Kwaokha matenda woopsawo: mndandanda. miyeso kwaokha

Mu Middle Ages matenda zoopsa monga mliri, kapena wakuda, nthomba mu nthawi yochepa anawononga mizinda lonse - ngakhalenso nkhondo si kuwasokoneza anthu ambiri. The matenda chomwecho zoopsa ndi typhoid ndi kolera mliri umene adatengedwa ambirimbiri anthu. Only m'zaka 19 mochedwa, panali katemera poyamba Vladimirom Havkinym, mwana Mechnikov.

matenda oopsa

Pali matenda yodziwika ndi wosiyana mkulu Mwina opatsirana ndi oopsa - kwaokha matenda enaake oopsa kwambiri. General maonekedwe a matenda kwaokha imalongosola iwo monga ndondomeko ya ntchito mogwirizana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda anthu amatha nyamuka perekani kwa kudwala matenda. Kukhalapo mu thupi la wothandizila opatsirana sindiye kutsogolera kuti chitukuko cha ndondomeko opatsirana. Izo zikhoza kukhala kumeneko kwa nthawi yaitali popanda zizindikiro zilizonse za kukhalapo, mpaka ena chinthu si imautsa chiyambi cha ndondomeko opatsirana.

Mu zaka za m'ma 19, icho poyamba anazindikira matenda owopsa kwaokha. mndandanda awo m'gulu pa nthawi ya matenda anayi.

1. kolera - matenda opatsirana, limodzi mwa mabuku akale, vuto limene Zatsala mantha. M'zaka za m'ma 19, kolera ankaona khalidwe m'maboma Bengal, kumene pakuwonekera kwake anatsimikiza ndi zinthu monga nyengo yotentha, mkulu anthu osalimba, otsika muyezo wa amoyo. Komabe, ndi kukula kwa zilumikizano zachuma ndi South East Asia izo latheka kufala kwa matenda pa dziko lonse lapansi. Chiyambireni cha m'ma 19 zaka zana limodzi panali asanu miliri kolera, ndipo iwo onse ananyamuka, makamaka India, kufalitsa ku Asia Southeast, ku Middle East ndipo kenako ku Ulaya ndi Russia. miliri imeneyi zapha anthu mamiliyoni ambiri. Mu zaka za m'ma 20 panali kuchepa zikusintha odwala, koma 60s, ndi mtundu watsopano wa Vibrio cholerae - El wo- tsogolera. Koma nthawi zina zimachitika m'madera osiyanasiyana mliri wa kolera, zomwe amalembedwa kuwonjezeka mu kutalika kwa nthawi odwala.

2. Mliri - ikulongosola za miliri ya matenda oopsa angapezeke mu mbiri zakale, ndipo ngakhale mu Baibulo. Tikumbukenso kuti chifalikire mofulumira mliri mu Zakachikwi loyamba zinali zotheka pa nthawi ya nkhondo, monga adali anayamba asapita malonda. Mu 14 m'ma mliri wa "Makoswe", monga anaitana mliri anatenga atatu alionse ku Ulaya. Kulowerera ku Asia, unafalikira mwamsanga kale okhazikika zamalonda. Zaka zimenezi zinali zoopsa kwambiri kwa Europe. mliri wina, dzina Wamkulu Mliri inayambika ku Ulaya cha m'ma 17. Nzosadabwitsa kuti anthu ali mantha mliri, kuganizira mofatsa mkwiyo wake. Ndipo tsopano mliri ndi matenda oopsa. Theka la milandu ya anthu amafa chaka, nthawi zambiri chifukwa misdiagnosis ndi amawononga chithandizo.

3. Nthomba - matenda oopsa, amene amatanthauza matenda kwaokha kudziwika kwa anthu kuchokera kalelo. Ku Ulaya, izo poyamba anaonekera mu m'ma chimodzi, ndipo kuyambira pa mliri wa matenda sanaime. Mu zaka za m'ma 16, matenda chafika America ndi ku Spain. Odwala afa peresenti makumi anai. Only m'zaka 18 mochedwa panali katemera wa nthomba Komabe, nthomba foci anakhalabe m'madera ena ndi kuopseza miliri. Choncho anaganiza ndi khama anzake a mabungwe mayiko kuthetsa nthomba monga matenda. Mu 1980, chigonjetso adagonja chifukwa katemera Unyinji wa mibadwo ingapo anthu.

