Kuyenerera kugwira ntchito. Kutsimikiza kwa mlingo wa kulemala

Kukhoza kwa munthu kugwira ntchito ndiko kuthekera kwake kuchita ntchito zamaluso mokwanira komanso mokwanira. Anthu ambiri amapatula nthawi yawo kuntchito yawo. Zimayamba ndi kusankha ntchito, maphunziro ndi chitukuko. Kwa zaka 30 mpaka 40, munthu amapanga luso lake luso labwino ndikuwagulitsa kuti alandire ntchito. Izi zimaonedwa kuti ndizochitikira ntchito .

Mitundu ya ntchito

Kuyenerera kugwira ntchito kumatanthauza kukhalapo kwa mitundu ingapo:

• Ntchito yayikuluyi imatanthawuza ntchito iliyonse pansi pazimenezo;
• Ntchito yapamwamba imatanthawuza kuzindikira ntchito yapadera ndi yogwiritsira ntchito chidziwitso mogwirizana ndi ntchitoyo;
• Mphamvu yapadera yogwira ntchito imakhudzana ndi zinthu zina zomwe zimagwira ntchito, nthawi zambiri zosasangalatsa, zovuta kukwaniritsa ndikusowa luso lapadera ndi maphunziro.

Mosasamala kanthu za mtundu wa ntchito yomwe munthu amasankha, ali ndi chitetezo chalamulo ngati padera paliponse.

Zifukwa za kusagwira ntchito

Kutaya mwayi wokwanira kugwira ntchito kungatheke kuntchito ya matenda kapena ntchito. Matendawa ndi odwala omwe sali ogwirizana ndi zikhalidwe za ntchito kapena zovuta za ntchito. Kawirikawiri, izi ndizogwira ntchito ya munthu, pamene safuna kuchitapo kanthu nthawi yayitali kapena luso lapadera. Matendawa ndi opanda ntchito, koma, komabe, kutaya kanthawi kochepa kwa mwayi wogwira ntchito kumaperekedwa ndi boma kapena abwana malinga ndi malamulo a ntchito.

Kutaya kwa luso la akatswiri a anthu likugwirizana kwambiri ndi zoopsa zapadera zawo kapena zopezeka chifukwa cha zovuta zogwirira ntchito za matenda alionse. Pankhaniyi, sikuti "Labor Law" imayamba kugwira ntchito, komanso malamulo a inshuwalansi ya moyo pa ngozi pantchito.

Kulephera kwa nthawi yochepa kwa ntchito

Aliyense ali ndi ufulu wa chithandizo chamankhwala chamtengo wapatali ngati ali ndi chilema chochepa kapena chokwanira. Mlingo wa kulemala ndipo, motero, malipiro a ndalama amatsimikiziridwa ndi dokotala kapena komiti. Kuchuluka kwa malipiro kumadalira mwambo wa inshuwalansi kapena umasankhidwa ndi njira zopangira malamulo. Ndalama ndizosatheka kwa munthu kukwaniritsa ntchito zake. Pankhani imeneyi, chiwerengero cha kuwonongeka kwa mphamvu yogwira ntchito chomwe chimaperekedwa ndi komiti ya zachipatala chikukhazikitsidwa. Zikhoza kukhala 10 mpaka 30% zazomwe zapitazo, pamene wogwira ntchitoyo akufunikira zofunikira zina kapena zochepa zomwe zimatuluka. Mzere wa 40 - 60% umatsimikiziridwa ngati munthu apitirize kugwira ntchito pokhapokha ngati mphamvu ya ntchito yayamba kuchepa kapena msinkhu wake umachepetsedwa. Pamene wogwira ntchito angathe kugwira ntchito mokhazikika pazochitika komanso osati mokwanira, kufufuza kwa ulema kumayesa mlingo wa kulemala mu 70 - 90%.

Malipiro a kuperewera kwapadera kwapadera

Ngati matenda a wogwira ntchito ndi aumwini, osati a chikhalidwe, ndiye kuti tsamba la odwala limatengedwa ndi kulipira nthawi yonse ya chithandizo.

Malipiro a odwala odwala amapangidwa malinga ndi lamulo la ntchito.

Ngati sangakwanitse kugwira ntchito, aboma kapena abwana amalipilira malipiro antchito chifukwa cha matenda.

• Choncho, ngati chodziwitso cha wogwira ntchitoyo chikapitirira zaka zisanu, ndiye kuti amapeza malipiro 60%.
• Pazochitikira zaka 5 mpaka 8 - 80%.
• Ngati chochitika cha wogwira ntchitocho chikuchokera zaka 10 kapena kupitirira, ndalamazo zidzakhala 100% ya malipiro ambiri.

