Mavuto Environmental wa West Siberia Plain. Vuto la munthu ndi chikhalidwe mu Western Siberia

Masiku ano, pafupifupi funso chitetezo chilengedwe makamaka pachimake m'mayiko onse a dziko. Palibe zodabwitsa mu: mosaganizira ndi adyera masuku pamutu zachilengedwe anatsogolera chakuti pa nthawi pali ngozi osati mofulumira ambiri a nyama, koma mtundu wa anthu yokha. Kodi pali nambala yaikulu mapulogalamu chilengedwe komanso kusamala kuti theoretically zingathandize kuthana ndi mavuto onse. Koma monga zimachitikira, chirichonse chiri bwino pa pepala.

Izi ndi zoona makamaka mu dziko lathu. Mwatsoka, ife kukayikira chikhalidwe zachilengedwe a m'derali nthawi zonse kumapeto kwa patsogolo. Poyamba sanali mavuto iliyonse, koma nthawi kusintha, ndi kuipitsa mphamvu ya dziko zathu zikuchulukirachulukira modetsa nkhawa. Kumene, chitukuko masiku ano kulibe popanda phindu onse amene amapereka iye makampani olemera. Mwatsoka, opanga zambiri mwadala kuzemba kugwilizana zofunika ndi malangizo chilengedwe, chifukwa mu vuto la kuwonongeka kwa malo wakhala koposa chisoni.

Tisaiwaletu kuti popanda chikhalidwe si anthu. Pa mmene ife kuteteza chilengedwe, izo zimatengera pa moyo wa ana athu m'tsogolo, kotero kuti maganizo nzitsi funso limeneli ndithudi sikuthandiza.

Inapita patsogolo m'zaka zaposachedwapa, chitukuko mafakitale dziko kuli ndi ubwino pa chuma, koma ndi mavuto a zachilengedwe a West Siberia Plain, chifukwa cha kuchuluka ndi kudutsa chaka.

Kumbukirani kuti kugwirizana anafooka mu lonse zinthu zachilengedwe ndi phindu zachuma. Ngakhale unsembe losavuta maofesi mankhwala okwera mtengo kwambiri ndipo chifukwa kasamalidwe kampani zambiri "amaiwala" za iwo ankaona kulipira si ndalama monga yokulirapo.

Nkosafuna kunena kuti popanda thandizo weniweni wa boma, zomwe zolipirira kugula zida zimenezi popanda subsidizing ndi kutumizgika zinthu zovuta zachilengedwe sayenera tisanaganizeko kukonza zinthu zachilengedwe m'dziko lathu.

Izi ndi zoona makamaka mu Western Siberia. Dera limeneli ndi achilendo kuti azigwiritsa nkhani lonse.

Malonje

Mwa njira, komwe ndi West Siberia Plain? Malowa ali pamtunda onse pa gawo ku Urals kuti ku Central Siberia Plateau, agwilitse yaikulu m'dera.

Western Siberia - dera lapadera. Iye amaona ngati mbale chimphona, mu umene umalamulira nyengo kovuta. M'badwo wa West Siberia Plain - zaka zosachepera 25 miliyoni. Komanso, ndi wapadera chitukuko Geological: kwa zaka dera limeneli ali zonse kudzuka kugwa, nchifukwa chake pali anatuluka moona zachilendo ndi zovuta mtunda. Komabe, kutalika pafupifupi wa West Siberia Plain ang'ono: lonseli, iwo kawirikawiri upambana chilemba cha mamita 50-150 pamwamba pa nyanja.

Thandizo zinthu zazikulu ndi zomveka mitsinje. Makamaka momveka amakhala mbali kutchulidwa mapiri Mtunda apangidwe. Kum'mwera kwa Western Siberia ndi kapangidwe ka mtunda ndi ambiri. A zambiri zigwa mtsinje, aumbike mwa ambiri m'mitsinje ikuluikulu ndi wosakwiya panopa, malizitsani kujambula chithunzichi. Ndiko kumene West Siberia Plain.