4. Yellow malungo. Amaganiza kuti yelofiva unachokera mu Africa ndipo kenako kufalikira ku Asia ndi America. Ku Ulaya, mliri wa yelofiva limodzi ndi mlingo mkulu imfa. phunziro analola matenda kuti tikupeza kuti chonyamulira cha matenda ndi udzudzu. M'tsogolo, wakhala kuzindikiridwa ndi udindo wa anyani mu kufala kwa matendawa. Natural foci wa yelofiva, monga ulamuliro, nkhalango zotentha ndi nyengo yotentha ndi chinyezi kwambiri - zigawo kunyanja ya Africa, America South.

Russia komanso yoopsa kwambiri tizilombo ta matenda, tularemia. Woyamba wa iwo anali kale kalelo - izo ankatchedwa "wopatulika moto", koma Russia kuti walandira dzina lina chifukwa cha kufalikira kwambiri m'chigawochi. Tularemia m'kaundula koyamba mu 20 ntchentche Mu zaka zapitazo, ngakhale kuli kotheka kuti anali patsogolo.

matenda quarantinable

Onse a matenda amenewa amatchedwa "kwaokha matenda" chifukwa zidzachitika pa anthu onse kachilombo komanso anthu amene anapita mu nawo, ali okhaokha ndipo wotiyang'anira bola ngati zinthu chimayamba kuonekera. Pakuti loyamba matenda nthawi kwaokha ayamba kulimbana m'zaka za m'ma 14, sitima ku Italy yatsekeredwa mu kuukira kudziwa pamaso pa gulu la matenda aliwonse oopsa. Kenako, cha m'ma 15 pa njira zamalonda anaiika maofesi unamwino - zipatala, amene anaikidwa odwala kufika ku mliri foci, ndi kutentha zovala zawo. Komabe yothandiza kupewa matenda anayamba pokhapokha khama la mayiko ambiri zinalumikizana. Kwa nthawi yoyamba limodzi chikalata - msonkhano wa mayiko a CHOMUTHANDIZA matenda oopsa, anavomerezedwa kokha m'zaka za m'ma 20. matenda opatsirana linadzadziŵika kuti msonkhanowo. miyeso ndi malamulo a madokotala yapangidwa pa mliri wa matenda omwe nthawi anasintha malinga zenizeni watsopano.

Pambuyo kugonjetsa nthomba, iye anali m'gulu la mndandanda wa matenda oopsa, koma kumayambiriro 21 TH atumwi kachiwiri m'gulu mndandanda wa odziwika bwino mogwirizana ndi maganizo a kukhalapo kwa kachilombo koyambitsa nthomba ngati chida kwachilengedwenso mu Laboratories a dziko lililonse. Komanso anawonjezera mndandanda wa matenda kwaokha, analandira malangizo kusinthidwa. Unatengedwa mumaganizira za mayendedwe a chitukuko cha chitukuko chamakono, kukula kwa ojambula padziko lonse, kuonjezera liwiro zida kulankhulana - onse amene amakonda kufalikira mofulumira dziko lonse.

The tanthauzo ano matenda kwaokha

Pakali pano, la World Health Organization lofotokoza matenda ndi kuika kwaokha matenda amene angathe kulenga boma la mwadzidzidzi m'dera la umoyo padziko lonse. Mndandanda wa kukodzedwa ndipo imakhala magulu awiri a matenda:

• matenda kuti ndi owopsa kwa anthu thanzi, monga poliyo, nthomba, mitundu yatsopano ya fuluwenza ndi zina;
• matenda zimene zingakhudze n'koopsa thanzi la munthu, komanso kufalitsa mofulumira pa m'madera ambiri - kuphatikizapo matenda akulu, komanso mitundu yatsopano ya malungo, kuti anatuluka zisakuyenda bwino.

Matenda ena ali m'dera, dera zoopsa, monga iwo ndi maonekedwe ena a foci kugwirizana ndi pamaso pa nthandala kapena nyengo ya m'derali. Zikuphatikizapo mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya malungo, malungo makamaka matendawa, ankaikira m'madera otentha. Mu Russia, tizilombo ta matenda ndi tularemia - matenda kwaokha. mndandanda lili iwo mawonekedwe ndendende chibayo mliri amagwirizana ndi mlingo mkulu wa kugawa.

