Russian makina kumanga zovuta

Machine zomanga zovuta ndi ya yeniyeni mafakitale, zinthu zimene ali makina osiyana ndi njira. Ndiponso, yodziwika ndi mapangidwe ubale zovuta.

Machine zovuta amene kapangidwe ndi yaikulu, muli mwachindunji makina zomangamanga ndi zokhomakhoma. Zamgululi cha zovuta ichi chimagwira ntchito yaikulu kukhazikitsa zomwe atsopano a sayansi amakono ndi luso. Ndipo izi ndi zoona kwa m'madera onse a chuma.

Kapangidwe ka zomangamanga dera

Lalikulu makampani zovuta amapereka zonse zida chuma dziko ndi zida. Pakuti anthu amabala zosiyanasiyana uphungu. The makina zomanga zovuta zikuphatikizapo kukonza zida ndiponso makina, komanso zitsulo. Khalidwe iye ndi kuzamitsa pa specialization kupanga ndiponso kufalikira zonse kuchuluka kwa zinthu.

Kapangidwe ka makina zomanga zovuta zikuphatikizapo nthambi makumi asanu ndi awiri. Onse amene yagawidwa monga mathero a zinthu, kufanana njira ndi mitundu ya zipangizo ntchito.

Kapangidwe ka makina zomanga zovuta zikuphatikizapo:

1. Mphamvu ndi makampani lolemera. Zikuphatikizapo yopanga mphamvu, zipangizo akuchitira ndi migodi, ntchito yosindikiza komanso zida za nyukiliya, ngolo, turbino- ndi nyumba sitima.
2. Machine, ndi udindo yopangira mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zipangizo makina.
3. Transport zomangamanga, womwenso makampani kuti yopanga magalimoto ndi sitima, komanso kuchita chikugwirizana ndi ndege ndi munda Azamlengalenga.
4. thalakitala ndi makina munda.
5. Zipangizo, zamagetsi ndi zamagetsi linanena bungwe, amakhulupirira kuti zolondola makina zomangamanga.
6. Nkhani ya makina ndi zipangizo chakudya ndi makampani kuwala.

Kupatula mayunitsi pamwamba monga zazing'ono zitsulo zomangamanga zovuta, kupanga anagubuduza ndipo chinkhoswe zitsulo. Zimenezi ikuchitika foundries. Mbali zimenezi zili pa makina kapena pa mabizinezi apadera a. Amalima mitundu akuponya, kulipira ndipo weldments.

zomangamanga lolemera

zomera zonse amakhala mu ntchito imeneyi, yodziwika ndi mowa mkulu zitsulo. Pa nthawi yomweyo iwo kupereka makina zofunika ndi zida za ogwira okhudzana migodi ndi mankhwala, migodi, mafuta ndi mphamvu ndi maofesi zitsulo.

Lolemera makina zomera ndi zigawo zikuluzikulu, mbali (mwachitsanzo, masikono zitsulo chifukwa anagubuduza mphero), komanso okonzeka zopangidwa zida (turbines, boilers, amene anakumba zinthu zakale, zida migodi). Monga mbali ya makampani pali khumi kum'mwera zigawo. Pakati pawo, wolunjika, kuyenda, atomiki, kusindikiza migodi ndi zitsulo zomangamanga, komanso dizele-, ngolo, magudumu ndipo kukatentha yomanga.

Mtengo wapatali kwambiri wa mankhwala makampani katundu makina opangidwa kupanga zida zitsulo. Iwo amakhala okonzeka ndi yadothi ndi magetsi kuphulika ng'anjo, komanso zomera sinter. Kukwera mtengo ndi zipangizo zosiyanasiyana Pajatu ndi akupera ndipo anagubuduza kupanga.

Zamgululi migodi makina mabizinezi ndi mayunitsi ntchito kufufuza ndi kupanga (poyera ndi chatsekedwa kachitidwe), patsogolo ndi kupsinja mchere ndi Chomangika. Zikuphatikizapo madzi mankhwala ndi Chili migodi, kuyenda ndi anakumba zinthu zakale chidebe-gudumu. zipangizo zofanana ntchito pa sanali akakhala ndi akakhala zitsulo, malasha ndi mankhwala mafakitale komanso kupanga zida zomangira.

