Kunyumba kumangidwa ngati njira yothetsera. Zida zoletsedwa panyumba

Posachedwapa, chilango choterechi ndi chilango, monga kumangidwa kwa nyumba, chikukulirakulira kwambiri m'malamulo a mayiko a dziko lapansi. Posachedwapa, dziko la Russia layamba kugwiritsa ntchito ntchitoyi patsogolo. Koma chiwerengero cha nyumba chofala kwambiri chokhala ngati chilango chapezeka ku US - dziko limene likutsogolera molimba mtima monga chiwerengero cha akaidi kundende. Ku United States, kumangidwa kwa nyumba kumangobwereza mosavuta kundende chifukwa cha mlandu uliwonse. M'mayiko a Kumadzulo kwa Ulaya ndi Russia, chilango cha "nyumba" chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha pamtundu winawake wa zolakwa.

Kodi kumangidwa kwa nyumba ndi chiyani?

Ndipotu, kumangidwa kwa nyumba kumatchedwa chilango, chomwe chingalowe m'malo mwa ndende yoyenera. Cholinga cha chilango chapakhomo ndi kuchepetsa ufulu wa kuyenda kwa wolakwira ndikuletsa kukwaniritsa zosowa zake ndi zosowa zake. Monga bonasi yowonjezera, kumangidwa kwa nyumba kungatanthauzenso kulekanitsa kuyankhulana ndi izi kapena munthu kapena gulu la anthu kudzera pa kukambirana kwa foni, mauthenga a intaneti komanso zipangizo zina zotumizirana. Choncho, ufulu wopezeka panyumba umatanthauza kudzipatula kwathunthu kapena kutengapo mbali kwa wolakwira mdziko, zomwe zimamuthandiza kumusokoneza makhalidwe, ndipo chifukwa chake adzalapa ndipo sadzaphwanya lamulo.

Kunyumba kumangidwa ngati chilema choletsedwa kumakhazikitsidwa ndi makhoti okhaokha. Pa nthawi yomweyo, kumangidwa kwa nyumba kungathenso m'malo mwa ntchito yolemba kuti asachoke pamalowa, koma pazifukwa zosavuta.

Zosamalidwa zomwe zimapezedwa kwa wolakwira panthaŵi ya kumangidwa kwawo

M'madongosolo amtundu kuzungulira dziko lapansi, zoletsedwa zomwe wolakwirayo akugwiritsidwa ntchito pomangidwa kwawo zimasiyana, malinga ndi kukula kwa mlandu ndi khothi. Kuwonjezera apo, mayiko ena ali ndi zoletsedwa zapadera pa ufulu woyendayenda, zomwe zimaperekanso dongosolo linalake la anthu kudya, kugona, kukwaniritsa zosowa za kugonana ndi zina zambiri. Kawirikawiri, miyeso imeneyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mayiko a South-West Asia. Kunyumba kumangidwa monga chilango cha chilango kumagwiritsidwa ntchito mwakhama ndi malamulo onse a dziko lapansi. Pakalipano, malamulo a ku Russia amavomereza kuti pali zoletsedwa zomwe zimaperekedwa kwa wolakwirayo pamene aikidwa panyumba. Zina mwa izo:

- Kuletsedwa kuchoka m'nyumba kapena malo ena okhalamo nthawi yeniyeni (nthawi zambiri kuyambira 20.00 mpaka 6.00);

- Kuletsedwa kusuntha kupitirira malire a kuthetsa, chigawo choyang'anira, dera (gawo, republic);

- akaidi am'ndende amaletsedwa kupezeka pa zosangalatsa ndi zochitika zina ndi anthu ambiri;

- Siletsedwa kusintha malo okhala ndikukhala opanda chilolezo, popanda chidziwitso kwa akuluakulu ofufuza;

- Nthawi zina, wolakwirayo alibe ufulu woyendera malo ammudzi (koma osati zonse) kapena zinthu zomwe zili m'mudzi;

- Siletsedwa kusintha malo ogwira ntchito ndi malo ophunzirira popanda chilolezo cholembedwa cha chigamulochi.

Ndikoyenera kupereka chidwi chenicheni payekha kuti khoti lokha lingathe kulongosola chilango chotero ngati kumangidwa kwa nyumba. Chigamulochi chiyenera kufotokoza momveka bwino zifukwa za chisankho chotero ndi mfundo zonse zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito potumizira chiganizo.

Zowonjezera zowonjezera kumangidwa kwa nyumba

Kuphatikiza pa zoletsedwa zoyenera zokhudzana ndi kusowa ufulu ndi kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake, kafukufuku wamilandu amaperekanso njira zowonjezera zowononga olakwira m'nyumba.

