Navigation dongosolo. M'madzi Navigation KA

Navigation zida ndi zosiyanasiyana mitundu ndi zosintha. Pali kachitidwe anafuna kuti ntchito zinthu lotseguka nyanja, pamene ena ndinazolowera misa waukulu owerenga, ntchito panyanja kwakukulukulu zolinga zosangalatsa. Kodi dongosolo navigation?

navigation ndi chiyani?

Mawu akuti "navigation" ndi lochokera Latin. mawu Navigo amatanthauza "akuyandama pa chombo." Moti poyamba zinali pafupifupi n'chimodzimodzi ndi kutumiza kapena panyanja. Koma ndi chitukuko cha umisiri kuti atsogolere kufalitsa njira zombo pa nyanja, mkubwela kwa ndege, luso danga, ndi oti kwambiri kukodzedwa osiyanasiyana kutanthauzira zotheka.

Lero, pansi panyanja akuimira njira imene munthu umamvera amazilamulira zina, pa maziko a ndondomeko ake okhudza malo. Ie navigation imakhala njira ziwiri - ndi akuyendetsa, komanso kuguwa njira mulingo woyenera wa chinthu.

mitundu navigation

Gulu la mitundu ya navigation ndi yaikulu kwambiri. Akatswiri amakono kudziwa zotsatirazi mitundu yake yaikulu:

- galimoto;

- zakuthambo;

- nyama navigation;

- mlengalenga;

- danga;

- nyanja;

- wailesi navigation;

- Kanema;

- mobisa;

- zambiri;

- inertial.

Ena mwa mitundu ya navigation n'zogwirizana - makamaka chifukwa generality ya umisiri wa mtsikana. Mwachitsanzo, galimoto navigation amagwiritsa ntchito zida lililonse kwa Kanema.

Pali mitundu wosanganiza imene zinthu zingapo zamakono ntchito imodzi, monga Mwachitsanzo, navigation ndi mfundo kachitidwe. Iwo akhoza kukhala kiyi chuma ngati Kanema. Komabe, cholinga chachikulu cha ntchito iwo kupereka magulu chandamale cha owerenga ndi mfundo zofunika.

dongosolo navigation

mtundu chogwirizana mitundu navigation, monga ulamuliro, dzina womwewo wa dongosolo. Pali Momwemonso dongosolo galimoto navigation, nyanja, danga, etc. The tanthauzo la mawu ndi kupezeka m'dera Mkuluyo. A dongosolo navigation, malinga ndi kutanthauzira wamba - chopereka cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zida (ndipo ngati applicable - ndi mapulogalamu) kuti amakulolani kudziwa udindo wa chinthu, komanso kuwerengera njira wake. Pa m'ndandanda wa mabukuwa angakhale osiyana pano. Koma nthawi zambiri dongosolo yodziwika ndi zotsatirazi zigawo zikuluzikulu monga:

- Makadi (zambiri kubanki);

- masensa, nthambi ndi mayunitsi ena kuwerengetsa ndondomeko;

- zinthu sanali dongosolo zofunika zokhudza malo Hrs wa chandamale;

- hardware ndi kusanthula mapulogalamu wagawo, deta athandizira ndi linanena bungwe ndi kulumikiza woyamba zosakaniza atatu.

Monga ulamuliro, kapangidwe ka anthu kapena machitidwe ena ndinazolowera zofuna za owerenga mapeto. Mitundu ina ya njira akhoza accentuated anayamba kwa yakuti, kapena, Tikawonetsetsa hardware. Mwachitsanzo, ambiri ku Russia navigation dongosolo "Navitel" - izi ndi zofewa kwambiri. Bukuli lakonzedwa kuti ntchito zosiyanasiyana nzika kukhala mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mafoni zipangizo - Malaputopu, mapiritsi, mafoni.

Navigation ndi Kanema

dongosolo lililonse navigation adzatenge, poyamba pa zonse, kudziwa ndondomeko ya chinthu - kawirikawiri lawolawo. Mbiri yakale, zipangizo pankhaniyi mosalekeza bwino. Masiku ano, zotsogola machitidwe navigation - Kanema. Kapangidwe awo ukufanizidwa ndi mndandanda wa zida mkulu-mwatsatanetsatane, gawo limene lili pa Dziko Lapansi, winayo - chofunika mu kanjira. Modern Kanema navigation kachitidwe akhoza kuwerengetsa osati ndondomeko Hrs wa chinthu komanso liwiro ndi malangizo a gulu ake.