Pambuyo kugonjetsa nthomba dziko ndinaona kuti pali pamapeto pake kuthetsa matenda onse zowopsa dziko. Komabe, nthawi zasonyeza kuti, mwatsoka, chiwerengero chawo zikuchulukirachulukira. Tizilombo - causative nthumwi za matenda mutate, kusinthasintha kwa mankhwala atsopano ndi zinthu zatsopano zachilengedwe, zomwe pang'onopang'ono chatsitsa ndipo zina chiopsezo Chinthu kwa dongosolo anthu m'thupi. Choncho, malamulo atsopano mayiko musati kuchepetsa mndandanda wa ya matenda ena, kulola kuti pali kuthekera kwa zikamera wa watsopano, monga koma sakudziwika.

miyeso kwaokha zodzitetezera

Ngati muli ndi kwina kulikonse matenda ayenera mwamsanga kuthetsa izo. Mbali A matenda ndi kuchuluka awo okha, komanso pamaso pa nthawi makulitsidwe, complicating polimbana iwo. Wotchedwa nthawi makulitsidwe, imene matenda sasonyeza zizindikiro zawo, nthawi imeneyi kungakhale masiku angapo, ndipo masabata, ndiye matenda kuonedwa kudzera mwa mayesero zasayansi. Zimene zingachitike kuthetseratu matenda, monga miyeso onse zachipatala ndi ukhondo kuti lichotse matenda, ndi utsogoleri - kupewa kufalitsa zina. Zovuta zochita amatchedwa kwaokha. miyeso kwaokha zikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu awiri akuluakulu.

1. Gulu loyamba zikuphatikizapo miyeso kwaokha anayesetsa kuteteza zosayembekezereka wa foci matenda.

2. Gulu lachiwiri zikuphatikizapo miyeso kwakukulu kwa chiwonongeko cha malo alipo matenda.

Ntchito zonse zimatsatira chikhalidwe cha malamulo kwaokha chitetezo ukhondo wa dera la dziko, wasenza kuti akwaniritsa zofunikira za World Health Organization. Mu gulu ili lonse zikuphatikizapo m'mayiko 194 kuti mlungu uliwonse lipoti pa boma la zinthu AIDS m'mayiko awo ndipo anachititsa ntchito zaumoyo. WHO oyang'anira zoletsedwa ndi malamulo a mayiko nawo, mwachidule malipoti analandira. Komabe, mu 2005 apangana kusintha mu IHR, malinga ndi zomwe angapange mfundo za ukhondo-AIDS zinthu mu dziko, osati pa malipoti, komanso atolankhani, lomwe ndi zina zambiri cholinga.

miyeso kwaokha zimagwiridwa pa okwerera sitima, pa ndege, pa anayendera malire. Iwo zigwirizana anayendera zoyendera katundu, anthu, mayiko zikalata ukhondo wa anthu amene anachokera osokonekera mu malo a ukhondo ndi AIDS. Iwo ali omumvera makulitsidwe, mwachitsanzo m'chipatala pa nthawi makulitsidwe a matenda, imene pali kukayikirana.

miyeso kwaokha pa malo a matenda

Ngati mukuvutika kwambiri matenda oopsa kwaokha ku mliri kuganizira bungwe ndi kuchita miyeso kwaokha nawo zapadera odana ndi mliri Commission - FTC, zochita zawo zimagwira anthu onse ndi mabungwe ili mu gawolo. miyeso kwaokha pa malo a matenda ndi izi:

• liletse pa kayendedwe ka anthu ndi mayendedwe a chuma kudzera malo a matenda, komanso kupitirira;
• mwamsanga m'chipatala odwala TB ndi anthu poyera kuti iwo;
• kufufuza ndi kuikidwa m'manda mitembo;
• misa katemera wa anthu;
• decontamination m'dera;
• AIDS kuphunzira matenda cholinga;
• maphunziro thanzi;
• zoletsedwa pa zochitika anthu;
• kukhazikitsidwa dongosolo chilolezo kwa kulowa ndi kuchoka.

Pamodzi ndi kukafika kutsogolo kwa gwero la matenda anasonyeza cordon, omwe amaperekedwa ndi unduna wa Mkati kapena Utumiki wa silikhali asilikali. Iwo ali kunja m'dera zakhudzana ndi chitetezo ndi nthumwi za matupi yazamalamulo. Chigamulo kutsirizitsa kwaokha adzakhalanso pokhapokha lotha wa nthawi makulitsidwe mwa odwala chatha matenda. miyeso kwaokha pa malo a matenda zingasiyane pang'ono malingana ndi mtundu wa matenda. Zingasiyane Mwachitsanzo, nthawi zambiri mosalidwa kapena mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chikoka pa magwero a matenda.

