa Sergei Mikhailovich zinthu. nkhondo wakhala zachilengedwe, inu mukhoza kunena, ndi kuswana pansi kwa iye.

Kusanthula yapitayi SERGEY Eyzenshteyn analemba kuti chikumbumtima ana ake sanali limodzi adziphe chibadidwe ana wamba. Iye sanali kuswa zidole sakanatha kupanga wotchi kuti muwone chomwe chiri mkati iwo, asawononge amphaka ndi agalu, anali kosakhala osati ayi. Mwachidule, anali mwana wangwiro. SERGEY Eyzenshteyn, ndi pofotokoza za moyo wotsogolera kuti satifiketi ali ophatikizidwa pranks onse zosachitika ubwana mu mafilimu. Kuti kusowa mpata kukhala mwachibadwa tizidziwe moyo monga izo zimachitika ndi ana onse wabwinobwino, anawonetseredwa mwa iye patapita zaka. Choncho zithunzi wamagazi wa Kuphedwa, zakupha, etc., etc .. njira zonsezi aukali wa chikoka pa omvetsera, pa psyche awo, Eisenstein otchedwa zokopa.

Lachinsinsi mwangozi kapena chisankho amapha?

SERGEY Eyzenshteyn, amene yonena akusonyeza kuti iye anali kwathunthu munthu zomveka, muli zochitika lachinsinsi mfundo umene Ufumuyo zofunika kwambiri.

Pamene ndinali kuwerenga pa chaka chachiwiri cha Institute of Civil Akatswiri, izo makhalidwe a whirlpool za kayendedwe chosintha. Mu February 1918, Eisenstein m'gulu la Red Army ndipo anapita kutsogolo. Kwa zaka ziwiri ankachita nawo kumanga usilikali, iye anali nawo kanthu ngati wosewera ndi wotsogolera ndi utoto propaganda mawu kuphunzitsa magalimoto.

Mu 1920 anawamasulira lamulo boma kulola ophunzira kuti abwerere ku koleji ndi kuyambanso ndondomeko maphunziro. SERGEY pa nthawi ino kukoma kwa moyo ed, ndipo sanali kupita kumbuyo Zomangamanga ndi Yomanga, monga anafuna ndi makolo awo. Iye anandiuza kuti apitirize kuphunzira pa Academy ya General Wogwila, ndi cholinga m'tsogolo kukhala anamasulira Japanese. Nkhaniyi anali kumuyesa kuti Eisenstein ndinaganiza. Ndi nthawi iyi likulu ankangomusamutsira Petrograd kwa Moscow, kumene mofulumira osauka moyo - ndi zisudzo makamaka. Mu usiku fateful pamene tinaganiza kusiya zomangamanga, ndi imodzi ndi chiyambi cha moyo wake watsopano mwadzidzidzi mtima anaimitsa moyo wa bambo ake - Mihaila Osipovicha Eyzenshteyna.

Kuyambira nthawi yomwe inayamba bwino ndipo mofulumira ntchito za wotsogolera filimu otchuka kwambiri padziko lonse Sergeya Eyzenshteyna.

Zikomo Peter Greenaway

Mu 2015, a zowonetsera anamasulidwa filimu ndi Peter Greenaway "Eisenstein ku Guanajuato". chithunzi Izi zayambitsa ambivalence Russian ogulitsa Koma Greenaway limanena kuti akadali ndi kuchotsedwa filimu umodzi za wotsogolera yodabwitsa - ndi kuchotsa chachikulu. Anthu ayenera kudziwa mtundu wa munthu kunali kwakukulu SERGEY Eyzenshteyn. Wambiri, moyo wotsogolera munthu ndi ntchito yake mu filimu amafuna kuphunzira ndi kafukufuku. Iye sinafike asamakhulupirire mwapang'ono. M'malo mwake, iye akufuna kuti awonetse mmene dziko lasintha munthu wodziwa pambuyo m'madera osiyanasiyana m'dzikoli, si analimbikitsa ndi ulamuliro wankhanza. Pajatu aliyense si chinsinsi chimene patapita zaka zitatu kuphunzira moyo ndi miyambo ya anthu a ku Ulaya, USA ndi Latin America SERGEY ukasintha anasintha maganizo ake zolinga ndi ntchito za mafilimu a kanema Soviet. Zolinga Greenaway - wachiwiri za compatriot athu odziwika, filimu "kugwirana chanza Eisenstein." Panthawi imeneyi, Greenway akufuna kusonyeza moyo wa wotsogolera wamkulu kupita kunja Soviet Union.

