Mchipululu: mavuto a zachilengedwe, moyo wa chipululu

M'chipululu - malo ouma ndi ntchito yapamwamba kutentha ndi chinyezi otsika. Ochita kafukufuku amakhulupirira malo oterewa padziko lapansi m'madera chirengedwe paradoxes. Geographers ndi akatswiri amanena kuti chipululu kwambiri - ichi ndi chachikulu zachilengedwe vuto la dziko lapansi, kapena m'malo chipululu. Kotero ife timachitcha imfa ya zomera zachilengedwe zovuta zonse, kulephera kuchira achilengedwe popanda munthu. Tiyeni tione zimene gawo ndiyo ya chipululu pa mapu. mavuto Environmental wa m'deralo zachilengedwe adzakhala kukhazikitsa mwachindunji zokhudzana ndi zochita za anthu.

Dziko chirengedwe paradoxes

Ambiri m'madera dryland wa dziko liri mu kotentha, m'pamenenso mamilimita 0 mpaka 250 a mvula pa chaka. Evaporation ambiri kakhumi kuposa kuchuluka kwa mpweya. Nthawi zambiri kusiya Kodi sangafikire padziko lapansi, izo ukuphwera mu mlengalenga. Mu miyala Gobi ndi kutentha Central Asia yozizira m'munsimu 0 ° C. A matalikidwe kwambiri - Mbali khalidwe la nyengo ya chipululu. Masana kungakhale 25-30 ° C, mu Sahara ukufika 40-45 ° C. Other Hrs paradoxes m'chipululu cha dziko lapansi:

• mpweya popanda wetting nthaka;
• fumbi mikuntho ndi vortices popanda mvula;
• nyanja undrained ndi okhutira mkulu mchere;
• magwero kuti ndife otayika mu michenga, osati kuti pakhale mitsinje;
• Mtsinje popanda pakamwa, wouma ndi louma mtsinje kudzikundikira mu ankadziwana ndi;
• meandering nyanja ndi zikusintha coastlines;
• mitengo, zitsamba ndi zitsamba ndi masamba, koma ndi minga.

M'chipululu waukulu kwambiri padziko lonse

madera akuluakulu lopanda zomera Anthu amaganiza kuti madera a kumtunda kwa dzikoli. Iwo chimakhala chogwidwa ndi mitengo, zitsamba ndi zitsamba ndi masamba kapena zomera, amene amasonyeza akuti "chipululu" palokha. Photos m'nkhaniyi, kupereka lingaliro la mavuto a m'madera ouma. mapu limasonyeza kuti chipululu lili kumpoto ndi kum'mwera Hemispheres m'madera otentha. Only ku Central Asia, dera zachilengedwezi ili mu zone ya kotentha, 50 ° C. yakumadzulo. M'chipululu lalikulu la dziko;

• Sahara, laku Libya, Kalahari ndi Kachikumbu mu Africa;
• Monte, Patagonian ndi Atacama ku America South;
• Great Sandy ndi Victoria ku Australia;
• Arabia, Gobi, Suriya, Pakani Al Khali chipululu, ndi Karakum, Kyzylkum mu Europe ndi ku Asia.

m'madera monga theka chipululu ndi m'chipululu, pa mapu a dziko lapansi monga kudzachitika lonse kuchokera pa 17 kufika 25% ya dziko malo okwana dziko, ndipo mu Africa ndi Australia - 40% ya m'deralo.

Chilala pa mwanyanja

Malo kodabwitsa kwa khalidwe la Atacama m'chipululu Namibia. Izi opanda moyo malo louma ndi pa gombe! The Atacama chipululu lili kumadzulo kwa America South pakati pa nsonga miyala ya Andes dongosolo phiri imene imafikira ndi kutalika kwa pa 6.500 m. Mu kumadzulo kusamba ndi Pacific Ocean ndi ozizira ake Peru panopa.

Atacama - ouma chipululu, apa amalembedwa mbiri mvula yochepa - 0 mm. Kuwala mvula zimachitika kamodzi pa zaka zochepa, koma m'nyengo yozizira nthawi zambiri imene yatsala chifunga ku nyanja. Kudera louma ndi kunyumba kwa anthu pafupifupi mamiliyoni 1. anthu ali chinkhoswe mu ulimi nyama: atazunguliridwa ndi msipu meadows, m'chipululu onse okwera. Photos m'nkhani amapereka lingaliro la mitunda wankhanza wa Atacama.

Mitundu ya zipululu (zachilengedwe gulu)

1. Louma - zone mtundu, khalidwe la mabacteria ndi otentha. Nyengo m'dera limeneli ndi otentha ndi youma.
2. Anthropogenic - chifukwa cha mwachindunji kapena mozungulira zimakhudza anthu pa chikhalidwe. Pali maganizo amenewa anafotokoza kuti ichi ndi chipululu, mavuto chilengedwe imakhudzana ndi kutambasuka ake. Ndipo zonsezi zimachitika chifukwa cha zochita za anthu.
3. Asezare - lomwe pali nzika. Pali mitsinje maulendo, oases, amene anapanga ku malo kumene pansi.
4. Industrial - m'madera osauka kwambiri zomera chivundikirocho ndi zinyama, chimene chayambitsa ndi ntchito mafakitale ndi kuphwanya chilengedwe.
5. Arctic - expanses achisanu ndi achisanu pa M'madera a zitunda mkulu.

mavuto zachilengedwe za chipululu ndi theka-chipululu kumpoto ndi kotentha ofanana m'njira zambiri: Mwachitsanzo, pali kusowa kwa mvula, umene ndi chinthu Kuchepetsa kwa zomera. Koma thambo achisanu ya Arctic amakhala ndi otsika kutentha kwambiri.