1. Wolakwira ayenera kupita kukayendera mwezi uliwonse (1 mpaka 5, malinga ndi lamulo la khoti) ndipo azindikire pamenepo. Ngati pangakhale munthu yemwe woweruzayo sakuwonekera, khotilo likhoza kuwonjezera zoletsedwazo ndi kulimbikitsa kutumizira chigamulocho, malinga ndi kuti wolakwirayo sakupereka umboni wamphamvu wosonyeza kuti ali ndi chiphaso chochokera kuchipatala.

2. Nthawi zambiri pamwezi (nthawi zina pa sabata) woweruza akuyendera ndi woyang'anira woyang'anira omwe angapempheponso kufotokozera kuchokera kuntchito kapena malo ophunzirira, kuyankhulana ndi oyandikana nawo zolakwa ndi zina zotero. Ngati khalidwe la womangidwayo ndi lodabwitsa, khothilo likhoza kuchepetsa zochitika za kumangidwa kwa nyumba.

3. Pokhala ndi khalidwe labwino, munthu wolakwa akhoza kulimbikitsidwa ndi kuchotsedwa koyamba, chilolezo chochezera achibale kumudzi wina pamapeto a sabata ndi maholide, kapena kulandira kuchoka kunja kwa nyumba. Kutsekedwa kwa nyumba kumatha kuchepetsedwa.

4. Koma chifukwa cha kuphwanya ulamuliro wokhazikitsidwa, munthu wodalirika angapatsidwe chilango chowonjezereka kuchokera ku kuyendera ndi khothi, mpaka kuonjezera nthawi yomwe akutumizira chigamulocho.

Kodi chikuphatikizidwa ndi kuphwanya zikhalidwe za kumangidwa kwa nyumba?

Lamulo lathu limatsimikizira kuti nthawi zina munthu wodalirika angaperekedwe chilango ngati akuchita izi:

1. Sindidzawoneka pazilembetsa kapena kulembedwa ndi komiti yoyang'anira chilango popanda chifukwa chabwino.

2. Sadzatsatira chigamulo cha khoti pa zolephera za mtundu wina.

3. Sadzabwera kubungwe lachigawenga atapatsidwa chidziwitso chotsimikizira.

4. Chitani chiwerewere mobwerezabwereza. Pachifukwa ichi, chigamulo cha khoti pa kumangidwa kwawo chidzatha mphamvu, ndipo woweruzayo adzamangidwa kundende.

5. Pewani gulu.

6. Sadzatsatizana ndi lamulo la khoti pa ntchito yotsogoleredwa kapena ayi.

Kodi ndi mkhalidwe wotani amene wamndende adzazindikiridwa kuti ndi wolakwira mwatsatanetsatane wa zochitika za kumangidwa kwa nyumba?

Nthawi zina zimaperekedwa ndi lamulo lachigawenga ndi lachinyengo, munthu wodalirika akhoza kuonedwa kuti ndi wolakwira mwatsatanetsatane wa zofunikira zogwirira ntchito ziganizo zapakhomo.

1. Ngati wolakwayo asintha malo ake okhala kapena malo osungiramo malo osakhalapo ndipo sakudziwitsa komiti yowononga milandu imeneyi pa mwezi umodzi.

2. Wosalowa sanawonekere ku komiti komwe amakhala potsata ndondomeko ya khoti kangapo mzere popanda zifukwa zomveka.

3. Kubwereza kuphwanya chilango pa chaka choyamba, ngakhale khoti litagwiritsa ntchito chenjezo lovomerezeka pa munthu woweruzidwa za kusakwaniritsa udindo wake ku lamulo.

4. Wopanda chilolezo amakana kugwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono zoyang'anira popanda kuzindikiritsa ndi chilolezo kuchokera kwa komiti yaikulu ndi makhoti.

Zochita zachuma: ndi chiyani chomwe chiyenera kuchitidwa kuti chipeze chiganizo chokhala ngati kumangidwa kwa nyumba?

Ngakhale kuti akuchita zinthu zoletsedwa pankhani yachuma, khoti likhoza kulanga munthu amene akuphwanya malamulowa poletsa ufulu. Koma panthawi yomweyi, chiyeso ichi sichigwiritsidwa ntchito kwa ophwanya malamulo a msonkho. Pachifukwa ichi, wolakwira adzapindula kwambiri ndikupita kuntchito, koma ngati kuphwanya kuli kochulukirapo, sangathe kulepheretsa kuyenda.