kaonedwe kukonzanso

Eisenstein pa chiyambi cha ulendo wake wawukulu penapake mu Europe anagula desyatitomnik Frazer "The Golden Bough". Ndi chifukwa cha buku ili, lapeza mfundo zofunika za Zipembedzo kuyambira nthawi zakale pano. Lingaliro la umulungu monga zakudya zachimanga, akufa ndi kuwakulitsa, chifukwa mwa iye lingaliro la kupalasa njinga ku dziko lonse zakuthupi.

masiku khumi mu Mexico Ndatsegula iye maganizo atsopano okhudza chikhalidwe ambiri ndi mafilimu a kanema makamaka. Iye anaona kuti malo ochepa akhoza mwamtendere azikhala pafupifupi zonse zokhudza chikhalidwe madongosolo - ndi wosazindikira, ang'onoang'ono, capitalist ndipo ngakhale zokomera.

Ndikufuna kuona kuti mu Mexico mpaka zaka zoposa 70, Eisenstein imatengedwa wotsogolera nambala wani. Zimenezi n'zosadabwitsa, chifukwa ndi kumeneko ziwembu nasnimal 80 000 meters filimu. Ndi otchuka ndi anthu am'deralo ndipo moyo wawo, miyambo ya dziko, kukongola kwa malo ndi masoka achilengedwe ndipo kwambiri mwatsatanetsatane chidwi ndi mfundo za moyo wa Latinos.

Chifukwa cha zovuta za kukopera tilibe mwayi kuti awone zinthu zonse izi, zomwe ndi chisoni. Mu US, zochokera Eisenstein kampani "awapatse" anamanga mafilimu ochepa amene analandira bwino yaikulu. Mwatsatanetsatane za Saga chisoni ndi mafilimu akhoza kuwerenga mu magazini "Screen Soviet" kwa chaka cha 1974, wolemba - R. Yurenev.

Kunyumba, Sergei Mikhailovich, pamodzi ndi wolemba (monga posachedwapa zapitazi Chekist) Aleksandrom Rzheshevskim kugwira ntchito filimu ina. Pa nthawi iyi ya collectivization - ". Bezhin dambo" Anatenga monga maziko nkhani ya Pavlik Morozov, amene, monga mwa anausankha Eisenstein, anaphedwa ndi manja bambo ake omwe. Mu alimi woyamba zosinthika kuwononga mpingo kukonza mu kalabu ake. Wachiwiri - wamba akuyesetsa kusunga mpingo moto. Mufilimuyi inaletsedwa pa zifukwa maganizo, koma filimu ndi yagwa. Only ndi zithunzi ochepa ndi kanema ku filimu. Zikukhudzira mphamvu ya zimakhudza maganizo pa wowerenga lapansi.

Tsoka la wotsogolera Anapachikidwa mu muyezo. Iye pang'onong'ono kumangidwa, anali anaimitsa kaye kuphunzitsa pa VGIK, koma mwanjira wolungama ndipo anali ndi mwayi ntchito pa, tsopano pa kukonda dziko lako filimu "Alexander Nevsky".

"Iye anakhala, ndinaganiza, ndipo anali ndi chidwi" - zoterezi epitaph kuwona achinyamata Sergei Mikhailovich pa tombstone wake.

Kumapeto kwa moyo pambuyo vuto la mtima, komwe kunachitika mu 1946, Eisenstein, kupenda tsogolo lawo, olembedwa, zikuoneka kuti nthawi zonse chinthu chimodzi - njira yogwirizanitsa ndi chiyanjano cha zipani zotsutsana. Anthu zotsutsana kuti kuyendetsa njira zonse mu dziko. Ulendo wa ku Mexico anamuonetsa kuti mgwirizano sizingatheke Komabe, - SERGEY chozindikira izo - iwo ndi enieni ndithu kuphunzitsa coexistence mtendere.