Chipululu - imfa ya yothandizira zomera chivundikiro

About zaka 150 zapitazo, asayansi taonera kuwonjezeka mu malo ya Sahara. zofukulidwa m'mabwinja ndi maphunziro paleontological zasonyeza kuti si nthawi zonse monga m'chipululu m'derali. mavuto Environmental ndiye ali otchedwa "m'mbuyo" wa Sahara. Choncho, m'zaka XI, ulimi mu Africa North angathane ndi bvutoli mpaka 21 ° kumpoto. Kwa zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri za malire a kumpoto cha ulimi kwapita kum'mwera kwa kufanana 17, kwa XXI m'zaka zimenezi ankatembenukira kwambiri. N'chifukwa chiyani chipululu? Akatswiri ena kufotokoza ndondomeko mu Africa "atayanika mmwamba" nyengo ndi magulu ena mchenga, tulo chitsime. Timatha inali ntchito ya Stebbing "Chipululu analenga munthu", linatuluka mu 1938. wolemba amamuuza za kupita patsogolo kwa Sahara kum'mwera ndipo anafotokoza chodabwitsa cha ulimi wolakwika, makamaka ziweto kupondereza busa zomera, kachitidwe ulimi mwachisawawa.

Opangidwa zimayambitsa chipululu

Chifukwa, kayendedwe ka mchenga mu Sahara Research, asayansi apeza kuti pa First World nkhondo, dera zaulimi ndi ziweto za ng'ombe utachepa. Mitengo ndi zitsamba, ndiye anapezeka kuti ali kwawo mchipululu! mavuto Environmental tsopano inavuta chifukwa analibe pafupifupi milandu imene gawo achoka ntchito zaulimi kuti asinthidwe awo achilengedwe. Ikuchitika ntchito reclamation ndi reclamation pa lalikulu yaing'ono.

Chipululu zambiri zimabweretsa zochita za anthu, chifukwa cha "shrinkage" si nyengo ndi anthropogenic kugwirizana ndi masuku pamutu kumwa msipu, chitukuko kwambiri ntchito yomanga msewu ndi ulimi mwachisawawa. Chipululu mchikakamizo cha zinthu zachilengedwe kumachitika pa malire a malo omwe alipo kale louma, koma pasanathe mchikakamizo cha zochita za anthu. Zimayambitsa waukulu chipululu anthropogenic:

• migodi lotseguka dzenje (miyala);
• msipu popanda kubwezeretsa zokolola za msipu;
• yodula ya nthandala nkhalango, nthaka zolimba;
• pachithunzichi ulimi wothirira (ulimi wothirira);
• kulimbitsa kukokoloka madzi ndi mphepo:
• kukhetsa Madamu, monga momwe zilili ndi mofulumira ya Aral Sea ku Central Asia.

mavuto zachilengedwe za chipululu ndi theka-zipululu (mndandanda)

1. Kupanda madzi - chinthu chachikulu kuti kumaonjezera chiopsezo cha malo achipululu. Amphamvu evaporation ndi fumbi mikuntho atsogolere popititsa kudzitsitsa ndi kukokoloka dothi m'mbali.
2. Amenewa - kuchuluka zili salt sungunuka, m'madambo mchere, ndi mapangidwe a solonetzes pafupifupi unusable kwa zomera.
3. Fumbi ndi mchenga mikuntho - Air otaya ukutuluka padziko lapansi kwambiri kuchuluka kwa zinyalala chabwino. Pa mphepo amanyamula mchere chithaphwi mchere. Ngati mchenga ndi dongo ali olemera ndi mankhwala yachitsulo, ndiye pali lachikasu zofiirira ndi mikuntho wofiira fumbi. Iwo akhoza maulendo kapena zikwi makilomita lalikulu.
4. "Mdyerekezi wa M'chipululu" - whirls yafumbi mchenga, limatuluka mu mlengalenga nambala yaikulu zinyalala yaing'ono kutalika kwa makumi angapo mamita. Sand mizati ali pamwamba pa kutambasuka kwa. Amasiyana Anthufe tikuvutika pakalibe cumulus mitambo onyamula mvula.
5. Fumbi mbale - kudera kumene kulibe kukokoloka zoopsa chifukwa cha chilala ndi kusalankhula akulima pansi.
6. Clogging, zinyalala kudzikundikira - kunja kwa chilengedwe cha zinthu zimene kwa nthawi yaitali musati kuwola ndinso kapena kumasula poizoni.
7. Litha ndi kuipitsa munthu pa migodi, chitukuko cha ulimi nyama, mayendedwe ndi ntchito zokopa alendo.
8. Kuchepetsa m'dera limene mukukhala zomera chipululu, zikutha m'mayiko zomera. Loss zamoyo zosiyanasiyana.

Kukhala chipululu. Nyama ndi zomera

mavuto, osauka madzi ndi wouma chipululu malo udasintha mvula. succulents ambiri, cacti, ndi yade mwachitsanzo, akhoza kuyamwa ndi kusunga madzi omangidwa mu umatheka ndi masamba. Xeromorphic mbewu zina monga saxaul ndi chowawa, kukulitsa mizu yaitali kuti kuwafika aquifer. Nyama kusinthidwa kuti apezere chinyezi zofunika chakudya. zomera ambiri kugwiritsa nocturnal kupewa kutenthedwa.

Ozungulira dziko, m'chipululu makamaka akukumana kungasokoneze za ntchito anthu. Ndi kuwononga chilengedwe, chifukwa cha munthu sangathe kusangalala ndi mphatso za chilengedwe. Pamene nyama ndi zomera kutaya malo awo mwachizolowezi, alinso kungasokoneze moyo wa anthu.