Great kufunika chuma chifukwa chuma cha dziko lili ndi mankhwala chopangidwa ndi mmwamba-ndi-zoyendera zomangamanga. Ndipotu, ndi zida ngati anthu pafupifupi mamiliyoni asanu ntchito mu Russia. Izi boma gawo opangidwa cranes magetsi ndi pamutu, conveyor ndi conveyors n'kupuma, komanso zida za mechanization mwatsatanetsatane za malo nyumba yosungiramo katundu.

Kupanga ngolo, nyumba sitima lakonzedwa kupereka njanji zoyendera dera zofunika izo. Izi nkhani boma gawo ndi makonzedwe zofunika njanji kuwotcherera, amaika mumsewu, matalala kuchotsedwa ndi ntchito zina kuyenda.

Koma yomanga chopangira mphamvu, cholinga chake chachikulu ndicho kukonzekeretsa zida zina zofunika kuti gawo la mphamvu ya chuma. Mills wa subsector izi misonkhano kupezeka kwa hayidiroliki ndi nyukiliya, zomera matenthedwe mphamvu ndi chopangira mphamvu mpweya. Iye ndi udindo makonzedwe a mapaipi waukulu mpweya ndi kupereka jekeseni, psinjika ndi yobwezeretsanso wa aggregates ntchito mu mafuta ndi mankhwala a mafakitale, komanso akakhala ndi sanali akakhala zitsulo.

nyukiliya zomera zomangamanga amakhazikika mu ulimi wa zosiyanasiyana zipangizo zomera mphamvu za nyukiliya. mndandanda Izi zikuphatikizapo ndi makina amene thanki.
Buku osachepera kupanga losiyana makina osindikizira. makampani opanga conveyors kwa osindikiza, makina osindikizira mabuku ndi zina zotero D..

makina-chida yomanga

makampani umabala makina kumanga zovuta:

- zokhomakhoma chida;
- atolankhani-kulipira zida;
- makina zida;
- kupala matabwa makina.

Kuwonjezera pa linanena bungwe la mankhwala kusasanyiwa, makampani ndi amene anakonza mpandawo centralized mayunitsi, ntchito zitsulo komanso.

mayendedwe zomangamanga

M'nthambi zake ndi makampani ndege. Kupanga mankhwala ntchito zipangizo ndipo zosiyanasiyana zida akupangidwa ku makampani pafupifupi nthambi zonse za luso lopanga. Pa mafakitale ndege makampani nawo akatswiri kwambiri luso ndi ogwira ntchito popanga katundu ndi ndege anthu. Ndi makampani awa apite conveyors ndi Helicopters wa zosintha zosiyanasiyana.

Yopanga wa roketi ndi danga makampani ndi yozungulira roketi ndi zombo zinakhazikitsa ndi mtundu katundu. Mu galimoto, mwangwiro Chili luso mkulu ndi yotakata mtanda m'makalata kupanga Integrated.

makampani Shipbuilding ntchito pa ulimi wake wambirimbiri zitsulo. Koma, ngakhale, Kusinthaku awo ikuchitika m'madera zikuluzikulu zitsulo m'munsi. Ichi ndi chifukwa mavuto aakulu mayendedwe a galimoto itatha. makampani Shipbuilding ndi mataye zambiri amandimvera ndi mafakitale Boma ambiri a chuma. Zimenezi zimathandiza pa zoyendera madzi zikutanthauza unsembe zida zosiyanasiyana.

Yaikulu mafakitale makina zomanga ndi makampani magalimoto. Tiyeni iwo udzabala wapeza ntchito kwake muzochitika zones za chuma cha dziko. Cars ndi mu ankafuna mu malonda ritelo.

Thalakitala ndi munda makina

ntchito imeneyi amakhala ndi specialization m'madera. M'kati kupanga mankhwala ake nawo ochepa zomera yotulutsa mbali ndi misonkhano chifukwa magawo osiyanasiyana a ndondomekoyi.

Thalakitala ndi makina ulimi okololawo chopangidwa yosiyanasiyana. Zikuphatikizapo lnouborochnye ndi Chili, pickers thonje ndi Chimanga, mbatata ndi makina ena. Yopangidwa pa mafakitale ndi makampani ndi zosintha zosiyanasiyana mathirakitala matayala ndipo inamva.

Chida ndi Magetsi Makampani

The mankhwala chopangidwa ndi makampani nthambi, losiyana mphamvu pang'ono ndi mowa zakuthupi. Komabe, zotsatira n'kofunika kusankha antchito aluso ndi ndodo kafukufuku.

