Mawerengedwe a kuyatsa yokumba. Street kuyatsa. Mawerengedwe a kuyatsa kupanga malo

Kale, kuwala amaona anthu monga chodabwitsa, amene ankadalira pa chifuniro cha anthu apamwamba ... Lero palibe chinsinsi momwe mukhoza kudziletsa kuwala kwa mtundu umenewu, kodi cheni ake, mmene kuwerengera kuyatsa yokumba.

Kupanda cheza zotsatira kuwala kuchepa kwambiri kwa dzuwa, kuwonongeka kwa thanzi ndi kuchepetsa maganizo. Mu nkhani imeneyi, mfundo yofunika ndi zolondola ndi kugwilizana ndi zofunika ukhondo, mayikidwe ndi kugwirizana mindandanda yamasewera kuyatsa. Malonda opindulitsa adzakhala kugula mphamvu imayenera zipangizo m'nyumba komanso dera.

kuyatsa ntchito

Mu timaganiza osiyanasiyana 380-780 nm mu kuwala mu atomu cheza sipekitiramu zionekera. Iwo akhoza yodziwika ndi mfundo zotsatirazi:

1. wowala kamwazi (gawo ili la cheza cha kuwala amaona mwa munthu monga kuwala). Unit wa muyeso ndi lumen. Mu anapezazo ndi amatchedwa F.

2. Mphamvu ya kuwala (osalimba wa kamwazi wowala mu malo m'manja mwa malangizo a olamulira a mbali olimba). Iwo amaimira monga ine, ndipo amayezedwa candelas.

3. ngodya olimba (gawo ili la danga, amene anakonza mkati pamwamba conical). Amayezedwa steradians. Izo zili mawerengedwe a W.

4. chiwalitsiro zikusonyeza kufunika osalimba pamwamba pa kamwazi wowala. Ndi unit apamwamba, ndipo amaimira E.

5. Kuwala ndi pamwamba mphamvu kachulukidwe mtengo pamwamba lomwe lili umenewu. otaya Izi amayezedwa candelas pa mita lalikulu ndipo amaimira L.

6. glare index (P) ndi muyezo zipangizo glare kuyatsa.

7. illuminance ripple muyezo (K), amayezedwa peresenti, ntchito kuwunika wachibale kusinthasintha kuya illuminance.

8. chizindikiritso kusapeza (M) ntchito monga muyezo aziona kusapeza glare, zomwe zimabweretsa kumverera wakwiya maso munthu amene zipinda nonuniform yowala mawanga mu munda wa view.

kuyeza zida

luxmeters zosiyanasiyana ntchito kudziwa illuminance. Mwachitsanzo, unit "U 116" limakupatsani kuwerengera chizindikiro ichi kwaiye incandescent ndi kuwala. mita kuwunika ntchito pofuna kuchepetsa kuyatsa mu ulimi, zoyendera, komanso zinthu zina.

Kuyeza zedi ena, monga kuwala, ndi pulsation chiŵerengero, ntchito zida analogi-yadigito. Chitsanzo cha iwo ndi kugunda kwa mtima polojekiti-kuwala mita "ARGUS-07". Mfundo ntchito yake - kusintha kamwazi wowala kuti ndi kwaiye zinthu yaitali, yothandizira magetsi mbendera njila kwa illuminance lapansi. Ndiponso, n'kukhala kachidindo digito kuti akuonetsedwa pa scoreboard ya zamagetsi.

Mitundu ya kuyatsa mu kupanga

Ngati chipinda ndi kuunikiridwa nyali yekha, pansi nyali, nyali, mwachitsanzo kuwala yokumba, umatchedwa kuyatsa yokumba. M'pofunika kulenga chilengedwe womasuka kugwira ntchito, ntchito wabwinobwino wa nyumba ndi malo. Iwo akhoza kugawidwa mu mitundu zotsatirazi:

1. Ntchito.
2. Security.
3. Emergency.
4. Nyumba.

Woyamba ntchito pounikira maofesi, malo a ntchito kunja kwa nyumbayo. The chachiwiri ndi wachinayi mtundu wa kuyatsa ali m'gulu maola si malonda, ndi wachitatu likusonyeza lotulukira mwadzidzidzi, mbali zosiyanasiyana chitetezo. Yokumba kuunikira kungakhale wamba, imene nyali imakonzedwa uniformly m'dera chapamwamba ofesi, kapena pamodzi. Ngati chachiwiri okwana anawonjezera kuyatsa wamba analenga nyali kufupi ndi kuntchito.

