Mafupa a m'munsi nthambi munthu: kapangidwe ndi ntchito

The anthu minofu ndi mafupa dongosolo - dongosolo zovuta, amene amayendetsa mosalekeza kuchokera kubadwa kwa masiku otsiriza a moyo wake, kuchita angapo ntchito kwambiri. Kukhala ndi zonse mawonekedwe thupi, kuyenda woongoka, kuteteza ziwalo ndipo zimakhala - izi ndi ntchito yake yaikulu. Zimavuta ndi madipatimenti ena ndi mabungwe a thupi, kulenga ndi kukhalabe okhulupirika ake ndi kuthandiza kuti azolowere zinthu zosiyanasiyana m'moyo.

Onse locomotor zida za thupi umaimiridwa ndi madipatimenti awiri: kungokhala chete (mafupa ndi ziwalo) ndi yogwira (akulu dongosolo).

Mafupa ndi ya mafupa onse a thupi, amene ali cholukanalukana ndi zimfundo ndi Mitsemphayi. Ndipamene mtundu wa chimango, amachita ntchito kuteteza ziwalo ndi machitidwe thupi. Komanso amatithandiza mafupa, ndipo ikuchitika kupita thupi danga anatsimikiza ndi malo ake. Njinga ntchito imagwiridwa ndi mndandanda wa zochita mgwirizano mafupa, mafupa, minofu ndi misempha. Thandizo ntchito kwagona kuti mafupa a mafupa amatumikira monga maziko ubwenzi minofu zofewa ndi ziwalo, ndikulora iwo nthawizonse kukhala mu malo ndipo si kuguluka. Ntchito zoteteza anaonetsetsa ndi kukhalapo kwa cavities imene ili ziwalo zofunika kwambiri m'thupi la munthu. Choncho, mtima ndi mapapo atsekedwa pachifuwa, ubongo, tucked kutali mu chigaza amphamvu. Komanso chibadidwe ntchito mafupa kroveobrazovatelnaya - mu mafupa a mafupa ndi wofiira mafupa, wakuyesetsana hematopoiesis.

The zikuchokera mafupa

mafupa iliyonse munthu lili ndi mafupa oposa 200. Iwo amapanga fupa minofu, amene akupereka ambiri mchere ndi organic mankhwala. Maminolo zinthu opatsa kuuma ndi mphamvu ya mafupa, ndi organic udindo kusinthasintha ndi elasticity. Cholowa cha mankhwala zochita kupanga mu mafupa ndi pafupifupi 70%. Ndi zaka, chithunzi ichi likutuluka, imbaenda chinawonjezeka fragility fupa ndi kuchepetsa mphamvu zawo. Pachifukwa ichi, m'badwo wa msinkhu pa fupa maphatikizidwe adzafunika nthawi zambiri.

Kapangidwe ka fupa

fupa lililonse la thupi la munthu matanthwe Bony, girders ndi matabwa. Kusiyana komwe kulipo ndi mmene zinthu izi imakonzedwa chogwiritsira. Mu gawo la yokhudza kotekisi fupa izo Tingaone kuti kunja fupa mankhwala ndi wandiweyani, ndipo mkati looser. Mu milimo cancellous imakonzedwa kuti apange pakati pawo khungu. Pamene zinthu fupa ndi mtima mwamphamvu ndi mnzake mu mabwalo concentric, anapanga mkati M'mimbamo imene imakonzedwa ziwiya ndi misempha. Thunthu yaying'ono isanafalikire kunja ndipo amapanga mafupa amphamvu, pamene chofewa ngati siponji chifukwa matabwa ake, amachepetsa mafupa. The chiŵerengero cha iwo angakhale osiyana ndi zimadalira ntchito, maonekedwe ndi malo mu thupi.

periosteum

Kunja mafupa okutidwa ndi periosteum. The kuchotserapo ndi pamalo olowa, amene yokutidwa ndi hyaline chichereŵechereŵe. periosteum ikuyimiridwa ndi wandiweyani connective minofu, amene ali adherent kwa mafupa a thupi. Pamafunikanso ambiri Mitsempha kuti kunyamula zakudya mu fupa, ndi osteoblasts nawo mapangidwe maselo atsopano fupa. Choncho periosteum amalimbikitsa kukula fupa makulidwe ndi coalescing pa fractures.