Zomera kuchita zipangizo khwekhwe ndi unsembe zida zokha. ntchito yawo ikuphatikiza mapulogalamu chitukuko, mapulani komanso kupanga zipangizo zachipatala, ulonda, zida ndi zipangizo ofesi. mankhwala amenewa ndi umisiri mkulu ndi ntchito ndondomeko kulamulira ndipo mudziwe machitidwe basi.

Pa zomera Russian m'gulu makampani zamagetsi, panopa umabala zoposa zikwi zana mayina a mankhwala osiyanasiyana.

mankhwala kupeza ntchito yawo pafupifupi muzochitika zones za chuma cha dziko. Voliyumu ya mankhwala chopangidwa ndi makampani magetsi kuposa chiwerengero cha zinthu zimene zimapangidwa ndi kumabungwe onse okonza akaphatikiza lolemera. Osiyanasiyana yaikulu ya mankhwala amenewa ukufanizidwa ndi magudumu kwa hayidiroliki, gasi ndi nthunzi turbines ndi Motors, makina magetsi, tiransifoma ndi converters, electrothermal, electrofusion ndi zida kuyatsa.

Mawotchi zomangamanga chakudya ndi kuwala makampani

Mu dera lino kupanga zikuphatikizapo boma m'magulu kuti apange zipangizo kuluka ndi nsalu, nsapato ndi chobvala, ubweya ndi zikopa, chakudya m'dera la chuma. malo Geographical ya mitengo imeneyi zimadalira moyandikana kwa ogula.

Ntchito chuma cha dziko

Mtengo wa makampani makina zomanga sangathe n'kofunika. Ndipotu, ntchito imeneyi ndi imodzi mwa ŵa makampani Russian lolemera. Pa mabizinezi a gawo lino amalenga misa chachikulu ndi achangu a chuma mapulani monga zida. Komanso, makina kumanga zovuta ali ndi chikoka kwambiri malangizo ndi mayendedwe a chitukuko cha patsogolo sayansi ndi luso, kufunika kokula ntchito zokolola, komanso zinthu zina zambiri zimene zimakhudza Mwachangu kupanga.

Buku lonse la mankhwala opangidwa ndi Russian makina kumanga zovuta, ndiko kuposa gawo limodzi la mankhwala onse chofunika opangidwa mu dziko. Pa mabizinezi a gawo ili la chuma ntchito 2/5 la okwana antchito mafakitale. Komanso anaika pafupifupi kotala ya chuma siisinthasintha zachilengedwe mafakitale zikupezeka dziko.

Nkofunika kuti aziona zomangamanga zovuta mu moyo wa madera akuluakulu a Russia. Komanso, mlingo wa chitukuko amakampani izi zimatengera pa zomwe muzochitika zones za chuma cha dziko. Udindo wa luso lopanga ndi kuonetsetsa imapanga chitetezo Russia.

Features zokhudza yogawa amakampani

Russian makina kumanga zovuta ali kulumikizana yapakati-m'makalata waukulu. Koma kupyola pamenepo, mapangidwe uyu ali zingapo zochititsa wapadera. Iwo ayenera kukumbukira pamene kuwayika mafakitale osiyana mu chigawo chomwe mufuna.

Choyamba, mawotchi zomangamanga makampani apanga specialization. M'mawu ena, mabungwe ang'onoang'ono awo wambiri kupanga chimodzi kapena, pa ambiri, mitundu ingapo ya mankhwala. Pa nthawi yomweyo pali mkulu ndende. Ichi ndi chinthu cha luso lopanga, kupanga mankhwala yomalizidwa pamene tikugwira makampani akuluakulu pa nthawi yomweyo. Mwachitsanzo, mbewu galimoto. zopangidwa ndi njira yokha zoyendera.

Koyenera kuti yopanga magalimoto kapena mbali ya mbewu ngati alandira okonzeka zopangidwa kuchokera mabizinesi ena, chiwerengero cha zimenezi aakulu. Chinthu ichi amakhudza kwambiri pa mayikidwe a makina kumanga zovuta zomwe n'kofunika limasonyeza zabwino zoyendera. Ndichifukwa chake ambiri mwa makampani a gawo ili la chuma ali mu dera Volga ndi chapakati Russia. Inde, m'malo amenewa pali bwino anayamba mayendedwe maukonde.

