Kuchotsa mimba ku USSR: mbiri, chiŵerengero, zotsatira ndi zochititsa chidwi

M'nthawi yathu ino, nkhani yotsutsa mimba nthawi zambiri imatulutsidwa. Nthawiyi ndi yotsutsana. Pali malingaliro ambiri okhudza chifukwa chake lamuloli liyenera kuvomerezedwa, ndipo chifukwa chake siliyenera. Koma kwenikweni USSR kamodzi idakhala dziko loyambirira lomwe linaloledwa kuti lisokoneze mimba. Chiwerengero cha kuchotsa mimba ku USSR chinawonjezeka ndi chitukuko choopsa komanso pamene chinaletsedwa. M'nkhani ino tidzakambirana za momwe izi zakhalira.

Poyambirira zinali zotheka

Kodi kuchotsa mimba kunaloledwa ku USSR? Izi zinachitika mu 1920. Panthawi imeneyo kunali mavuto oipa azachuma m'dzikoli ndipo anthu sankatha kudzipezera okha ndalama, osakhala ndi ana amtsogolo. Komabe, chiwerengero cha mimba ku USSR panthawiyo chinasonyeza kuti anthu ambiri amafa kapena kuwonetsa zotsatira zoipa pa umoyo wa mkazi mutatha njirayi. Zinachitika chifukwa ndiye panalibe madokotala oyenerera. Zotsatira za njirayi sizinaphunzire bwino. Kawirikawiri pambuyo pake panali mavuto, ndipo mkaziyo anakhala wosabereka kwa moyo wake wonse. Asanayambe kusokoneza mimba, odwalawo sanayang'ane bwino, choncho sangathe kuona momwe kuchotsa mimba kungakhudzire thanzi lawo. Chifukwa chake, ndikuganizira mfundo iyi, komanso kuti dzikoli silinali ndi ndalama zokwanira kuti lizipereka maofesi aakazi, lidaletsedwa kuthetsa mimba.

Chifukwa chake icho chinakhala chosatheka

Koma izi sizinali chifukwa chokhazikitsidwa ndi lamulo loletsa. Ndani anachotsa mimba ku USSR? Komiti Yaikulu Yaikulu ndi Komiti ya People's Commissars inagwirizana ndi chisankho ichi ndipo inapereka chikalata chapadera. Sikuti anangoletsera kuchotsa mimba ku USSR, komanso adadziwitsidwa za kusintha kwa malamulo osudzulana, adawopseza chilango chokana chifukwa chokana kulipira alimony, kukhazikitsa thandizo lachidziwitso kwa amayi pa kubadwa, mabanja akuluakulu, ndikuyang'anira kufalikira kwa malo odyetserako ziweto, mabungwe oyamwitsa ana, ndi zipatala za amayi oyembekezera. Ulamuliro umenewu unagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyambira 1936 mpaka 1955. Pamene kuchotsa mimba kunaletsedwa ku USSR, iwo adakalipobe, koma okhawo omwe sakanatha kulandira chithandizo chamankhwala kapena kuvulala pa ntchitoyi anali abwino.

Pali ndondomeko

Kuchotsa mimba ku USSR kunaletsedwa. Koma izi zinachitidwa kuti apindule ndi amayi. Kodi kufotokozera kotereku kunatanthauzanji? Choyamba, iwo anayesa kulera mlingo wobadwa. Kuwonongeka kwa umunthu pambuyo pa kusintha kwabwino kunali kwakukulu, ndipo kunali koyenera kudzazidwa. Kuonjezera apo, USSR inali kukonzekera maofesi atsopano omwe angathandize kuthana ndi chigwirizano, ndipo ngati nkhondo ikakhala "chakudya chachitsulo."

Chachiwiri, panthawi imeneyo maziko a banja anayamba kukula. Ambiri mwa anthu ambiri amaganiza mozama za ntchito zawo monga mwamuna ndi abambo a banja. Atakhala ndi pakati, amadziwa kuti alibe udindo uliwonse pa zomwe zidzamuchitikire ndipo mkaziyo anakakamizika kuchotsa mimba. Poletsa kuchotsa mimba ku USSR, adayesa kutsimikiza kuti mwamunayo sanachoke pa maudindo awo ndipo adadziŵa bwino kulera ana. Chachitatu, iwo anayesa kupanga mayi wamtsogolo kukhala ndi udindo waukulu. Kupanga chisankho chodziwika - kubadwa kwa mwana. Chikhalidwe cha Socialist chimazindikira kulingana kwa akazi, ndipo panthawi imodzimodziyo chimafuna kuti abwererenso ngati maphunziro abwino a nzika zam'tsogolo.