Zochitika za Kanema navigation

The zikuchokera pansi ziwalo ndi izi zofunika: Kanema kuwundana, mayunitsi pansi pa miyezo ntchito zinthu yozungulira ndi kupatsana mudziwe nawo zipangizo yotsiriza wosuta (kuyenda panyanja), zida ndi mapulogalamu kofunika, zina - Chalk mfundo za ndondomeko zachilengedwe (GSM-nsanja njira online, ankayatsa wailesi, etc.).

Kodi Kanema navigation

Kodi dongosolo Kanema navigation? Chifukwa cha opaleshoni - muyeso aligorivimu mtunda kuchokera chinthu makina a. inawo ili mu kanjira pafupifupi popanda kusintha udindo wake, ndipo chifukwa mkhalidwe wawo nthawi zonse wachibale dziko lapansi. Mu kuyenda panyanja, ziwerengero lolingana anaika. Kupeza ilili ndipo chikugwirizana thereto (kapena angapo), zida ndi Mzimuyo nawonso, malo ake lawolawo. The njira zofunika pano - ndi mawerengedwe a kutalika kwa wailesi yoweyula liwiro Kanema ofotokoza. Yozungulira chinthu akutumiza pempho Padziko Lapansi molondola kwapadera pa nthawi - lidalembedwa ndi wotchi atomiki. Kulandira ayankhe kuyenda panyanja, ndi Kanema (kapena gulu Hud) Mzimuyo mtunda mu ena nthawi ndi nthawi kuti kudali yoweyula wailesi. Mofananamo, anayeza mathamangidwe wa chinthu - muyeso uli kokha pang'ono zovuta.

mavuto luso

Ife anatsimikiza kuti navigation Kanema - wangwiro kwambiri lero njira kudziwa ndondomeko lawolawo. Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito njira imeneyi limodzi ndi chiwerengero cha mavuto luso. Kodi Mwachitsanzo? Choyamba, ndi heterogeneity za kufalitsidwa kwa munda yokoka ya dziko - izi zimakhudza malo a Kanema wachibale dziko lapansi. A malo ofanana amadziwikanso yodziwika ndi mlengalenga. heterogeneity ake zingakhudze mathamangidwe wa mphepo, nchifukwa chake mu miyeso ziwalo kungakhale malfunctioning.

Vuto linanso luso - mbendera anatumizidwa kuchokera kanema kuti oyendetsa sitima, kaŵirikaŵiri obstructed ndi zinthu zina lapansi. Motero, ntchito ya dongosolo m'mizinda ndi nyumba zitalizitali zovuta.

Othandiza kugwiritsa ntchito makina

kachitidwe Satellite navigation akupeza osiyanasiyana ofunsira. M'njira zambiri - monga mchitidwe zosiyanasiyana zothetsera malonda lathu boma. Zimakhala ngati zipangizo kunyumba, ndipo Mwachitsanzo, ofalitsa multifunctional navigation dongosolo. Kuwonjezera pa ntchito wamba, makina gwero ndi oyeza, akatswiri a mapu, makampani zoyendera ntchito zosiyanasiyana pagulu. Akatswiriwa ndi kutengapo mbali ndi nthambi. Makamaka, iwo angagwiritsidwe ntchito kugwira ntchito zowerengetsa zazikulu tectonic kayendedwe ka mbale dziko lapansi. Ntchito panyanja Kanema ndi monga malonda chida - mothandizidwa ndi nzeru, zimene pali njira geopositioning, makampani kafukufuku wa m'munsi makasitomala awo, komanso Mwachitsanzo, mwachindunji malonda akulimbana. Kumene, ntchito panyanja ndi asilikali - iwo Kwenikweni, anayamba yaikulu machitidwe navigation lero, GPS ndi GLONASS - zosoŵa za Army US ndi Russia motero. Ndipo ichi si ndandanda ya m'madera makina angagwiritsidwe ntchito.