Makhalidwe waukulu alili

Monga ife tanena kale, nyengo pano ndi omveka bwino. Choncho, m'madera kum'mwera yodziwika ndi kutchulidwa nyengo chokhala. Chifukwa chakuti mawonekedwe a mpumulo West Siberia kumveka akuimira chikho pachiyambi (onani pamwamba), kwambiri kayendedwe ka misa mpweya mkati kumachitika. Choncho, kusintha mwadzidzidzi kutentha mu yozizira sizichitika. Izi zonse ndi zodabwitsa kwambiri kuti kutalika kwa West Siberia Plain ndi pafupifupi 2500 makilomita!

Kotero, ngakhale mu Barnaul kutentha zambiri kusiya digiri -45 Celsius, koma kutentha omwewo ankasunga kumpoto kwa chigwa, ngakhale makilomita oposa zikwi ziwiri. Spring ndi zolimba kwambiri, ndi youma. April m'lingaliro lenileni la mawu si mwezi masika.

Mu May, kutentha limatuluka zikuchepa, koma chifukwa cha kayendedwe ka misa mpweya nyanja kumbuyo zambiri ozizira, ndi zina n'zotheka kunagwa chipale chofewa. Mu July, kutentha pafupifupi akhoza kufika madigiri 22 Celsius (koma osati oposa 5 madigiri chakumpoto). Popeza pafupifupi kutalika kwa West Siberia Plain zazing'ono, zambiri pali amphamvu kuluma mphepo.

Zimayambitsa chachikulu cha zinthu aakulu zachilengedwe m'chigawo

Choyamba, zinthu zikusinthira chifukwa chakuti m'zaka zaposachedwapa, chigumukire kumawonjezera mphamvu ya m'zigawo zachilengedwe. Mu Western Siberia, ali mafakitale angapo amene amayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa zachilengedwe a kwambiri kutchulidwa: zamkati ndi pepala, processing chakudya, mafuta kupanga ndi nkhalango. Musaiwale za kukula zachiwawa chiwerengero cha magalimoto munthu galimoto, amene kumathandiza kuti kuipitsa malo ndondomeko.

Mwatsoka, zodabwitsazi ndi inapita patsogolo ngakhale mu ulimi: zisakuyenda ku Western Siberia ntchito kwambiri ndithu feteleza, mankhwala ndi herbicides. Komanso, makonsolo safuna ngakhale ena zochita za landfills.

Ambiri a iwo akhala kutsekedwa, koma kupitiriza awatentha chilimwe chilichonse, nthawi zambiri kubweretsa anthu a midzi yapafupi kuti kuwatsitsimula. Chifukwa chakuti mawonekedwe a mpumulo wa West Siberia Plain ndi ofanana chikho, wokhoza kwa miyezi ingapo ndi pamwamba m'mizinda. Zambiri ziwerengero zipatala limasonyeza kuti nthawi imeneyi zinthu zayamba kwambiri kumva ndi matenda kupuma.

Pomaliza, ndife zopanda nzeru kwambiri ntchito chuma irreplaceable wa West Siberia Plain. zifukwa ayenera anafuna ngakhale mu nthawi yachifumu. Ndiyeno, monga nyengo ya Soviet, woyamba anayamba powononga mosavuta lomwenso ndi wolemera madipoziti kudutsa kundivutitsa muzu nkhalango zonse pafupi. Ngati muli bwino kufotokoza mwachidule za West Siberia Plain, ndiye mukudziwira kuti m'gawo lake si nkhalango zambiri. Kamodzi akorona awo enanso anabedwa pafupifupi m'madera, koma chifukwa cha mafakitale mofulumira dziko lonse la iwo anaziwonongeratu.

Ndiyeno yekha chitani chitukuko cha minda lakutali, amene chifukwa cha kupanda ungwiro mu m'munsi zamakono mofulumira kwambiri wotopa.

Komanso, ambiri a zipangizo zopangira mu madipoziti awa, ndipo anakhala kumeneko. Chifukwa - ali yemweyo m'mbuyo luso. Tsopano kufika m'matangadza zimenezi zingakhale, koma kulipira ntchito amagwira kwambiri ndi nambala yaikulu lotayako. Lero, monga koposa kubwera. Zotsatira zakuda: zosaneneka kuchuluka kwa slag chabe clogging pansi, misa akutitsogolera kuti kutsitsa pamwamba pansi. Motero, kukhala ndi zapamtundu ndi kwathunthu kusiya mobisa mtsinje, fissures karst kuoneka, pafupi omwe ali oopsa kwambiri, ntchito iliyonse mafakitale.

