Mtanda kiotny Kodi

Pamene luso la kuponyera mkuwa otsutsa kwathunthu katswiri, nyengo yatsopano ya kuŵeta wa zinthu zosiyanasiyana kapena ofanana. makampani osiyanasiyana zinalengedwa, amene anapanga zinthu kachipembedzo kwa mkuwa ndi kasakaniza wazitsulo ake - mkuwa. Mu zaka XVIII-XIX iwo unalengedwa nambala yaikulu mafano, kiotnyh ndi mtanda.

The mtanda zachilendo

Osati aliyense amadziwa masiku ano, zomwe kiotny kuwoloka ndi zolinga zimene anafuna mu Okhulupirira Old. Chabwino, ife kuyesa kuchotsa chophimba mwachinsinsi pa nkhaniyi. Chalk mpingo uwu sakuyenera kukhala kufooka pa thupi, tanthauzo lake zinali zosiyana. Komanso, kuchokera malaya mwachizolowezi zinali zosiyana kukula ndipo anali kuvundikira pang'ono sagwirizana nazo.

Dzina la mpingo amachokera kwa kuwongola mawu wakale "mafano mlandu." Kyoto - chotero bokosi laling'ono, zikhoza kukhala chifuwa, kukula yaing'ono, imene zithunzi zosiyanasiyana zasungidwa. Milandu akale mafano opangidwa ndi mkuwa kapena mkuwa, ndi enamels kukongola kuteteza TACHIMATA.

Kiotnye mitanda mbiri

Mitanda imeneyi unayamba nthawi zakale, pamene anaganiza idzakuphimba zipata zawo. Ndipo izo zikhoza kukhala zoweta ndi m'tawuni. Komabe, iwo ndi zina zambiri ntchito osiyana mu malo osiyana. Mwachitsanzo, kiotnye mitanda zizindikiro mu malo opatulika kapena misewu. Iwo inagwera mu mtengo, kotero iwo nthawizonse zakhala ziri mu malo wodziwika bwino. Komanso, nthawi zambiri ophatikizidwa mu matabwa mitanda pa m'manda. Chifukwa chakuti amagwiritsidwa ntchito mwanjira kiotnye mitanda anali wolemekezeka kwambiri pakati pa anthu a nthawi, anali mu nyumba pafupifupi banja lililonse.

mitanda amenewa nthawi zambiri ndi asanu ndi atatu mawonekedwe ndi simenti anayi (awiri patsogolo, awiri oblique). Nthawi zambiri, awa mpingo makhalidwe enameling, koma nthawi zina iwo akhoza ataphimbidwa ndi patina.

Patina - wosanjikiza okusayidi chitsulo, amene ali katundu zozitetezera. Iwo ayenera kukumbukira kuti patina pa mkuwa ndi kasakaniza wazitsulo ake akhoza kupangidwa paokha, koma ayenera kutenga zaka zingapo. Ndi mankhwala yogwira amisiri nthawi awakwiyitsa kiotnye "Kupachikidwa" TACHIMATA ndi wosanjikiza izi kwa masiku angapo.

Old Okhulupirira anali kuchita ntchito zazikulu, ndi mankhwala ndiye analandira ndi amazipanga kukongola. Ambiri a m'nthawi yake simungakhoze kumvetsa mmene angasonyezere zonse ali modyerera, pogwiritsa ntchito zida mwachilungamo wosazindikira nyengo.

Payokha, khalidwe chithunzi enamel, zomwe zinali zovuta kwambiri. Pali nthawi zina mpaka 6 zokutira osiyanasiyana ntchito mu mtanda umodzi. Kutsatira otentha enamels njira ntchito.

Kaŵirikaŵiri kiotnye mitanda ya m'ma 18 anali ndi nkhanza za zithunzi zina: Maliya wa Magadala, ndi Mariya Virigo, mlaliki. mitanda amenewa anasonyeza chisomo chonse kwa Mpingo.

Dziwani kuti mtundu uwu wa mankhwala ntchito osati osafuna kusintha, ambiri Orthodox amayamikira ntchito imeneyi. Akhristu kusamalira zithunzi ndi mitanda.

Images pa malonda

Nthawi zambiri ambuye kuyesa kovuta kuti asadzachitenso ndiponso anthu anali zosiyanasiyana ndithu. Mwachitsanzo, pa nthawi ina akhoza kupanga kiotnye mitanda "Kupachikidwa ndi woyera adziwitse", koma patapita kanthawi yatulusa nkhani yosiyana-siyana.

Chinthu china chochititsa chidwi cha chithunzicho - mzere. Nkhani yokha akakhale chomwecho, ena a zanyengo bwino kwambiri opangidwa kwa zaka zambiri, popanda kusintha tanthauzo la fano, koma panali mizere osiyana. mankhwala atsopano anapanga ndi mizere molunjika, wakhala tcheru kwambiri mfundo zosiyanasiyana. Ngati chithunzi yosavuta akhakula, tikhoza kunena motsimikiza kuti ndi zambiri wakale mankhwala.