Modern machitidwe navigation

Amene navigation machitidwe ndi ntchito lerolino kuphatikizapo yogwira kapena mu siteji ya analamula? Tiyeni tiyambe ndi amene anaonekera pa msika gulu lonse kale kuposa machitidwe ena navigation - GPS. mapulogalamu ake ndi mwini - Unduna wa za chitetezo. Tizipangizo kulankhula mwa GPS-makina - ambiri mu dziko. Makamaka chifukwa, monga ife tinanena pamwamba, dongosolo navigation US wakhala anayambitsa ku msika kale kuposa mpikisano panopa.

Mwakhama kupeza kutchuka GLONASS. Izi - Chirasha navigation dongosolo. Adzaupereka kwa Nayenso Utumiki wa Kuteteza la Russia. Bukuli linapangidwa, malinga n'kunena kwa Baibulo lina, za nthawi mofanana ndi GPS - mu mochedwa 80 - oyambirira 90. Komabe, msika anthu akhala zimaŵetedwa monga posachedwapa 2011. Koposa opanga njira hardware kwa ndikukhazikitsa navigation GLONASS thandizo zipangizo zawo.

Amaganiza kuti mpikisano kwambiri GLONASS ndi GPS akhoza kupanga lonse navigation dongosolo "Beidou" anakamba mu China. Komabe, panthawi imene amagwira monga fuko. udindo Global angathe kutenga, malinga ndi akatswiri ena, pofika mu 2020, pamene kanjira makina zokwanira adzakhala anasonyeza - za 35. "Beidou" pulogalamu dongosolo chitukuko ndi wachinyamata - izo ali yekha tangoyamba mu 2000, ndipo ilili woyamba anapezerapo mu kutukula Chinese 2007.

Kuyesera azungu. Dongosolo navigation GLONASS ndi mnzake ake American m'tsogolo mwina kulowa mpikisano ndi Galileo. Open kuwundana a nthambi mu kuchuluka kwa yozungulira zinthu mayunitsi azungu kukonzekera ndi 2020.

Pa ntchito ina zingamuthandize kuti chitukuko cha kachitidwe navigation Tingaone Indian IRNSS, ndi QZSS Japanese. Ponena woyamba ambiri kulengeza nkhani ya onse za zolinga mapulogalamu kulenga padziko lonse panobe. Amaganiza kuti IRNSS adzatumikira okha dera la India. Pulogalamuyi komanso wokongola wamng'ono - ilili woyamba anaikidwa mu kanjira, mu 2008. dongosolo Japanese Kanema chikuyembekezeka ntchito makamaka mu gawo a mtundu wa dziko kapena mapulogalamu pafupi izo.

pamalo olondola

Pamwamba taonera angapo mavuto amene zogwirizana ndi ntchito machitidwe Kanema navigation. Pakati zazikulu, zimene tinkati - malo a nthambi mu kanjira, kapena m'gulu lawo kuti njira anakhumba si nthawi zonse yodziwika ndi mtendere wachilengedwe zifukwa zingapo. mawerengedwe Kudziwa malfunctioning a ndondomeko Hrs mu kuyenda panyanja. Komabe, ichi si chinthu chokha kulimbikitsa pamalo zoona Kanema. Kodi wina amakhudza lolondola kuwerengetsa ndondomeko?

Choyamba, tisaiwale - onse mawotchi atomiki amene anaika pa makina si nthawi zonse olondola kotheratu. Iwo n'zotheka ochepa, koma bwanji khalidwe la zolakwa dongosolo navigation. Mwachitsanzo, ngati pamene kuwerengetsa nthawi imene wailesi yoweyula ikuyenda, kodi inu amalakwitsa pa mlingo wa makumi nanoseconds, ndi inaccuracy mu mtima wa ndondomeko ya mipherezero nthaka akhoza kukhala mamita angapo. Komabe, mu makina amakono ndi zida kuti mpata mawerengedwe, ngakhale kutenga nkhani zotheka zolakwa koloko atomiki.