Mndandanda wapadera

Malingana ndi lamulo, kuperewera kwapadera kwa ogwira ntchito mwa anthu omwe ali m'ndandanda wapadera umaperekedwa kuchuluka kwa 100%, mosasamala kutalika kwa ntchito yawo. Izi zikuphatikizapo:

• Ankhondo omenyera nkhondo ndi ochita nawo usilikali;
• Antchito omwe ali ndi ana atatu kapena ang'onoang'ono;
• Akazi kapena amuna a atumiki (izi sizikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa olemba);
• Azimayi amene apatsidwa mwayi wokalakwitsa;
• Ana amasiye ndi ana omwe sankawasamalira.

Kulemala pang'ono kumatanthawuza kupezeka kwanthawi yochepa kuntchito chifukwa cha matenda wamba.

Chiwonongeko chonse chokhoza kugwira ntchito

Ngati wogwira ntchito akuwonetsa zovuta za thupi zokhudzana ndi ntchito zake, ndipo sangapitirize kugwira ntchito pansi pazifukwa zilizonse, ali ndi chilema cha 100%.

Munthu wotere akavulazidwa kuntchito kapena akulemala chifukwa cha ntchito zake, ali ndi ufulu wopereka ndalama. Kuyenerera kwa luso la ogwira ntchito kumatsimikiziridwa molingana ndi chochitika cha inshuwalansi kapena ntchito yapadera.

Kulephera kwathunthu kugwira ntchito sikungokhala kuvulala ndi kuvulala chifukwa cha ngozi, komanso matenda opatsirana omwe salola kuti wogwira ntchitoyo apitirize kugwira ntchito m'tsogolomu.

Matenda ogwira ntchito

Matenda omwe munthu adalandira pokhudzana ndi ntchito zake zaluso amagawanika kukhala mitundu iwiri:

• Zakale zimakhala ndizomwe zimakhala zochepa kapena zowonjezera. Iwo amathandiza kwambiri kuchipatala, ndipo kutayika kwa akatswiri a ntchito kuntchito nthawi zambiri kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi mawonetseredwe otsutsa kapena magawo oyamba a bronchitis ndi mowa. Nthawi zina zimakhala zokwanira kusintha zinthu zogwirira ntchito ndikupatsidwa chithandizo kuti mubwezeretse. Kwa gulu loyamba la anthu kumeneko pali malo ogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala othandiza komanso ochepetsetsa, komwe angapeze thandizo loyenerera.

• Gulu lachiwiri silikukongoletsa kuti lipereke mankhwala. Izi zikuphatikizapo matenda a ntchito monga pneumoconiosis, kutaya kwa kumva, mitundu yoledzeretsa yauchidakwa. Komiti ya zamankhwala imayesa kuchuluka kwa kuwonongeka kwa thupi laumunthu ndikusankha kukhazikitsidwa kwa gulu lolemala. Kawirikawiri, matenda oterewa ndi "oposa" omwe ali ndi matenda achilendo omwe amayamba pambali pa mawonetseredwe osatha. Komabe, gulu lolemala lingasinthe.

Antchito a gulu lachiwiri ayenera kupatsidwa chithandizo kuchipatala chapadera.

Kulembetsa kulemala

Nkhani yopezera gulu la anthu olumala imangoganiziridwa pokhapokha ngati kuyang'anitsitsa kwathunthu ntchito yogwira ntchito ikuchitika. Zoona zopezera matendawa mogwirizana ndi ntchito zamalonda kapena kuntchito zimayang'ananso. Komiti ya zachipatala ndi a laborato imayang'ana nkhani ya ulemala malinga ndi maganizo a komiti ya zachipatala komanso mndandanda wa matenda a ntchito. Malinga ndi ndondomeko zomwe zilipo, zomwe ziyeneretso za ogwira ntchito zimatha kufotokozedwa, zowonetsedwa peresenti, mlingo wake wataya.

Magulu oyambirira ndi achiwiri omwe ali olemala amapatsidwa mwayi woledzera kapena kuwonongeka pangozi. Palinso gulu lino omwe angapezeke ogwira ntchito omwe ali ndi matenda opatsirana omwe amapita ku gawo losasinthika kapena losasinthika.

Ngati munthu ali ndi matendawa, komanso matenda ena, ndiye kuti kupweteka kwawo chifukwa cha zotsatira za matenda "ogwira ntchito" kumawagwera m'gulu lachidziwitso cha matenda ndipo amatha kuonedwa ngati maziko opezera chilema.

Kuti adziwe molondola kuchuluka kwa mphamvu yogwira ntchito, katswiriyo ayenera kukhala katswiri wodziwa bwino kwambiri.

Malipiro owonongera thanzi

Malingana ndi kuvulaza kwa thupi kapena maganizo komwe wogwira ntchitoyo akugwira, panthawi ya ntchito yake, amapatsidwa ndalama zowonjezera ndalama zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi malamulo a ntchito.