Pakalipano, mu gawo la chuma, ufulu ukhoza kuletsedwa m'milandu yotsatirayi:

- Ngati wolakwira amachita bizinesi kapena zamalonda zoletsedwa (Article 171 ya Criminal Code);

- Munthu amayesa kulemba ndalama ndi zina zomwe amapindula mosavomerezeka chifukwa cha kuphwanya malamulo omwe alipo komanso njira zowononga, kuphatikizapo kuopseza, kuopseza, ndi zina zotero. (Ndime 174 ya malamulo ophwanya malamulo);

- kugula kapena kugulitsa katundu umene unapezedwa ndi njira zopanda chilungamo (luso 175 CC);

- kukakamizidwa ndi magulu a anthu atatu kuti agwire ntchito kapena kukana kutero pamaganizo oyambirira (Gawo 179 la Criminal Code);

- kuonongeka kwa chigulitsiro cha cholinga chawo chogulitsira malonda kwa anthu ena komanso ntchito zamagetsi (Article 186, 188 CC);

- malonda osagwirizana ndi kugula kwa zitsulo zamtengo wapatali, miyala, zodzikongoletsera ndi zodzikongoletsera (zamakono 190 UK). Chigamulochi chimaonedwa kuti ndi chimodzi mwazoopsa kwambiri, ndipo pakali pano chigamulo cha khoti pa kumangidwa kwawo chidzataya nthawi yomweyo;

- chinyengo cha mabungwe akuluakulu a boma za bankruptcy a malonda, kubisala ndalama zenizeni, zokhudzana ndi katundu, kuphatikizapo malo, mtengo ndi kuchuluka kwake, ndi zina zotero. (Art.195 ya Criminal Code).

Zochitika zakale za kukula kwa zikhalidwe zoletsa ufulu ku Russia

Ngakhale kuti monga chilango chokwanira, ufulu wopezeka panyumba ukugwiritsidwa ntchito kale, chilango ichi chinaperekedwa ndi boma la Russia kwa zaka mazana ambiri.

Kotero, mu Ufumu wa Russia, kumangidwa kwa nyumba kunaperekedwa mu msonkhano wa malamulo "Pa Corrections and Penalties". Iyo inali yaifupi ndipo siidapitirira theka la chaka, iyo idagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa apamwamba okha, magulu a apolisi ndi akuluakulu a boma a mikwingwirima yosiyana. Chigamulo chokhazikitsidwa kukhazikitsidwa ndi bungwe lomwe linkawona kuphwanya (komiti yaulangizi kapena komiti ya milandu), adatsimikiziranso momwe zinthu zilili zovomerezeka ngati nyumba. Chilango, mwa njira, sichinali chokhwima kwambiri.

Pambuyo pa October Revolution wa 1917, chiwerengero ichi cha chilango sichinapatsidwe ndi malamulo a Russia. Komabe, kale mu 1923 kumangidwa kwa nyumba kunabweranso. Ndipo mu nthawi ya Soviet, kumangidwa kwa nyumba kunali kotchuka kwambiri. Mwa njira, ziyenera kudziwika kuti si mayiko onse a USSR anali ndi lamulo pa chiletso choletsedwa cha ufulu, ndipo nthawi zina sizinagwiritsidwe ntchito konse. Monga momwe mbiri ikusonyezera, kawirikawiri chiyeso ichi chinali chogwiritsidwa ntchito kwa anthu a ku Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Baltic ndi Caucasus. Central Asia mwachizolowezi sanagwiritse ntchito kumangidwa kwa nyumba.

Kumangidwa kumudzi kunali chikhalidwe chodziwika cha chilango kwa nzika za Soviet zomwe zinaphwanya lamulo mpaka m'ma 1960. Ndiye lamulo ili lalamulo silinachotsedwe ku malamulo a malamulo. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, khotilo lingagwire ntchito yokakamiza kumangidwa kwawo pokhapokha ngati palibe amene anavulazidwa, makamaka zigawenga ndi ocheza ena ankakhala m'ndende ku USSR.

Kusintha kwamakono kwa lamulo lachitidwe ku Russia ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa kumangidwa kwawo

Kuyambira mu 1960, anthu a ku Russia adayiwala za kumangidwa kwawo, ndipo izi zidatha mpaka 2010. Pomwepo, Chilamulo "Pa Zomasulira Kuphwanya Malamulo ndi Malamulo" No. 377, yomwe idathandizidwa ndi Ministry of Justice ndi Purezidenti wa Russian Federation, inayamba kugwira ntchito. Ndipo pa Januwale 10 chaka chomwecho, khoti la ku Russia kwa nthawi yoyamba mu mbiri yake yodziimira, inaganiza kuti adziwe chilango cha wolakwirayo monga kuchepetsa ufulu wake ndi kumangidwa kwawo. M'dziko lathu, kuyang'anira akaidi am'ndende akuchitidwa mothandizidwa ndi zipangizo zamatsatanetsatane, zomwe zimapangidwa ngati zibangili.