Kuti efficiently ndi miyeso bwino kwaokha sanatsatiridwe, kufunika kupezeka okwanira chuma ndi mkulu mlingo wa Luso la madokotala.

Ana matenda opatsirana

Pali matenda ana opatsirana zimene zimachitika makamaka ana ndi digiri yapamwamba ya infectiousness. Motero, mabungwe iwo amayambitsa matenda. matenda zikuphatikizapo diphtheria, akuphokosera chifuwa, chikuku, fever, nthomba, ndi ena. Iwo ali kutchedwa ana, chifukwa anawo achire chitetezo cha m'thupi komanso m'tsogolo matenda amenewa kudwala. Karantinno- kutchinjiriza miyeso pa matenda ubwana zotsatirazi:

• kudzipatula wodwalayo kupewa kufalikira kwa matenda;
• kuletsa ntchito ya ana mabungwe mu kwaokha;
• dissociation - loletsa yomasulira ya ana kwa gulu limodzi mpaka mapeto a kwaokha ndi;
• Katemera wa ana.

zodzitetezera pa matenda ali ana yake katemera, komanso miyeso kulimbitsa thupi mwanayo. Kwaokha ndi kudzipatula miyeso pa matenda ubwana ukunenedwa discontinuity unyolo matenda ayenera kufulumizitsa mapeto a mliri wa.

matenda Airborne

Matenda ambiri amayamba chifukwa cha mavairasi kapena mabakiteriya amene ali ndi khalidwe la kufala airborne. Pamene sneezing kapena kutsokomola wodwala anamasulidwa mu particles mpweya wa ntchofu ndi matenda amene akukhala gwero la matenda misa. Zikuphatikizapo pafupifupi onse matenda ubwana ndi TB, fuluwenza, nsomba ndi ena. Mu milandu, ntchito kwambiri ankaimba ndi kudzipatula odwala ndi kutha kwa anzanu onse pakati pa anthu. miyeso kwaokha pa matenda airborne zigwirizana pochita zinthu zoterozo:

• kudziwika ndi hospitalization odwala;
• youma kuchapa mpweya, disinfection wa malo ndi njira ya oyeretsa theka mfundo njira akhoza oyeretsa;
• disinfection wa ziwiya, zovala ndi ziwiya zina za m'nyumba;
• malire kulankhula molimba;
• mwana kusamalira mosamala achipatala gulu limene mtima wakhala kuzindikiridwa.

matenda matumbo

Pakati pa ambiri matenda opatsirana zatenga chidwi malo kwaokha matumbo matenda adakali ndi vuto lalikulu. Kuti kwaokha matenda m'mimba ndi matenda amene Chili tizilomboto kutanthauzira limagwirira m'matumbo. tizilombo toyambitsa matenda akhoza kusungidwa kwa nthawi yaitali mu chilengedwe, kachiwiri kugwera thupi ndi chakudya kapena madzi. An chizindikiro chofunika cha matenda otsegula m'mimba, chifukwa cha ichi, nthawi zina amatchedwanso matenda monga kutsekula m'mimba. Iwo angayambe gulu m'badwo uliwonse, koma ambiri a iwo imvera ana amene adakali wosakhazikika kagayidwe. Pa chiyambi cha matenda matumbo anawagawa amitundu inayi.

1. HIV, monga poliyo, matenda rotavirus, mitundu ina ya matenda a chiwindi. Pambuyo matenda a matumbo, ndi mavairasi mu ndowe kulowa chilengedwe. Nthawi zambiri, ana odwala mpaka zaka zisanu ndi zinayi. Koma pali mavairasi amene amayambitsa gastroenderity ndi m'mimba zochepa kwambiri. Chitsanzo ndi rotavirus, ambiri awa, ndipo nthawi zambiri ana.

2. matenda bakiteriya monga matenda m'mimba monga kolera, kamwazi, tayifodi, ndi ena ambiri. Pambuyo kukhudzana ndi mabakiteriya m'thupi, kubalana awo amayamba nthawi yomweyo ndi kutulutsidwa kwa poizoni amene amadalira limagwirira wa chitukuko cha matenda m'mimba:

• Typhoid malungo - ndi pachimake nthenda oyamba ndi bakiteriya a mtundu nsomba ndipo gwero - munthu wodwala. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, kuchuluka kwa zochitika yafupika, matenda bwino ankachitira ndi mankhwala.
• Kolera - matenda oopsa ndi digiri yapamwamba kwambiri infectiousness, nthumwi amene akhoza yaitali kukhalabe viability ake mu chilengedwe, kuti azikatumikira ku chakudya kapena madzi. Vibrio cholerae amadziwikanso kusungidwa kwa nthawi yaitali mu nyanja ndi madzi abwino. Infection angayambe ngakhale pamene wonyeketsa nsomba zosaphika.
• Gulu la matenda kwaokha monga kamwazi - ndi nthumwi causative a kamwazi Bacillus, limene kwa nthawi yaitali kupulumuka mu mkaka. Kudzera kamwazi kudzikonda angakhale aakulu.

