Njira ya kuyesedwa mapulogalamu ndi kufanizira iwo. Tikuyesa njira ya "wakuda bokosi" kuyezetsa komanso njira "bokosi woyera"

Tikuyesa mapulogalamu (SW) kuzindikira mipata, zofooka ndiponso zolakwa za malamulo ayenera kuzithetsa. Angagwiritsidwenso chimatanthauza ndondomeko Iganizireni magwiridwe ndi kulondola kwa mapulogalamu mothandizidwa ndi kuwunika. njira zoyambirira za kusakanikirana ndi chiyesedwe cha ntchito mapulogalamu ndi kuonetsetsa khalidwe ndi kuyesa mfundo, kapangidwe ndi 'kala' ikusonyeza, zodalirika ziyenera, kutsimikiza ndi chotsimikizira.

njira

Cholinga cha pulogalamu kuyezetsa - chitsimikizo cha ubwino wa mapulogalamu zovuta ndi ntchito m'ndondomeko debugging m'mikhalidwe zosamala kudziwa chokwanira zawo ndi zolondola, komanso kudziwika zolakwa zobisika.

Njira yotsimikiza (kuyezetsa) mapulogalamu akhoza kugawidwa mu malo amodzi ndi zazikulu.

Zoyambazo monga mwamwayi polojekiti ndi review luso, kufufuza, sitepe ndi sitepe kusanthula, auditing, komanso malo amodzi deta otaya kusanthula ndi kuzisamalira.

njira Mphamvu ndi:

1. White bokosi kuyezetsa. Izi ndi kuphunzira zambiri za mfundo mkati ndi dongosolo la maphunzirowa. M'pofunika odziwa malamulo gwero.
2. Black bokosi kuyezetsa. Njira imeneyi sikutanthauza kudziwa kulikonse pa ntchito lamkati la ntchito. Tikambirana mfundo zoyambirira zokha za dongosolo, osati zokhudzana kapena kugwirizana ndi angapo a mkati matabwa ake ndi zomveka.
3. Gray bokosi njira. Chili njira ziwiri m'mbuyomu. Debugging ndi nzeru zochepa kugwira ntchito mkati mwa ntchito ndi pamodzi ndi kudziwa zinthu zofunika dongosolo.

kuyezetsa mandala

The woyera bokosi njira ntchito zolembedwa mayeso kulamulira kapangidwe ka pulani procedural. Njira imeneyi zimathandiza kuti awulule zolakwa kukhazikitsa, monga osauka kasamalidwe dongosolo malamulo ndi kuganizira mbali ya ntchito lamkati la mapulogalamu. njira mayeso izi zimagwira ntchito kwa zimatiyika kusakanikirana, gawo ndi dongosolo. Tester ayenera kukhala kupeza malamulo gwero ndi ntchito kuti tipeze zomwe wagawo khalidwe zosayenera.

Kudziyesa mapulogalamu ndi woyera-bokosi Ubwino:

• Timatha kudziwa zolakwa Mpambo chobisika ndi kuchotsa mizere zosafunika;
• kugwiritsa ntchito mbali-zotsatira;
• Kuphunzira pazipita zimatheka ndi kulemba script mayeso.

kuipa:

• mkulu-mtengo ndondomeko, napempha debugger aluso;
• mipata yambiri kukhala unexplored chifukwa mokwanira cheke zotheka zolakwa zonse zobisika ndi zovuta;
• ena mwa malamulo adzakhala zapita padera.

White bokosi kuyezetsa ndi zina amatchulidwa ndi ziyesedwe a mandala kapena kutsegula bokosi, structural lomveka kuyezetsa, potengera malamulo nkhanizo ndi zomangamanga maganizo.

The mitundu chachikulu:

1) kudziyesa ulamuliro otaya - structural strategy ntchito pulogalamu ulamuliro otaya lachitsanzo monga akukondera njira wosavuta osakwana zovuta kwambiri;

2) Nthambiyi lakonzedwa kuphunzira debugging lililonse njira (zoona kapena zabodza) kwa aliyense woyendetsa kulamulira, amene mulinso njira ophatikizana;

3) chiyesedwe cha njira zazikulu, zimene zimathandiza Tester kudzayambitsa zomveka Kuvuta muyeso procedural ntchito kwa kusakonda ingachititse m'munsi mwa njira kuphedwa;

4) kuona mtsinje deta - njira otaya kulamulira kafukufuku ndi annotations, ayesere zokhudza malonda ndi ntchito pulogalamu zosintha;

5) m'zinthu za kuyezetsa - kwathunthu lolunjika pa ntchito zolondola njira ozungulira.

debugging khalidwe

Black bokosi kuyezetsa amachitira mapulogalamu monga "wakuda bokosi" - zambiri za ntchito zochitika mkati mwathu za pulogalamu si otero, ndipo adafikapo mbali zoyambirira zokha za kachitidwe. Pankhaniyi, Tester ayenera kudziwa dongosolo zomangamanga popanda kupeza malamulo gwero.