Mwa njira, Boma la Chilungamo limasonyeza kuti kulengeza mwakhama kwa chilango cha mtundu umenewu kumatulutsa kumasula ndende ndi coloni pafupifupi 30%. Ziwerengero zimasonyeza kuti chaka chilichonse pafupifupi okwana 150,000 ophwanya malamulo akhoza kunyalanyaza mwayi woyenda momasuka. Izi zidzathandiza kwambiri malo ogwira ziganizo ndipo, potero, adzapulumutsa ndalama zandalama bwino.

Mbali za kumangidwa kwa nyumba ku Russia

Ku Western Europe ndi United States, pafupifupi aliyense wolakwira angagwirizane ndi kumangidwa kwa nyumba, mosasamala kanthu za kuopsa kwa mlanduwu. Ku Russia, chiyeso choterocho n'chovomerezeka chifukwa cha kuphwanya kuwonjezereka kwapadera (ngati palibe zotsatira zoopsa). M'dziko lathu, kulekanitsidwa kwa ufulu wa nzika yomwe yachita kuphwanya sikungakhale zaka zoposa 2. Ndipo ngakhale kuti mayiko a ku Ulaya akutsutsidwa mobwerezabwereza, kumangidwa kwawo ku Russia ngati njira yotetezera imatengedwa kuti ndi yotetezeka kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Sitinayambe kuletsa malamulo, pamene wotsutsa sangathe kuchoka m'nyumba yake, monga ku United States ndi France, kapena kuletsedwa chakudya ndi kukhutira ndi zosowa zoyambirira ndi zakuthupi. Koma panthawi imodzimodziyo, timalangidwa kwambiri ndi anthu ophwanya malamulo omwe amatumikira. Mwachitsanzo, ku United States, munthu woweruzidwa akhoza kuphwanya nthawi imene amamangidwa panyumba nthawi zambiri, ndipo panthaŵi yomweyo sadzakhala ndi chilango choopsa, ku Russia munthu woimbidwa mlanduyo adzayenera kunena za zochita zake (mwachitsanzo, kutenga nawo mbali pamsonkhano wosatumizidwa), ndipo popanda kulemekeza Zifukwa za kumangidwa kwawo (zomwe ziridi zenizeni) zingakhale zenizeni ndi zovala za ndende, kusinthanitsa ndi "kumwamba mu bokosi." Mwa njira, ndondomeko ya kumangidwa kwa ndende padziko lapansi inasonyeza kuti akaidi oposa 80% sakuphwanya malamulo a mayiko awo.

Kodi ndi mitundu iti ya nzika za ku Russia zomwe zimatsutsa ufulu wa kwawo?

Malamulo ndi akuluakulu a ufulu wa anthu ku Russia amakhulupirira kuti chilango chomveka chogwiritsira ntchito nyumba ndi cha ana. Ndipotu, mabungwe amilandu amanena kuti kuyambira 2010 pafupifupi anthu atatu alionse olakwa ku Russia akupereka chigamulo chokhala ngati akaidi. Kuwonjezera pa ana, chilango mwa njira yokhazikitsira ufulu chikugwiranso ntchito kwa ndale ndi anthu omwe anthu, mwa mawu awo kapena zochita zawo, amatsutsana ndi zikhazikitso za lamulo la malamulo ndi dongosolo la Russia.

Komanso, kumangidwa kumudzi monga njira yothetsera kumagwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza poimbidwa mlandu wonyengerera, kuwononga ndalama, ntchito zachinyengo, kuba, ndi kuba (ngati chigawenga sichinapangidwe makamaka padera). Ndipotu, chilango chilichonse chosadutsa zaka ziwiri chingasinthidwe ndi kumangidwa kwa nyumba.