3. matenda a mafangasi matumbo candidiasis amene timapemphera, causative wothandizila ake - yisiti bowa kuti moyo ambiri mu thupi la munthu. Ndi chitetezo chokwanira mkulu wa bowa mu thupi musati kukula, choncho chitukuko cha matenda mu malo oyamba, izo zikusonyeza dilution kapena siudzalandilidwa ngathi lamulo la chitetezo cha m'thupi.

4. Protozoal matenda - iwo amasiyana kuti bwanji osati intestine, komanso ziwalo zina.

miyeso kwaokha ku matenda m'mimba monga:

• Kuziziritsa gwero la matenda, i.e. kudzipatula wodwala mu chipinda osiyana kuchipatala;
• njira decontaminate malo a matenda;
• Katemera wa anthu amene ali gwero la matenda.

Opaleshoni junior ndodo

The kwaokha miyeso zovuta zofunika Pofuna kuwonetsetsa kuti mliri mliri nthawi osati mndandanda wa miyeso alipo, koma kuchuluka ndi nthawi kukhazikitsa awo, maudindo a ntchito zosiyanasiyana - zachipatala, Chowona Zanyama ndi ena. Kulinganiza ndi wotsogolera ntchito zonse ndi dokotala-matenda. Kumvetsela ku iye ndi madokotala ena, amaphunzitsidwa choyezera, othandizira mankhwala. Ndondomeko ya ntchito anatsimikiza ndi miyeso junior madokotala ulamuliro pa matenda kwaokha, ndipo motere:

• panopa disinfection kumaliseche odwala;
• disinfection wa malo, zomwe zili wodwalayo;
• disinfection wa zipinda zachipatala
• disinfection zovala ntchito ndi zida zimene ankagwiritsa ntchito pa phwando zoona odwala;
• disinfection wa malo onse.

zinthu izi akutsatiridwa motsogoleredwa ndi kuyang'aniridwa okhwima namwino okalamba ndipo onetsetsani kuti zozitetezera, ongokhala:

• nsapato zapadera yopuma, amene kuvala nsapato za jombo;
• antiplague chowala, wangwiro ndi oilcloth thewera;
• zachipatala makina;
• Golovesi;
• mathawulo, amene anasintha tsiku.

zovala zonse zoteteza pambuyo ntchito kuti decontaminated. Theka mfundo manja kupopera mankhwala ndi njira chlorhexidine kapena chloramine.

zachipatala kwaokha kanthu pamene detects matenda

Ngati matenda anapeza kwaokha, dokotala anatsimikiza mtima machenjerero a miyeso odana ndi mliri mmwamba:

• sanepidemstantsii yomweyo zidziwitso za pakutchulidwa mwina matenda oopsa;
• Kutalikirana kwa odwala matenda kwaokha ndi makonzedwe a pangozi ya;
• zakuthupi ndi malangizo a mpanda mu zasayansi bacteriological kwa matenda zina;
• disinfection wa malo, kumene wodwalayo;
• kukafola mndandanda wa anthu amene anali kukumana nawo wodwala;
• Kutchinjiriza wolumikizana naye pamaso atapita nthawi makulitsidwe ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa achipatala pa iwo;
• kuchititsa miyeso mtolo kukhazikitsidwa kwa posts kuonerera, kuima ndi kumaliseche odwala;
• Pophunzitsa anthu kukhudzana;
• kuonetsetsa kwaokha Brigade popanga zipangizo ndi mankhwala.

Disease matenda kwaokha amafuna miyezo onena kuti nkhondowo chifukwa choopa awo moyo ndi mlingo mkulu wa matenda, komanso mofulumira za kufala kwa dera lalikulu, lomwe ndi zinadzala ndi kuwononga chilengedwe. Panopa, chifukwa cha khama anzake a m'mayiko ambiri, matenda awa isanafalikire ndi inathetsedwa msanga, ndi kulola zodzitetezera kuteteza anthu ku maonekedwe a foci miliri.