Zintchito za makina kumanga zovuta la Russia, motsogoleredwa ndi kutuluka kwa zikuluzikulu ndi nzeru mankhwala (zamagetsi ndi wailesi zomangamanga), yogwirizana ndi kafukufuku mwamphamvu chinthu. N'chifukwa chake mafakitale awa lili Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, ndi zina zotero. D. kuti ali pafupi ndi malo kumene sayansi bwino anakamba.

makampani Machine zomanga, amene mankhwala imakhudzana ndi asilikali njira chinthu, monga ulamuliro, mu mizinda "chatsekedwa". Iwo Snezhinsk, Novouralsk, Sarov, ndi ena. Nthawi zina kupanga ili pafupi zapansi asilikali.

The makina kumanga mfundo zovuta zimene zimakhudza chitukuko, kuphatikizapo pamaso pa nambala yaikulu ya ndodo oyenerera. Choncho, mafakitale ambiri amagwira tima amaonedwa makina-chida ndi chida. N'chifukwa chake chuma amenewa aikidwa mu zigawo ndi ndende apamwamba a anthu, amene ali Moscow, Voronezh, Penza, Ryazan, ndi zina zotero D..

Pomanga amakampani katundu wa zomangamanga nkhani mowa wawo wamkulu zakuthupi. Pakuti linanena bungwe m'mafakitale izi zimafunikira kwambiri wa zitsulo. Only pamene n'zotheka kuti apereke katundu zitsulo ndi zida mphamvu. Izi makampani zili Urals (Ekaterinburg), Siberia (Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk). Ichi ndi chifukwa alipo mu chigawo chachikulu zitsulo m'munsi. Nthawi zina katundu wa zomangamanga ogwira zochokera pa zipangizo kunja yaiwisi. Alipo mu St. Petersburg.

Pali mitundu ina ya magalimoto, kufunika kwa amene akukumana m'madera ochepa. Zimenezi zikugwira Mwachitsanzo, mathirakitala kwa katundu wa matabwa fulakesi okololawo. njira zimenezi sikophweka kuti zoyendera chotero, bwino anachita pamene pali kufunika kwake.

mavuto odziwa

Kukula kwa makina zomanga zovuta ndi 90 ntchentche Mu zaka zapitazo, kuchepetsa kwambiri mitengo awo. Ena mwa makampani amenewa chabe tsekani, pamene ena yafupika kwambiri mabuku kupanga. Makamaka kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha mankhwala pa mafakitale popanga makina, zipangizo zaulimi, komanso mankhwala mwandondomeko zomangamanga. anali chifukwa chachikulu ndondomeko imeneyi? Iye anagona mu khalidwe osauka katundu wathu, zimene sakanatha kupikisana ndi zinthu kunja. Ndiponso, Soviet Union panali yopuma ubale mafakitale kuti poyamba chinalipo pakati pa mayiko a dziko.

Mavuto a luso lopanga ali mu pulogalamu avale ndi kuichotsa zida. Malinga ndi kafukufuku, akafika pafupifupi 70%. Izi zilili m'Matchalitchi vertoleto- ndi shipbuilding, komanso zamagetsi. Avereji ya makina mu zomera makina zomanga pafupifupi zaka 20. Sikutheka ntchito ndondomeko kupanga umisiri watsopano. Lero, nthambi zambiri zosinthira kumafuna wamakono kwakukulu kwa zipangizo. Only mu nkhani iyi, katundu wawo udzakhala mpikisano pa msika.

Limbikitsani aggravation za nkhaniyi, makampani ambiri achilendo. Ozama msika wathu, mabungwe amenewa kwambiri pa mlingo wa mpikisano.

Vuto lina lalikulu ndi kupanda ogwira makina makampani. Kuti dongosolo la maphunziro a anthu oti, omwe analipo mu USSR, akanangowonongeratu. Pakali pano, m'badwo wa antchito aluso kale akuyandikira pantchito. Chifukwa cha kusowa pachimake ogwira ntchito achinyamata kwambiri kumalepheretsa ndondomeko wamakono wa makina kumanga kupanga. Koma zinthu zoipa zimenezi zidzachitika chikusintha pang'ono kuthokoza ntchito ndalama. Omangika ndi kale anamanga zomera latsopano, anagwira ntchito yomanga amakampani akale, kukhala latsopano ndi kubwezeretsedwa asapita analipo kupanga.