Mtundu wotsatira wa kuyatsa mafakitale ndi chibadwa. Apanso, pali mitundu ingapo: lateral, pamwamba, pamodzi. Choyamba - ndi pamene dzuwa analowa m'chipinda mwa skylights m'makoma kunja. Pa kuwala chachiwiri kudutsa mipata m'makoma mu malo kusiya kutalika kwa nyumba kapena magetsi. Mtundu wachitatu Chili chapamwamba ndipo mbali kuyatsa. Mtundu wa kuyatsa makamaka oyenera malo ndi nthawi zonse, ambiri a anthu.

Tikaphatikiza mtundu wa kuunikira ndi osakaniza zachilengedwe ndi yokumba. Izo ntchito milandu wapadera ntchitoyi zachitika ku woyamba mlingo lachitatu, ngati n'koyenera njira danga akukonzekera yomanga kapena pamene kuthekera luso ndi chuma zikutsimikiziridwa ndi kuwerengetsera.

Malamulo a mitundu kuyatsa

Pa zoikamo mfundo magawo kudalira pa SNP "Natural ndi yokumba kuunikira." Choncho Kusintha chiwalitsiro malamulo osachepera chovomerezeka mlingo wake potengera maonekedwe ndi mtundu wa ntchito anachita ndi zithunzi (rr). Pali mitundu itatu LR:

1. Woyamba zikuphatikizapo zinthu zimene si koyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo kuwala. kusiyanitsa chinthu Pankhaniyi akhale pa mtunda osiyana kwa diso.
2. The chachiwiri amalola kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo kuwala pamene kugwira ntchito. chifukwa ndi kukula ochepa wa chinthu, amene si anazindikira mwa diso.
3. Wachitatu zikuphatikizapo ntchito chimene chili chofunika kudziŵa kuchokera yotchinga. Pakuti mtundu uwu amafuna wapadera ntchito kuyatsa kwa gulu.

Mu povomera ndi SNP "chiwalitsiro Natural ndi yokumba" ndi makhalidwe awa a ntchito zithunzi popanda Optics kumaliseche subclass. Woyamba aumbike chifukwa chinthu kukula tsankho, ndipo chachiwiri - pa mitundu ya lightness ndi Mosiyana ndi tsankho maziko chinthu. Pakuti aliyense dekhetsa makhalidwe luminance, luminance chigawo, ndi pulsation chiŵerengero ndi njira zawo mawerengedwe zounikira yokumba.

Ngati kuwala mu chipinda kapena zimagwira ndiye rr kumaliseche koyefishienti ndi kuwala. Ndi chiŵerengero cha kuwala kwa kufunika ya lakunja kuwala umodzi, amene amalenga lotseguka kumwamba kuwala.

Pamene kuwala ndi mbali ndi mbali imodzi njira, pali osachepera mtengo KEO mu mfundo yomwe ili pa mphambano za choimirira m'madera gawo ndege mtanda ndi makonzedwe zinchito pamwamba pa mtunda wa 1 mita kuchokera pampanda unali kutali apertures kuwala. Ngati chiwalitsiro chapamwamba kapena zimagwira ndiye mawerengedwe amatenga mtengo pafupifupi ya koyefishienti pa mfundo ili pa mphambano za choimirira lathyathyathya gawo ndege ndi pamwamba ntchito.

Mawerengedwe a kuyatsa yokumba

Chinthu choyamba kusankha mtundu wa gwero kuwala pa nkhani imeneyi. M'pofunikanso kudziwa dongosolo chiwalitsiro ndi kugwilizana. Chinthu chachiwiri adzakhala mayikidwe a ofesi ya luminaire asankhidwa ndi mawerengedwe a illuminance pa mfundo zina. Ndipo potsiriza, mfundo yomaliza ndi tanthauzo la mphamvu umodzi nyale. Kusankha kuwala gwero wochititsidwa ndi ulamuliro zotsatirazi: imayenera nyali kumaliseche ntchito mapangidwe ndi kutentha kuposa madigiri khumi, ndi zofunika kwambiri mtundu mamasuliridwe khalidwe ndi digiri kochepa kuvulazidwa. Ngati ofesi palibe kuwala ndi kuchita ntchito molondola, ntchito kuyatsa fulorosenti. Ngati mukufuna kugwiritsa ntchito kuwerengera kuyatsa anatsogozedwa, tiyenera kukumbukira apa kuti nyali ya mtundu umenewu si mmene stroboscopic, ndiye kuwala zonse. Choncho, n'kofunika kuwerengera ndalama zolondola pulsation kupewa kuwala mkulu.