Pakalipano, ndi chizoloŵezi cha ogwira ntchito kukwaniritsa inshuwalansi ya moyo ngati ali ndi ulema. Ngati wogwira ntchitoyo sakulephereka, amalipidwa malipiro, malipiro a mankhwala ndi kukonzanso kuchipatala, kulipira nthawi imodzi kuchokera ku Social Insurance Fund.

Ngati ziyeneretso zina zogwira ntchito zakhazikitsidwa chifukwa cha kuvulala kwakukulu, wogwira ntchitoyo amapatsidwa malipiro a mwezi uliwonse, kupereka chithandizo chamankhwala choyenera ndikupatsanso mwayi wobwezeretsa nyumbayo.

Zopindulitsa ndi zopindulitsa

Ngati munthu wagwira ntchito yolemala chifukwa cha matenda a ntchito kapena chifukwa cha zovuta zamakampani komanso atatha kugwira ntchito mokwanira, amamasulidwa kuntchito yosavuta kapena tsiku lalifupi ndi malipiro a malipiro. Izi zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa omwe ali ndi magulu 1 ndi 2 olumala.

Gulu lachitatu limapatsidwa mwayi wokwanira kugwira ntchito, pamene wogwira ntchito sangakwanitse kugwira ntchito yake kapena kubwezeretsedwanso chifukwa cha matenda kapena zoopsa.

Kusintha kuchokera ku gulu lina lolemala kupita ku lina kumachitika pogwiritsa ntchito kafukufuku wamankhwala.

Chigamulo cha kuchuluka kwa odwala kulipira, kubwezeredwa kwa mankhwala ndi chithandizo kuchipatala chapangidwa ndi Social Insurance Fund, malinga ndi deta yoperekedwa ndi katswiri wa zamalonda. Malingana ndi kuyezetsa ndi kutsimikiza kwa kuwonongeka kwa thupi ndi khalidwe la wozunzidwa, ngati palibe vuto lake, kuchuluka kwa malipiro kumayikidwa, komanso njira zothetsera vutoli. Izi zimakhudza miyeso monga kufotokoza kwa wogwidwa mu chipatala chapadera, kukonzekera vocha ya chipatala, ndi kulipira kwa uphungu ndi katswiri wa zamaganizo.

Malipiro kupyolera kukhoti

Ngati wogwira ntchitoyo adalandira kulumala chifukwa cha ntchito yake yopanga, ndiye kuti ali ndi ufulu wopereka malipiro a zaumoyo ndi malipiro a kuwonongeka kwa makhalidwe.

Funso la kuchuluka kwa malipiro limasankhidwa molingana ndi mapeto a katswiri wodziwa zamankhwala. Amayang'anitsitsa mlingo wa matenda a munthu amene wagwidwa ndi vutoli ndikuwonekeratu kuwonongeka kwa makhalidwe. Komanso, mungagwiritse ntchito ngati wogwira ntchitoyo sakuvomerezana ndi gulu lolemala limene VTEK adamupatsa.

Pankhaniyi, wogwira ntchitoyo amapempha abwana kapena kampani ya inshuwaransi. Mungathe kupambana pokhapokha mutalandira mfundo zokhudzana ndi kusiyana pakati pa gulu lolemala kapena kuchuluka kwa chiwongoladzanja chifukwa cha matenda ndi maganizo omwe gulu lovulazidwa lilipo.

Kubwerezanso kafukufuku wogwira ntchito amene wataya ntchito

Pali zifukwa zowonongeranso zaumoyo wa ogwira ntchito omwe atha kugwira ntchito. Izi zimachitika chifukwa chakuti matendawa amatha kupita patsogolo, ndipo kuwonongeka kwa umoyo wa wogwidwayo kumafuna mlingo wosiyana wa kulumala kapena malipiro.

Kupenda mobwerezabwereza kumachitika miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, chaka chimodzi kapena ziwiri pambuyo poyambitsa matenda. Kawirikawiri izi zimachitika kamodzi pachaka. Izi sizikugwiranso ntchito kwa ogwira ntchito omwe matenda awo amawoneka kuti sangasinthe kapena omwe salola kuti apitirize kugwira ntchito. Anthu oterewa amapatsidwa olumala ndi malipiro a moyo wa penshoni.

N'zotheka kuyanjananso mofulumira ngati mkhalidwe wa wodwala wachoka mofulumira, umene umatsimikiziridwa ndi komiti ya zachipatala. Pankhaniyi, Bungwe la Zamankhwala ndi Zaumisiri limapanga cheke ndikupanga chisankho chotsatira zotsatira zatsopano.

Komanso, wogwira ntchitoyo ali ndi ufulu wolemba kuti ayambe kufufuza za vuto lake. Kuwonjezera pa wogwira ntchito, kampani ya inshuwalansi kapena bwana angafunse kuti apitirize kuyesedwa ngati kusagwirizana kwa zolembazo kapena zochitika zawo zapezeka.