Popeza m'badwo wa West Siberia Plain ndi za miliyoni 25-30 zaka, chuma m'katikati ake kwambiri. Koma musaganize kuti m'matangadza awo osatha.

Chifukwa china - ndi inertia maganizo ndi kutsatira ziphunzitso technocratic. Anthu ambiri amakhulupirira ngati "mayiko amphamvu" wa munthu, zimene zimathandiza munthu kunyalanyaza chikhalidwe. Amaiŵala kuti biosphere - osati yovuta kwambiri, komanso limagwirira osalimba kwambiri, ena amasokoneza ndi phukusi wolowerera amene ana amakumana ndi mavuto aakulu kwa anthu.

Komabe, ife kale kuona izi: zonse nyengo "freaks" pamene palibe chipale chofewa January ndi chipale chofewa June ndi siyachilendo, zikuchepa Kutenga maonekedwe madzi osefukira ndi Anthufe tikuvutika, nambala yaikulu imfa nsomba chifukwa cha mpweya wa poizoni mu mtsinje. Against maziko awa, ndi khalidwe la West Siberia Plain monga malo "wowonongeka kwambiri" sizikuwoneka kotero ogwetsa, ngakhale zinthuzo onse - ndi mfundo za wina ndi unyolo chomwecho.

zimakhudza anthu

mizinda yambiri m'dera limeneli kwenikweni inali mu zone ya okhazikika mavuto zachilengedwe. Chifukwa chachikulu imeneyi ndi mismatch mwina mabuku a zachilengedwe ndi miyeso kuteteza zachilengedwe. Mwachidule, yemweyo kupanga mafuta likunena kuwonjezeka, koma pa chilengedwe chilengedwe zotsuka ntchito mafuta amatayika pafupifupi palibe.

Komanso, dera ali zambiri dera nyukiliya, boma limene nthawi zambiri ndi kutali abwino. Popeza kutalika kwa West Siberia Plain ndi otsika (zochepa imabwera kufalikira mofulumira matenda), ndi ndendende dera lino anasankhidwa ndi utsogoleri Soviet kwa nyukiliya zida mayeso. Zotsatira za anthu ichi chigawo anamva lero.

Sitikudziwa amangotchula kwambiri analankhula za mbali nyengo ya m'dera chiyambi cha nkhani (monga kutalika kwa West Siberia Plain): Madzi oundana chomwecho, m'zinenero kumpoto kwa chigwa ndi zikuthandiza yofunika kuwuka kwa maganizo zachilengedwe. Komanso, pakalibe gulu lapadera la mpweya pa zotsatira yozizira mu inapita kudzikundikira misa chifunga pa m'mizinda ikuluikulu mafakitale, zomwe mderali kwambiri.

Studies amasonyeza kuti kwambiri mavuto a zachilengedwe a West Siberia Plain ndi khalidwe la Altai Gawo, Tomsk Region, ndi Omsk Region ndi Khanty-Mansiysk. Kumalo amenewa thanzi anthu kuposa ndi 80-85%! Ambiri, malo awa vuto kuphimba 15% ya lonse la Western Siberia.

Kaperekedwe mpweya woopsawo

Mu Kemerovo Novokuznetsk Prokopyevsk ndi Tomsk, Omsk Barnaul Tyumen ndi (Pamlingo wamng'ono) zinthu umakhala zovuta chaka chilichonse. Mu mlengalenga, pali kuwonjezeka lakuthwa mu zili formaldehyde, phenol ndi benzopyrene. Onse zinthu izi ndi carcinogenic wowopsa. Kuwonjezera chiwerengero chachikulu cha panamveka mpweya wakuda ndi akakhala okusayidi. Ndipo inu mukhoza kudabwa ndi nambala chokula mosalekeza cha matenda kupuma mwa anthu okhala m'mizinda imeneyi. Musaiwale za mpweya wa asafe dioxide, amene ali poizoni amphamvu.