Mu kudziŵa dongosolo kuyatsa ayenera kuganizira mtengo-mphamvu ya dongosolo kuphatikiza kuwala komanso ukhondo wake (pachilichonse ndi kunyezimira kwa kamwazi kuunika). Pamene zipangizo nchito m'goli, ntchito kuyatsa m'madera ena. Ndi tanthauzo la mtundu wa nyale ayenera kulankhula ndi nkhani ya malamulo a kufalitsa kuwala m'munda wa view antchito, komanso malingana ndi chikhalidwe cha chilengedwe mpweya.

Kwa kugawa bwino kuwala kwaiye kuunikira chiwembu. Ndi mitundu angapo: chosavuta (kulumikiza ochepa nyali olumikizidwa kwa dera wina baka ichidachi), ndi selector (kugwirizana magulu awiri palokha magwero kuwala akulamulidwa pa nthawi ina), zina kuti adzipeza mbali (kuyatsa osinthasintha ikuchitika mfundo ziwiri), ndi commutator (olamulidwa ndi awiri masiwichi mbali ziwiri, ndi wina - mbali imodzi).

Yowerengera shopu kuyatsa ayenera kuganizira magawo zotsatirazi: motsimikiza mtundu wa magwero kuwala ndi luminaires, ochuluka awo ndi kugawa aluso malo, mtima wa mphamvu zawo ndi dera mphamvu. Kuwonjezera zinthu izi, muyenera khutu ku mitundu ya ntchito zithunzi, mmene chilengedwe, momwe zida ntchito ili, chiwerengero cha ogwira ntchito, mwadzidzidzi kuyatsa.

Njira mphamvu yeniyeni

Mawerengedwe a kuyatsa yokumba motere amalola kuti mawerengedwe a pafupifupi chiwalitsiro cha malo mafakitale ndi yunifolomu kufalitsidwa kwa mindandanda yamasewera kuyatsa. A mphamvu nyale kuchita masamu mfundo:

PL = PyS / sq

Kodi Py ndi mphamvu yeniyeni ya nyali, lomwe lili ndi phindu akalozera lapansi. Mphamvu kachulukidwe zimadalira mtundu ndi mayikidwe a nyale ndi luminaires, imachitika danga aunika, komanso kutalika kuyimitsidwa. Mtengo S limasonyeza m'dera pansi ndi sq - chiwerengero cha machubu. Zotsatira zambiri anamaliza ndi mtengo wapamwamba.

Njira wowala kamwazi magwiritsidwe chinthu kapena

Mu njira iyi, ife kuwerengera yopanga kuyatsa pamene chiwalitsiro ntchito pamwamba akukonzerani. njira sichiri isanafalikire kunja ndi m'dera kuunikira, ngati ntchito pamalo si yopingasa, komanso masovedwe kuwala kulimbikira.

Asayansi zimagwiridwa malinga ndi njira:

F = En SZK / Nη

Kodi F - ndi kuunika kamwazi; En - normability zounikira; S - pansi m'dera; N - chiwerengero cha machubu; Z - osachepera mphamvu chiŵerengero; K - chinthu chitetezo; η - magwiritsidwe chiŵerengero cha kuwala cheza nyali.

Pa mtengo wa kamwazi wowala tikuonera nyali, zimene zingakhale zosiyana kwa phindu Calculated mu osiyanasiyana kuchokera -10 peresenti +20. Ngati kusiyana ndi wamkulu kuposa malire analola, ndi malamulo angapo luminaires.

njira banga

The njira ntchito kudziwa cheza kuwala nyali pamene kuwala si zofunika. Njira ntchito kumalo ena mu pamwamba kuunikiridwa ndi mindandanda yamasewera kuwala. njira zachokera chiŵerengero cha pamwamba illuminance kudalira (E) amene kwaiye mfundo gwero kuwala, mtunda kuchokera pamwamba (R), mbali ya zochitika (a) ndi kuwala mwamphamvu (I):

E = Ine Ko α / r Mukhoza ²

Yowerengera shopu kuunikira, makamaka kuyatsa unsembe zikuphatikizapo zinthu zingapo:

1. Kupeza osachepera dekhetsa zowunikira.

2. Kusankha mtundu kuwala gwero. Kuona mtundu wa mindandanda yamasewera ndi mayikidwe zawo pansi shopu.

3. Paokha mfundo ulamuliro ndi illuminance wotsikitsitsa mu ndondomeko zinazi ofesi.

4. mfundo ulamuliro imagwiridwa kuwerengetsera pa chiwalitsiro ochiritsira. The mawerengedwe wotsatira nyumbayo kuyatsa kupanga zachokera mfundo ndi osachepera kuyatsa ochiritsira.