Ubwino wa kumangidwa kwawo kumbuyo musanatumize chigamulo m'mabungwe apadera

Ku Russia, ndi kudziko lonse lapansi, kumangidwa kwawo kumakhala ndi ubwino wambiri asanayambe kundende kapena kundende. M'dziko lathu, chiwerengero cha makonzedwe am'derali ndi ochepa, choncho pafupifupi ndende zonse ndi madera onse ali ochuluka. Izi zimapangitsa kuti anthu 8 akhale mu chipinda cham'chipinda china. Chifukwa chake, ukhondo ndi wonyansa, ndipo akaidi nthawi zambiri amadwala. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, boma limapereka ndalama zowonjezereka kuti apereke olakwira, chakudya ndi zovala. Panopa, boma limagwiritsa ntchito madola 300 pamwezi pakusamalira ndi chakudya cha wolakwira. Kusamutsidwa kwa ena mwazigawenga omwe amachita zolakwa zopanda malire kuti ufulu wawo ukhale woletsedwa panyumba, umalola kuti bajeti ikhale yosungira mpaka mabiliyoni 4 biliyoni. Kuphatikizanso, aliyense wotsutsa akhoza kulipira ngongole, ndipo kumangidwa kwawo kumapeto kwake kudzatha, koma ngati vinyo wake ndi wochepa.

Ndipo kwa ochimwa, ubwino ndiwowonekera. Mmalo mokhala mu selo limodzi ndi gulu la "abale olumbirira" ndikutsatira mosamala malamulo onse ndi ndondomeko ya ndende, iwo adzatumikira mosamalitsa chilango chawo kunyumba.

Zochitika Zachilendo Zowononga Ufulu: Israel

Mu Isiraeli, kunyumba kumangidwa ngati muyeso njira umagwiritsidwa ntchito pothetsa mavuto a m'banja. Pafupifupi brawlers onse banja adzatumikira ziganizo kunyumba. Chigamulo pa ntchito ya lamulo satenga apolisi ndi ogwira ntchito zothandiza anthu, zomwe zina ndi ufulu wofanana ndi enforcers malamulo. Limodzi ndi watilakwira chilango ayenera kumakumana pafupipafupi ndi zamaganizo ndi kupondereza mokwiya wake. Mwa njira, pa zoletsa kunyumba kwambiri pa ufulu ya ule akhadawisa olekanitsidwa anthu. Iye udzatichezera ntchito kapena maphunziro anu bungwe, ndiye ayenera yomweyo kubwerera kwawo. Ngakhale Pankhaniyi anapereka kwa maulendo kugula maulendo 2 sabata, kudzacheza kwa dotolo, ngati n'koyenera, ndi ulendo banja, vuto la matenda oopsa. A akuti kumangidwa nyumba ya Aisrayeli sayenera upambana miyezi 3.

Spain nyumba kumangidwa kumapeto kwa sabata ndi maholide

Spanish - otentha ndi maganizo anthu. Choncho, iwo amavutika makamaka chifukwa cha incontinence awo. Malamulo a dziko lino chiphunzitso cha kumangidwa nyumba konse, koma ndiye amachita otchedwa malawi zosakhalitsa ndi mokakamizidwa m'ndende. chilango ichi amaperekedwa kwa olakwa amene anachita machimo ang'onoang'ono, amene amathandiza mundende masiku 12. Pankhaniyi, wopalamulayo kuitanitsa bwalo kulola kuti akatumikire sentensi kumapeto kwa sabata ndi maholide. Mwa njira, pafupifupi 95% ya milandu, chilango ngati mafani mpira. Nyumba kumangidwa chilango ndiye ntchito kupondereza kayendedwe kuukira.

Anthu mbiri: odziwika akaidi zoweta

Mu Russia, anthu ambiri odziwika bwino, pa ukaidi wapanyumba, ndi:

- Andreya Saharova, amene anaikidwa pa ukaidi wapanyumba kwa zaka 7 kuti kuphwanya chikominisi;

- Nikita Khrushchev, amene anakhala zaka wake wotsiriza m'ndende panyumba;

- pa Romanov m'banja lachifumu, omwe ali mphamvu anali m'ndende panyumba ku 1917-1918.

Mwa alendo wotchuka tingaone:

- Scottish mfumu Mary Stuart, imene kunyumba m'ndende pafupifupi zaka 19;

- Galileo Galilei, amene anali kunyumba kwa zaka 10 chifukwa "mawu mwano mpingo";

- Serbia Željko Ražnatović socialite Svetlana, amene anali kutumikira chiweruzo 1 chaka mwachinyengo ndalama;

- motsogoleredwa ndi Roma Polanski, amene wakhala pa ukaidi nyumba pa milandu ya kugonana ndi mtsikana wina. Kenako analipira belo ndi nyumba kumangidwa zinatha kwa iye;

- Chinese wandale Ziyang, akale ambiri mlembi wa PRC, iye anali ku ndende ku nyumba kwa zaka 15.