Ubwino wa njira yotsatirayi:

• Mwachangu chifukwa chachikulu gawo malamulo;
• tisaletse nzeru Tester;
• kaonedwe wosuta kuonekeratu wosiyana Maganizo mapulogalamu (mapulogalamu ndi Tester ndi osadalira pa mzake);
• zambiri mofulumira chilengedwe cha mayeso.

Tikuyesa mapulogalamu wakuda bokosi njira ali kuipa zotsatirazi:

• anachitadi Sankhani kuchuluka kwa matenda mayeso, chifukwa mu Kuphunzira zochepa;
• kusowa kwa mfundo momveka kovuta kukhala zolembedwa mayeso;
• otsika dzuwa.

mayina ena njira imeneyi - khalidwe, si mandala, zinchito kuyezetsa ndi njira debugging wa bokosi chatsekedwa.

gulu zimenezi ndi monga izi njira mapulogalamu kuyezetsa:

1) ofanana ndi kugawa, zimenezi zimachititsa kuika deta mayeso monga deta athandizira mapulogalamu gawo unagwa m'magulu osiyana;

2) malire mtengo kusanthula tikunena yotsimikiza ya malire kapena mfundo kwambiri malire - osachepera, pazipita, ndi mfundo ankaikira zolakwa;

3) fuzzing - ntchito litsatira kusaka ndi inputting zolakwika kapena adayipsa deta poluiskazhennyh mu mode basi kapena theka-zodziwikiratu;

4) udindo wa causality - njira zochokera pa chilengedwe cha chintchito ndi kudziwa ubale pakati pa kanthu ndi zifukwa zake: dzina, negation lomveka OR ndi zomveka - Makhalidwe zinayi zikuluzikulu, yosonyeza ubale ndi zotsatira;

5) Yotsimikiza a magulu orthogonal ntchito kwa mavuto ndi athandizira malo ochepa choposa kuthekera kafukufuku zochuluka;

6) kudziyesa onse awiriawiri - njira komwe ya makhalidwe mayeso limapangidwa bayinare ma n'kotheka wa gulu lirilonse la magawo athandizira;

7) debugging boma kusintha - njira zothandiza kwambiri poona udindo wa makina, komanso kuyenda mwa GUI wosuta.

Black bokosi kuyezetsa: Zitsanzo

njira wakuda bokosi zachokera specifications ndi zolembedwa, ndi mafotokozedwe a mawonekedwe pulogalamu kapena dongosolo. Komanso, inu mukhoza kugwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo (okwanila mwamwayi), kuimira khalidwe sikhala pulogalamuyo.

Childs, njira imeneyi ntchito debugging wosuta mawonekedwe ndipo amafuna mogwirizana ndi ntchito ndi kuyambitsa deta ndi zotsatira - kuchokera zenera, ndi nkhani kapena printouts.

Tester Choncho, interacts ndi mapulogalamu ndi inputting pokhala pa masiwichi, mabatani kapena polumikizira ena. Kusankha deta athandizira, dongosolo la makonzedwe kapena ndondomeko ya zochita kungachititse kuti yaikulu chiwerengero cha ma, monga tikuonera chitsanzo chotsatirachi.

Kodi mayesero ambiri amafuna kuti azitha kufufuza mfundo zonse zotheka 4 mazenera mbendera ndi munda wina wolemera, anapereka nthawi masekondi? Poyamba pamaso mawerengedwe ndi losavuta: 4 minda ndi limati ziwiri - 24 = 16, zimene ziyenera kuchulukitsa ndi chiwerengero cha maudindo amene tinkagawira 00 mpaka 99, i.e. 1600 zotheka mayesero.

Komabe, mawerengedwe zimenezi n'kulakwa: tingadziwire kuti munda ziwiri mfundo akhoza muli malo, mwachitsanzo tichipeza maudindo awiri alphanumeric ndi zikuphatikizapo otchulidwa alphanumeric otchulidwa mwapadera, malo, etc. Choncho, ngati .... dongosolo ndi 16-bit computer, kutembenukira 216 = 65536 aliyense udindo mu chotsatira 4294967296 milandu mayeso amene ayenera kuchulukitsa ndi ma 16 mbendera wopereka okwana 68,719,476 736. Ngati iwo amagwira pa 1 mayeso pa chachiwiri, chiwerengero cont olzhitelnost kuyezetsa 2 177.5 zaka. Kachitidwe 32 kapena 64-bit, nthawi zambiri.