5. Ndi matebulo Buku anatsimikiza zounikira ndi koefishienti zina katundu.

6. Pezani kamwazi wowala a nyale. Malinga ndi zotsatira anatola nyale muyezo.

7. Dziwani nyali mphamvu ndi lonse kuwala unsembe.

kuwerengetsera CHITSANZO kuyatsa kupereka zotsatirazi: vuto anapatsidwa kutalika H = 4 m, chitetezo chinthu K = 1,5, zina zounikira koyefishienti u = 1,2, Emin = dekhetsa illuminance 75 lux. M'pofunika chimatanthauza pamalo kuunikira ntchito pa makoma a nyali HPA.

Popeza nyali ya mtundu uwu yogawa kwambiri kuwala, pakuti iwo λ = 1. Mtunda pakati pa kuwala unsembe adzakhala 4 m, ndi ku mindandanda yamasewera kwambiri kuunikira kwa mpanda -. 1 mita anayikidwa pa mfundo dongosolo kulamulira A, B (a luminance wotsikitsitsa) ndi kuwerengera mtunda kuchokera kwa yapafupi ziyerekezo nyali (d). Chinthu chotsatira ndi tanthauzo la makonzedwe-kuwala ndi kupeza mfundo ndi kuwala kuthungo. Malinga ndi kuwerengera mtengo wa wowala nyale kamwazi, kusiyana kwake ndi mtengo muyezo, komanso kupeza kuyatsa.

Mawerengedwe a kuyatsa okwana pamene akugwira ntchito kompyuta

Pamene ntchito likugwirizana PC antchito, muyenera kutsatira malamulo apadera unsembe wa kuyatsa. Pankhaniyi, diso akukumana ndi katundu awiri, monga amaona kuwala zimaonekera pa kiyibodi ndi zolembedwa, komanso mwachindunji kwa polojekiti lapansi.

Chipinda akhale zachilengedwe ndi yokumba kuunikira ndi koyefishienti KEO osachepera 1.2%. M'pofunika kuti padziko ntchito makompyuta anali zochokera ku mbali ya kuwala malowedwe mipata kuwala. yokumba chipinda kuunikira mawerengedwe imagwiridwa ndi kulemekeza dongosolo wonse wa yunifolomu zinachitika kuwala. Direct blestkost okha ndi magwero kuwala (kuwala kwa mazenera, nyali ndi pamalo ena wowala si zoposa 200 ma cd / mamita ^2), ndi chinyezimiro umalamulidwa ndi kusankha moyenera nyali ndi malo a mipando zinchito, malingana ndizosowa wa kuwala (kuwala kwa glare pa zenera, zosaposa 40 ma cd / mamita ^2).

Pamene yokumba kuwala kochokera monga kuwala ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito fulorosenti ndi yaying'ono fulorosenti nyali. Ngati malo ndi zipatso kapena khalidwe chikhalidwe, n'zotheka ntchito zitsulo halide nyali. Mindandanda yamasewera akhale Louvres ndi diffusers.

njira Street kuyatsa

Street kuyatsa ali Ntchito yaikulu ya kulumikizanitsa malo kunja mu coherent lonse, atenge mbali ya wothandizira chitetezo ndi lathu mu mlengalenga, komanso kupanga ndi kukhudza zokongoletsa kwa ulemerero wa mzindawo. Kuyatsa zipangizo mtundu wa kuyatsa ayenera anasankha malingana ndi maonekedwe komanso udindo wa zinthu. Iwo akhoza adamulowetsa basi kapena dispatcher lapansi. mitundu yambiri ya kuyatsa msewu tingaone:

1. Chigumula. Akamanena za njira - kukhazikitsa ndi kutsata floodlights. Izo ntchito zounikira mu chitetezo cha malo ozungulira.
2. Total. Njira zimenezi zimaphatikizapo ndi yunifolomu kufalitsidwa kwa nyali ya mtundu wina. Ndi abwino kwa kuunikira njira, m'mapaki, m'madera kusuntha anthu ndi magalimoto.
3. Ankachita. Ndi mtundu uwu wa kuyatsa mindandanda yamasewera msewu zili pamodzi mizere odzipereka ndi mosiyanasiyana. Izo ntchito kulenga contours zithunzi posonyeza mpumulo, kudziwa malangizo a misewu ndi footpaths.