Kaswili. Mafupa a nthambi m'munsi

Locomotor appart ali ndi dongosolo zovuta. Onse mbali ake mwachindunji zokhudzana funnktsiyami anachita. Anthu mafupa a malekezero m'munsi tichipeza m'madipatimenti awiri, cholukanalukana. Mmodzi wa iwo chili ndipo amakhala maziko kuika fupa chachiwiri. Woyamba ukufanizidwa ndi lamba m'chiuno ndi mafupa - m'munsi nthambi lamba mafupa. Khalidwe ndi dongosolo yoikika mafupa. The chachiwiri - mafupa, amagwira ntchito kayendedwe ka thupi - mfulu m'munsi nthambi mafupa. Bone, nalowa matabwa ake, yodziwika ndi luso kusintha zinthu mu ndege osiyana, ndi ena, ndi kasinthasintha.

mafupa anthu a nthambi m'munsi ali ndinazolowera kuchita ntchito zotsatirazi: thandizo, zosagwiritsa ndi masika. Chifukwa zimfundo ntchito yolongosoka, Mitsemphayi ndi mankhwala minofu anagwira kayendedwe cushioning thupi pamene mukuyenda, kuthamanga kapena kudumpha. Izi amachepetsa katundu pa malo apamwamba-atagona thupi ndi ziwalo.

ncafu

Mafupa a malekezero m'munsi, mafupa a chiuno Chilwa ili m'munsiyi, muli femur, tibia ndi phazi. Mafupa tibia ndi fibula tibial anapereka.
Ntchafu fupa - kwambiri yaikulu amphamvu mu thupi la munthu, kumtunda chikugwirizana ndi m'chiuno fupa ndi ndipamene m'chiuno olowa. ncafu Mitsemphayi ndi cholimba kwambiri. Chifukwa ankaganizira katundu waukulu kusunga umphumphu wa olowa.

bondo

M'munsi gawo la femur kuti tibia a chili, kupanga bondo olowa, amene ali patella. Bondo olowa amatha flexion, extension kasinthasintha. Mitolo ya wake anakonza crosswise.

bondo olowa

Tibia, kulumikiza ndi mitundu kugunda bondo. phazi wapangidwa mafupa tarsal, metatarsals ndi phalanges. Izo kumawonjezera kukhudzana m'dera la thupi ndipo amapereka cushioning.

Minofu kuti kulumikiza mafupa anthu a malekezero m'munsi ndi chachikulu kwambiri ndipo mphamvu m'thupi, chifukwa chakuti iwo chifukwa cha katundu waukulu kugwirizana ndi posungira ndi kayendedwe ka thupi la munthu.

M'madera mgwirizano m'munsi nthambi fupa ndi thicker chichereŵechereŵe ziyangoyango kuti kupereka thupi pryamostoyanie ndi cushioning pamene kulumpha ndi akuthamanga. Iwo amakhala ndi zotanuka connective minofu kuti akhoza wothinikizidwa mchikakamizo cha nkhawa ndi kutenga chikhalidwe chawo koyamba. Aliyense minofu cartilaginous ali mkulu achire liwiro, i.e. kubwezeretsa, vuto la kuwonongeka kapena erasure.

Kapangidwe ka phazi

Mafupa umaimiridwa ndi 7 mafupa tarsal, amene anakonza mizere iwiri pakati pa tibia ndi metatarsus. Fupa chidendene kumbuyo pang'ono ndi kukachita ntchito Kuthandiza. 5 chikusonyeza tubular mafupa metatarsus amene ogwirizana ndi mfundo phalanges. Mafupa chala phalanges tichipeza: chala choyamba ukufanizidwa ndi phalanges awiri, ndi zina - mu zitatu.

Kuti phazi yodziwika ndi flexion, kutambasuka, atigwira ndi kasinthasintha. Kayendedwe ka mafupa anapanga mwana wa ng'ombe minofu ndi mapazi. Iwo amati ambiri options kudziwa thupi laumunthu mu mlengalenga.

Phazi nthawi zonse pokhudzana ndi nsapato, zikhoza kusinthidwa. Zikuoneka calluses, chimanga kapena zophuka, zikubweretsa zomverera chopweteka. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti mawonekedwe ndi kapangidwe ka phazi anthu osiyana ndi osiyana. Izo zimatengera anapangira thupi, kulemera kwake ndi moyo wa munthu. Pa kusankha molakwika nsapato angathe mapazi lathyathyathya - kuchepetsa Chipilala, amene amachititsa zovuta zina.

Choncho, zikuonekeratu kuti mafupa a nthambi m'munsi mwa munthu amachita ntchito zofunika kwambiri m'thupi. Iye amasonyeza thupi kaimidwe poyenda, pamene kuchepetsa mavuto ziwalo overlying ndi kachitidwe, motero anakafika moyo utumiki wawo. Minofu ndi mafupa dongosolo la munthu palokha Chili ziwalo zonse ndi kachitidwe mu amodzi umodzi. Kapangidwe ka mafupa wa anthu nthambi m'munsi amadziwa mogwirizana ndi ntchito iwo kuchita.