Pamwamba tinaona kuti mwa zinthu zokhudza yolondola kachitidwe navigation - heterogeneity a m'mlengalenga. Iwo akhala akugwira yothandiza imeneyi mfundo zina zokhudza mphamvu ya pafupi-Earth m'minda pa ntchito makina a. Mfundo yakuti chikhalidwe cha dziko lathuli lagawidwa m'zigawo zingapo. Amene kwenikweni pa malire ndi malo mfulu - ionosphere - imakhala wosanjikiza particles ndi mlandu ena. Iwo n'kusokoneza mphepo ilili atuma, akhoza kuchepetsa liwiro lawo, limene kutalika kwa chinthu kuchita masamu ndi kulakwitsa. Onani kuti mtundu uwu wa mavuto a kuyankhulana kutukula ntchito Kanema navigation: mu ma aligorivimu ya zida yozungulira nthawi zambiri amawaphatikiza zosiyanasiyana sewero kukonza, kutenga nkhani mu mawerengedwe a ndime ya mphepo kudzera ionosphere lapansi.

Mitambo ndi zochitika zina mumlengalenga kungakhudzenso yolondola kachitidwe navigation. Madzi nthunzi pano mu zigawo ziwalo za dziko lapansi m'chimake mpweya, komanso tinthu ionosphere ndi, bwanji liwiro la mphepo.

Kumene, ndi nkhani ntchito zapakhomo GLONASS kapena GPS mu zikuchokera mayunitsi amenewa, monga dongosolo TV navigation, amene ntchito m'njira zambiri ndi kusangalala ena zolakwika ting'onoting'ono ntchito miscalculations si yovuta. Koma pamene ntchito lankhondo la makina lolingana kuwerengetsera ayenera Choncho kukhala zogwirizana weniweni Hrs malo a zinthu.

Features wa navigation nyanja

Pambuyo akulankhula za mtundu zambiri zamakono za panyanja, ife kutenga ulendo mwachidule mu mbiri. Monga amadziwika, liwu lokha, anatchula, kwa nthawi yoyamba inatuluka mu chilengedwe amalinyero. Kodi mbali yodziwika ndi machitidwe m'madzi navigation?

Ponena za mbali mbiri, n'zotheka kudziwa zamoyo wa zida pa kutaya anthuwo. Munthu woyamba "hardware njira" anali kampasi, amene ankaona kuti akatswiri ena kuti akhala anatulukira m'zaka XI. Ndondomeko sanjira, navigation zida kiyi kuchita bwino. M'zaka XVI Gerard Mercator anayamba ulitsa kumadalira pa mfundo za ntchito ya ziyerekezo cylindrical ndi kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zabwino ofanana. M'zaka za m'ma XIX izo kupangidwa ndi kwanthawi - mwamwambo wagawo angathe kuyeza liwiro la zombo. M'zaka za zana makumi awiri mu nkhokwe ya oyendetsa anaonekera Rada, ndiyeno makina danga kulankhulana. The zapamwamba machitidwe navigation m'madzi tsopano ukugwira ntchito, motero kukolola ubwino kufufuza malo mwa munthu. ndi limatchula za ntchito zawo zomwe?

Akatswiri ena amakhulupirira kuti chinthu chachikulu chimene amakhala ndi amakono dongosolo m'madzi navigation - muyezo zipangizo anaika pa chombo, ali ndi kukana kwambiri pa kumva kuwawa ndi madzi. Zimenezi n'zomveka - sikutheka zotumiza poyera zikwi kusambira a mailosi kuchokera m'dziko, izo zinali mu vuto pamene zipangizo ukulephera mosayembekezeka. Pansi, kumene mwayi - chuma cha chitukuko, zinthu zonse mapulani mu nyanja - ndi mabvuto.

Kodi ndi makhalidwe ina yotchuka ali dongosolo nyanja navigation? zida okhazikika, kuwonjezera zofunika kuvomerezedwa - kuvala kukana zambiri limapangidwa zigawo kusinthidwa kwa fixation ena magawo chilengedwe (kuya, madzi kutentha, etc.). Komanso, liwiro sitimayo mu kachitidwe m'madzi navigation, nthawi zambiri komabe masamu makina ndi njira zonse.