Choncho pali kufunika kuchepetsa nthawi imeneyi mlingo yovomerezedwa. Choncho, njira iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha milandu mayeso popanda kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa kuyezetsa.

pazikhala kufanana partitioning

The kugawa ofanana ndi njira yosavuta kuti ntchito kwa zosintha aliyense amene alipo mu mapulogalamu, kaya athandizira kapena linanena bungwe mfundo wophiphiritsa, M'ndandanda, ndi ena. Bukuli lili pa mfundo yakuti deta onse kuchokera ofanana wina wa kugawa lidzachitiridwa zomwezo ndi malangizo chomwecho.

Pa kuyezetsa, anasankha nthumwi wina aliyense kugawa makamaka pazikhala kufanana. Zimenezi zimathandiza kuti mwadongosolo kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha milandu zotheka kuyesedwa popanda imfa ya nkhani za malamulo ndi ntchito.

Chotsatira ina partitioning izi ndi kuchepetsa kuphulika combinatorial pakati zosintha zosiyanasiyana ndi kuchepetsa kugwirizana milandu mayeso.

Mwachitsanzo, mu (1 / x) ^1/2 ntchito deta mbali zitatu, atatu ofanana kugawa:

1. manambala onse abwino asagwidwe mwa njira yomweyo ndipo ayenera kupereka zotsatira zolondola.

2. manambala onse oipa zakonzeka chimodzimodzi zotsatira chomwecho. Ichi ndi yolondola, chifukwa muzu wa nambala zoipa ndi kungoganiza.

3. Zero ZIDZACHITIKIRE mosiyana ndi kupereka kulakwa "magawano ndi ziro". Ichi ndi gawo mtengo umodzi.

Choncho, tikuona magawo atatu osiyana, mmodzi amene yafupika mtengo umodzi. Pali m'modzi "olondola" gawo, amene amapereka zotsatira odalirika ndi awiri "cholakwika" ndi zotsatira pachithunzichi.

malire mtengo kusanthula

Processing pa malire a partitioning ofanana zikhoza kuchitika mosiyana kuyembekezera. Investigation amatsogoza malire - njira odziwika a kupenda khalidwe la mapulogalamu m'madera amenewa. Njira imeneyi zimathandiza kuti kudziwa zolakwa amenewa:

• Kusagwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro zosinthira ubale (<,>, =, ≠, ≥, ≤);
• zolakwa limodzi;
• mavuto m'zinthu ndi iterations,
• Mitundu zolakwika kapena kukula kwa zosintha ntchito kusunga;
• zofooka yokumba kugwirizana ndi mitundu deta ndi zosintha.

kuyezetsa translucent

imvi bokosi njira kumawonjezera mayeso Kuphunzira, mukhoza kuganizira misinkhu yonse yovuta dongosolo kudzera osakaniza njira wakuda ndi oyera.

Kugwiritsa ntchito njira imeneyi, ndi Tester pa chitukuko cha makhalidwe mayeso ayenera kudziwa nyumba mkati deta ndi ma aligorivimu. Zitsanzo za njira imvi bokosi kuyezetsa ali motere:

• kamangidwe chitsanzo;
• Wonse Zitsanzo za Pakompyuta Zosonyeza Language (UML);
• boma chitsanzo (amalire boma makina).

Mu njira bokosi imvi kukhala milandu mayeso anaphunzira zigawo mu zizindikiro woyera zomangamanga, ndi mayeso leni amachitidwa pa polumikizira wa mapulogalamu wakuda luso.

Njirazi kudziyesa ndi ubwino izi:

• Kuphatikiza ubwino wokonza woyera ndi wakuda mabokosi;
• Tester zachokera mawonekedwe ndi mfundo zinchito, osati malamulo gwero;
• debugger akhoza kupanga milandu mayesero aakulu;
• cheke amapangidwa maganizo a wosuta, osati mlengi wa pulogalamuyo;
• kulenga mwambo mayeso chitukuko;
• Kudziwa.

kuipa:

• mayeso Kuphunzira okha chifukwa palibe mwayi malamulo gwero;
• zovuta za zopindika ntchito anagawira;
• njira ambiri amakhalabe unexplored;
• ngati mapulogalamu mapulogalamu ali anapezerapo mayeso, ndiye atafufuza kungakhale kwambiri.

dzina lina njira imvi bokosi - translucent debugging.

gulu Izi zikuphatikizapo njira zimenezi kuyesedwa:

1) orthogonal lomenyera - kugwiritsa ntchito kagawo wa ma n'kotheka;

2) masanjidwewo debugging ntchito boma deta pulogalamu;

3) regressive anayendera imachitika pa kusintha yatsopano mapulogalamu;

4) Chinsinsi mayeso amene ri kapangidwe ndi mamangidwe a ntchito zabwino.