mafuta kuyenga dera

Chaka chilichonse mafuta watentha biliyoni asanu kiyubiki kuthandiza mpweya ndi osachepera 75-80% ya m'buku ake okwana. Ndipo zimenezi ngakhale kuti zomvetsa ake zamakono mwina upambana 5%. Miyuni wa moto mafuta Western Siberia kuoneka bwino bwino ngakhale kuchokera mlenga lenga. Kuyenera anawonjezera kuti mlingo wa ulamuliro umuna makampani mafuta kuyenga m'chigawo ndi zosakwana 0,015%. Motero, mavuto a zachilengedwe a West Siberia Plain makamaka chifukwa cha chikhulupiriro zoipa ya makampani akuluakulu mafuta.

Cheza kuipitsidwa kwa dziko

Izi si kawirikawiri kuti, koma ambiri a m'dera la Western Siberia ili mu zone ya m'madera ndi lalikulu la kuipitsidwa nyukiliya. Waukulu "mtengo" limene limabweretsa kampani "limafotokoza" ndi "Siberia Chemical Phatikizani." Mu Tomsk, kumene chomera otsiriza kachilombo zone mwa utali wozungulira wa makilomita pafupifupi 100 kuzungulira mzindawo.

Musaiwale kuti ku dera Totskii, Novaya Zemlya ndi Semipalatinsk mayeso malo mabomba nyukiliya kutali omwazika kuipitsidwa nyukiliya. Iwo analanda Tomsk, Kemerovo ndi Novosibirsk dera. Komanso, zikuphedwa mwina tayesedwa ndi mavuto Altai Gawo, umene uli kale heptyl kachilombo mowirikiza pa dziko lake asagwe magawo Roketi ku Baikonur. Pa nthawi kuchokera 1953 mpaka 1961 ranges izi zinalengedwa mabomba ambiri, zotsatira za omwe adakali kuoneka.

Koma si onse. Izi sizikutanthauza, koma West Siberia Plain ili mu zone ya kuipitsidwa nyukiliya ndi wamphamvu ndithu, monga opangidwa mkati kwambiri kuphulika mobisa nyukiliya, zotsatira za zimene anamva pa Nefteyugansk chomwecho. Omsk ali ndithu kwambiri zakhudzana ndi dzuwa, chigawo chapakati cha mzinda, pamene malo ake zotumphukira akhalabe pafupifupi woyera.

kuipitsa madzi

Pafupifupi gawo lonse la West Siberia Plain, mu mlingo wina zakhudzana ndi ammonium ndi chitsulo salt, phenols ndi ku feteleza. Mwatsoka, ngakhale iyi si nkhani yaikulu kwambiri: lonse hydrographic zopezera dera ali ndi vuto lalikulu chifukwa m'zigawo za mafuta ku Caucasus. Komabe, pali kwakhala wolemera chikutanthauza zinthu kum'mwera kwa West Siberia Plain.

Kalanga ine, koma m'madera ena MPC (pazipita chovomerezeka ndende) mafuta mu madzi kuposa mu asanu kapena 50 (!) Times. Zimenezi zikugwira makamaka Novosibirsk, Tomsk ndi Omsk zigawo. Nkofunika kuzindikira kuti onse (!!!), gawo wakumpoto wa Western Siberia kuvutika kachilombo kotero kuti owonjezera nthawi 50-100 ponseponse MPC anadabwa aliyense. Ndipo tsopano - koipa. Akatswiri amanena kuti 40% gawo dera uli boma yosatha ya tsoka zachilengedwe, popeza malamulo a zili mafuta mu madzi kuposa nthawi 100 kapena kuposa.

Awa ndi mavuto a zachilengedwe a West Siberia Plain. Mwachidule mwachidule, tikhoza kunena kuti zonse zoipa. Chiwerengerochi mantha ndi ambiri m'madera pafupi ndi m'mizinda ikuluikulu, ndipo amapereka "kutentha ambiri kuchipatala." Zinthu akanakhala bwino, koma kasamalidwe makampani ambiri alibe chidwi ndi kukulitsa zomera zimbudzi chithandizo (kapena kukhazikitsa iwo). Koma madzi - wina wa chuma, zomwe makamaka wolemera mu West Siberia Plain! Photo mitsinje otchuka ndi m'nkhani, kotero kuti inu nokha angawone izi.