Kiotnye mitanda anali wotchuka kwambiri pakati pa anthu, kotero iwo anapanga kwambiri. The mednitsy yaikulu pa chaka akhoza kupanga oposa 100 000 mayunitsi. iwonso anasungunuka zokambirana yaing'ono. mankhwala amenewa akhala pa malonda osati mu mipingo, iwo zikhoza kugulidwa pa fairs.

mitanda mitundu

Kumvetsa, kodi kusiyana kiotny mtanda ndi enawo, muyenera kumvetsa, kodi mitanda mitundu ndi zolinga zimene ntchito. mitanda onse akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu 3 chachikulu:

1. Kabudula. mankhwala amenewa ndi kukula ochepa. amachita osapitirira 8 masentimita kutalika. Iwo amakhala okonzeka ndi chogwirira kakang'ono ndipo anafuna okha kufooka m'thupi.
2. Zitsulo pectoral. Izi mankhwala lalikulu, omwenso amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti ankavala pa chifuwa. Iwo amafanana kwambiri kiotnye, koma kusiyana yaikulu - benga pa ikulendewera. Nthawi zambiri ndi pamwamba (monga wearable), koma nthawi zina mukhoza kukhala kumbuyo kwa mankhwala.
3. Kiotnye mitanda. mankhwala otere amakhala anapanga yaikulu katundu. Kwenikweni, iwo anaika anthu pakati zithunzi. Komanso, iwo akhoza anapatsa stavroteki. Dziwani kuti kiotnye mitanda anali umafunika pa Okhulupirira Old ndimakhala kuziika mu malo a ulemu kunyumba.

maonekedwe Cross

Malinga ndi maonekedwe a mankhwala tinganene chiyani za izo ndithu kwambiri, mwachitsanzo, komwe chopangidwa. Mu kumpoto, luso lopanga mitanda ngati apita patali kwambiri, ndi zinthu zambiri analenga anali kuvundikira zachilendo kwambiri.

Komanso, kumene mtanda anapangidwa, ndipo zingadziŵike pambali yake iwowo. Pali ntchito zosiyanasiyana za zizindikiro zosiyanasiyana. Komanso, ayenera kukhala yolembedwa ndi mbuye ndi mtundu wake.

Nthawi zambiri kiotnyh mitanda "Kupachikidwa kwa Khristu" kuda kuyeretsa. Chinthu ndi kuti kwambiri akulemekezedwa Old Okhulupirira, ndipo iwo kutsukidwa nthawi zonse, kotero amasamala za mankhwala. Nthawi zina mungathe kupeza kuda ndi waukali ndithu kukonza mtanda - kutanthauza kuti eni ake sali nkhawa kwambiri za moyo wake ndi mosasamala anam'chitira.

mitanda ya okutidwa?

Mpingo kupanga zimenezi kwa zaka, zinalengedwa ku osiyana mitundu zitsulo. Komabe, wapatali kwambiri ndi zimene zimapangidwa zipangizo monga mkuwa ndi mkuwa. Chimakwirira mankhwala amenewa patina ndi enamel, ndi lofunika kwambiri ndi amene anali lokutidwa ndi golide. Pa nthawi, zinthu izi ndi wotchuka kwambiri pakati okhometsa.

Mtengo wa mankhwala

Price zimadalira pamene anapangidwa kiotny mtanda ndi chimene chimaoneka pa mphindi. Komabe, pali zinthu zina zambiri. Mpingo mtengo kwambiri ankaona makhalidwe deta yomwe munali zigawo zingapo enamel. Ndi Dziwani kuti mtengo kukwera, ngati mtanda makamaka lili ndi mbiri yake. Chinthu chofunika kwambiri mitengo ndi kukula ndi kuteteza ake.

Ena mitanda kiotnye ndi mwachilungamo zovuta tsoka, komanso ena a eni. Mwachitsanzo, pamene chikominisi anayamba kulamulira, anatayira ndi dekulakize nzika olemera Komanso kuti boma alibe kuzindikira mpingo, nthawi zambiri Mitanda anali akanangowonongeratu kapena kugulitsidwa, zotsatira zawo anakhalabe osadziwika.

Pomaliza

Kiotny mtanda - ndi mtundu wapadera wa khalidwe mpingo, umene wakhala wofunika kwambiri mu Okhulupirira onse Old. Iwo makamaka anapanga zamkuwa ndi kasakaniza wazitsulo ake ndi chithope patina, enamel ndi golide. Pakali pano, mankhwala okwera mtengo kwambiri ndiponso yosowa. Iwo akhoza kupezeka mu masitolo yakale yoyendera ndi okhometsa.