Kuyerekezera njira kuyezetsa mapulogalamu

Kugwiritsa ntchito njira zazikulu kumabweretsa kuphulika combinatorial chiwerengero cha mayesero ayenera kukulitsa zagwiridwa ndi ikuchitika. Kandale ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pragmatically, kutenga kutisokoneza nkhani.

The njira woona yekha kulibe, pali iwo amene ali bwino yosayenera nkhani yake yeniyeni. Kandalama zomangamanga ungatithandize kupeza kachidindo achabechabe kapena njiru, koma pali zinthu si ntchito mapulogalamu lalikulu. Njira yochokera specifications a - okhawo amene amatha kuzindikira malamulo akusowa, koma iwo sangakhoze kupeza wakunjayo. Ena njira yabwino kwambiri kwa makamaka mayeso msinkhu, zolakwa mtundu kapena nkhani kuposa ena.

M'munsimu muli kusiyana waukulu pakati pa njira zitatu zazikulu kuyezetsa - wapatsidwa tebulo poyerekeza pakati pa mitundu itatu ya debugging mapulogalamu.

mbali	Bokosi njira wakuda	Gray bokosi njira	njira White bokosi
Kupezeka kwa zinthu zimene zikuchokera pulogalamu	Amayesa zinthu zoyambirira zokha za	mderamdera za dongosolo mkati mwa pulogalamuyi	mwayi Full kuti malamulo gwero
Digiri ya kugawikana cha pulogalamuyi	otsika	chapakati	mkulu
Amene umabala debugging?	Kuthetsa owerenga, testers ndi kutukula	Kuthetsa owerenga, kutukula ndi debuggers	Kutukula ndi testers
m'munsi	Tikuyesa zachokera zochitika kunja mwadzidzidzi.	Zithunzi Nawonso achichepere, deta otaya zithunzi, boma la chidziwitso mkati mwa aligorivimu ndi zomangamanga	The chipangizo mkati akudziwa
Mlingo wa Kuphunzira	Pasanathe mabuku ndipo amafuna osachepera nthawi	chapakati	Ikhoza kwambiri mabuku. Nthawi yambiri
Data ndi malire mkati	Yesa okha polakwitsalakwitsa	Akhoza kufufuzidwa pa madambwe deta ndi malire mkati, ngati zikudziwika	The bwino mayeso deta madambwe ndi malire mkati
Woyeneradi kuyezetsa aligorivimu	No	No	Inde

automation

njira Makinawa pulogalamu kuyezetsa zambiri wosalira ndondomeko yoyendera, kaya malo luso ndi nkhani ya. Iwo ntchito zitsanzo ziwiri:

1) automate ndi yosasangalatsa, mobwerezabwereza kapena mosamala ntchito monga file poyerekezera mizere zikwi zingapo kuti amasule nthawi ndende ya Tester mfundo zofunika kwambiri;

2) yochita kutsatira kapena ntchito zimene sangathe mosavuta imagwiridwa ndi anthu monga yachinsinsi ntchito kapena kusanthula Poyankha nthawi kuti angathe kuyeza mu hundredths a lachiwirilo.

Zida mayeso akhoza wachinsinsi m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Kudulidwa lotsatira zachokera ntchito akuthandiza:

• kasamalidwe mayeso, womwenso ntchito yanu moyenera thandizo, Mabaibulo, masanjidwe, kusanthula chiopsezo, kutsatira mayeso zolakwika, kupunduka, ndi zipangizo malipoti;
• amafuna kasamalidwe, womwenso amafuna kusunga ndi specifications, fufuzani iwo chokwanira ndi ambiguity, patsogolo ndi traceability aliyense mayeso;
• ovuta review ndi kusanthula malo amodzi, kuphatikizapo otaya polojekiti, ndi ntchito, kujambula ndi kusunga ndemanga, chilema kudziwika ndipo anakonza limasonyeza Kusintha oyang'anira checklists ndi malamulo, kutsatira kulankhulana gwero zikalata ndi malamulo kusanthula malo amodzi kudziwa zopindika, kuonetsetsa kugwilizana ndi mfundo za kulemba code, kusanthula nyumba ndi dependencies, mawerengedwe a magawo chinkafunika pa malamulo ndi zomangamanga. Komanso, ntchito ankalemba, analyzers, magudumu ndi ubwenzi wa malifalensi;
• mawerengeredwe, womwenso zida mawerengeredwe khalidwe malonda ndi kuyesa zitsanzo;
• mayeso chitukuko zipangitsa m'badwo deta kuyembekezera pa maziko a zinthu ndi zitsanzo wosuta mawonekedwe ndi code, kusamalira kulenga kapena kusintha owona ndi zinasokoneza makompyuta, mauthenga, deta kutsimikiza pa maziko a malamulo a kasamalidwe, kusanthula zowerengera a zikhalidwe ndi kuopsa;
• lingaliro yapadera ndi kulowa deta kudzera mawonekedwe wosuta mawonekedwe, API, mzere lamulo ntchito comparators kuthandiza kuzindikira mayesero bwino ndipo atalephera;
• thandizo debugging chilengedwe kuti amalola kuti m'malo hardware palibe kapena mapulogalamu, mu Vol. zida kayeseleledwe h. zochokera anatsimikiza linanena bungwe kagawo, emulators osatha, mafoni ndi zida network chilengedwe kwambiri poona zinenero, kachitidwe opaleshoni ndipo hardware ndi kuchotsa chosowacho zigawo dalaivala, fictitious zigawo, etc., komanso zida nalanda ndi kusintha Os pempho CPU kayeseleledwe malire, RAM, ROM, kapena maukonde .;
• .. Kuyerekezera owona deta zinasokoneza makompyuta, onani zotsatira kuyembekezera nthawi ndi pambuyo pa chiyeso uli wathunthu, kuphatikiza zazikulu ndi mtanda poyerekeza, Makinawa "maneno";
• wokutira Muyezo wa kutanthauzira kwa kuchucha kukumbukira ndi lolakwika kulamulira khalidwe lake dongosolo kuyerekeza pansi yoyerekeza ntchito katundu ikuyambitsa katundu, zinasokoneza makompyuta, Intaneti kapena maseva mu sewero yokhudza kukula choyezera, kusanthula ndi kutsimikizira lipoti dongosolo chuma;
• chitetezo;
• ntchito kuyezetsa, katundu ndi kusanthula zazikulu;
• zida zina, mu Vol. h. kukayendera kalembedwe ka mawu ndi malembedwe, maukonde chitetezo, kupezeka kwa masamba webusaiti ndi zina.

kaonedwe

Ndi kusintha zinthu za makampani mapulogalamu, ndondomeko debugging ndi nkhani kusintha. Pali njira yatsopano pulogalamu kuyezetsa, monga utumiki orientirovannae zomangamanga (SOA), umisiri opanda zingwe, ntchito mafoni, ndi zina zotero. E., Kodi anatsegula njira yatsopano ya kuyesedwa mapulogalamu. Ena mwa kusintha kwa zinthu makampani pa zaka zingapo zotsatira zili m'munsimu:

• testers adzapereka opepuka chitsanzo kuti kutukula adzatha onani code yanu;
• chitukuko cha njira kuyezetsa, kuphatikizapo kuonera ndi kumutsatira mapulogalamu pa siteji oyambirira, adzachotsa zambiri zotsutsana ndi;
• pamaso pa Interceptions angapo adzayesedwa kufupikitsa nthawi ya kudziwika zolakwa;
• Malo amodzi chowunikira ndi kudziwika zikutanthauza kuti zambiri ankagwiritsa ntchito;
• ntchito mawerengetsedwe mchere, monga nkhani za mfundo za, kuchuluka kwa lachitsanzo ndi malamulo Kuphunzira adzaona chitukuko cha ntchito;
• Zida combinatorial kulola testers kudziwa malo mwasankha kuti debugging;
• testers adzapereka zambiri mwachilengedwe wapatali ndiponso ntchito mu ntchito mapulogalamu chitukuko;
• debuggers angalenge zipangizo ndi njira mapulogalamu kuyezetsa olembedwa ndi zimavuta ndi zinenero zosiyanasiyana mapulogalamu;
• Debugging akatswiri adzakhala mwaukadaulo zambiri ophunzitsidwa.

Kodi m'malo ndi atsopano njira mapulogalamu kuyezetsa bizinesi zochokera, kusintha njira ya mogwirizana ndi maboma ndi mfundo zofunika pamene kuchepetsa ngozi ndi kukula ubwino kusintha bizinesi.