Asayansi, hydrologists kuti zinthu kwambiri pangozi mu gawo Biysk - Novosibirsk, ob komwe kwambiri zakhudzana. Basi pansipa m'tauni ya Kolpashevo digiri ya kuipitsidwa kwa mtsinje ndi mkulu, koma pa confluence a chithunzi bwino kwambiri. Pafupifupi anthu onse a mitsinje ang'onoang'ono a zinthu dera ndi zofanana kwambiri. Komabe, mofanana: a Mkhalidwe ndi kachulukidwe kuipitsa madzi inachepetseratu malangizo kuchokera kumpoto mpaka kummwera (kumpoto anapanga mchere kwambiri).

chuma nkhalango

Oddly okwanira, koma ntchito (malinga ndi lipoti boma kumene) chuma nkhalango ya Siberia m'malo wodzichepetsa. Voliyumu pafupifupi kukolola cuttings alibe upambana 8%, pamene zimakwana zaka 18% wa pafupifupi dziko, ndi zina zambiri. Kupanda anakonza kupatulira kumabweretsa mfundo yakuti nkhuni wayamba kukalamba ndi kufa.

Choncho, magulu overripe chibwenzi kale amapanga osachepera 70% kudutsa dera. Zonsezi pang'onopang'ono kumabweretsa mfundo yakuti m'dera la Western Siberia mowirikiza ikufalikira weniweniwo "mtengo mliri" chifukwa cha nkhondo ya borers nkhuni ndi tizirombo tina. Komanso, chifukwa kuipitsa tebulo madzi a pamwamba pali milandu kawirikawiri desiccation nkhalango lonse.

Vuto lina - moto umene pa zaka posachedwapa "wotchuka" Russian ndi West Siberia Plain. Pafupifupi 65% zomvetsa posakonzekera nkhuni nthawi imagwera pa iwo. Musaiwale kuti pafupifupi 25% ya nayonso ili zone yogwira kupanga mafuta, amene kachiwiri kumawonjezera Mwina wa poyatsira a m'madera ambiri. Dziwani kuti chiwerengero cha moto kumadalira gulu la akuluakulu a boma. Mwachitsanzo, m'chigawo Kemerovo zonse za m'nkhalango, amene kudwala kwambiri tizirombo, koma zomvetsa moto ndi negligible (zosakwana 0.2%). Apa mmene "nkhalango" maganizo kufotokoza West Siberia Plain. Photo wokongola nayonso zilipo m'nkhani ino.

Biotopes kukana En

Kumene, mmene zachilengedwe a malo mu Western Siberia, komanso m'dera lina lirilonse, kumadalira zopezera zawo. zinthu zofunika kwambiri kuti mwanjira ina bwanji mlingo wa kuipitsidwa, ali madzi, Madzi oundana, osalimba wa maukonde hydrographic. Choncho, Titafika pamalo osachepera khola ndi Titafika pamalo nkhalango, m'chipululu mtunda koma amatha yaitali kukana zinthu zachilengedwe. Ndizachidziwikire kuti kapangidwe miyala ya West Siberia Plain kumathandiza makonzedwe chokhwima zachilengedwe.

The mavuto ambiri kuchitika m'dera Kemerovo ndi Altai. Mbali yoyamba amagwirizanitsidwa ndi kupanga kwambiri mpweya ndi mafuta, ndi lachiwiri - ntchito Baikonur, popeza ikagwa Altai anakhala maroketi gawo loyamba. Zachilengedwe akuchenjeza kuti malo amenewa ayenera tcheru ku miyeso zachilengedwe.

Monga mukuonera, ndi mavuto a zachilengedwe a West Siberia Plain ndi osiyanasiyana ndi yaikulu kwambiri. Ngati mulibe kanthu pakali pano, kudzudzulidwa ambiri a iwo salinso ntchito.