Njira yotuluka ndiyo

Anthu panthawiyo anali ochepa mu chikhalidwe komanso kumvetsa pang'ono za mankhwala. Kuthetsa mimba kunkaonedwa ngati njira yaying'ono, osati yovulaza thanzi la amayi. Choncho, amayi sanayese kuwonjezera chidziwitso chawo m'munda wobala, sankakondwera ndi kulera kwa masiku ano, chifukwa adadziwa kuti kutenga mimba kungasokonezedwe nthawi iliyonse, ndipo palibe chomwe chidzachitike. Komabe, panthawi imeneyo, ndalama zambiri zidakonzedwa pofuna kupewa mimba zosafuna. Dzikoli linasamalira thanzi la nzika ndipo linkagwira ntchito yophunzitsa ndi kufalitsa mbiri.

Zosankha zambiri

Kuletsa kuchotsa mimba ku USSR, madokotala amachititsa chidwi amayi ndi abambo kuti ali ndi njira ina, yomwe ayenera kupewa mimba pogwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono zamakono. Kodi n'chiyani chinaperekedwa kwa nzika za Soviet ku pharmacies ndi m'masitolo a nthawiyo? Amuna amaperekedwa kuti agwiritse ntchito makondomu, ndipo akazi anali ndi zipewa zapabedi za "abambo" KR ", zikopa zachitsulo pamimba ya chiberekero" kafki. " Panalinso mankhwala othandizira kuteteza mimba yosafuna. Mgwirizano uwu "Prekonsol", "Vagilen" (m'mimba), "Contraceptin" (m'mimba). Iwo anapangidwa ku fakitale "Rubber Red", komanso "Soyuzhimfarmtorg". Magazini ndi magazini a nyuzipepala ankafalitsa ndalama zimenezi nthawi zonse. Anthuwa anachenjeza kuti athandizidwe posankha njira yabwino yochezera kulera pa zokambirana za amayi. Pang'onopang'ono, chikhalidwe cha anthu chiwonjezeka, kuchulukanso kwa kupanga njira za kulera kunakula, miyoyo ya anthu inakula, ndipo kuchotsa mimba kunaloledwanso.

Tsopano inu mukhoza

Tikukondanso kuti ndizotheka kusokoneza mimba komanso kuti asanyamule udindo uliwonse, amayiwo adayamba kugwira ntchito mwakhama kuti pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1960 chiwerengero cha kuchotsa mimba kwapakati pa chaka chinali 6 miliyoni. Panthaŵi imene kuchotsa mimba kunaliletsedwa, chiwerengero chawo chinali kuchepa kwambiri. Ndipo mu theka lachiwiri la 1936, mimba 734 yokha inalembedwa ku Moscow. Pa nthawi yomweyi, chiŵerengero cha kubadwa mumzinda uno chinali kukula. Mu 1935, chiwerengerochi chinkawonjezeka kawiri kuchokera pa 7 mpaka 136,000. Ngakhale kuti pang'onopang'ono chiwerengero cha kusokonezeka kwa mimba chinachepa, pofika mu 1991 iwo anali atapanga pafupifupi 4.5 miliyoni pachaka. Akazi omwe adasankha kuchotsa mwanayo sanawopsyezedwe ndi momwe anachotsera mimba ku USSR.

Njira zodabwitsa

Iwo sanawope zotsatira za ntchitoyi. Kuchotsa mimba kwachitika ndi chithandizo cha zitsulo. Chiberekerocho chinakulitsidwa ndi singano zapadera zogwiritsira ntchito, ndiye kamwana kameneka kanadulidwa ndi zikopa ndi kutuluka panja. Ngati mawuwa anali ataliatali kale, kuti atulutse kamwana kameneka, kunali kofunikira kuti awononge. Motero, poyamba adachotsa mwendo, ndiye mbali zina za thupi la mluza, zomwe zinali zitapangidwa kale panthawiyo. Kuthamangitsidwa kwa chiberekero ndi njira yopweteka kwambiri, koma, ngakhale zili choncho, akazi anali okonzeka kupirira. Koma ndondomekoyi inali yoopsa, chifukwa makoma a zitsulo anavulaza makoma a chiberekero, mabowo anaonekera, ndiye zonsezi zinagwedezeka, magazi anayamba. Nthawi zina, atachotsa mimba, mkazi anamwalira kapena anakhala wosabereka.

N'zotheka ndipo m'njira ina

Koma amayi sanaime ndi kuletsa kusokoneza mimba. Pamene lamuloli linkagwira ntchito, kuchotsa mimba mwabodza ku USSR kunakula. Ndipo anathandiza mkazi kuchotsa mwana wosafunafuna monga madokotala, kukonzekera chithandizo chobisika, ndi agalu aakulu. Pazochitika zonsezi, zovuta nthawi zambiri zimachitika kapena imfa ya odwala. Mwachitsanzo, m'nyumba ya dokotala wa Leningrad, bungwe la adindo la bungwe la chigawo linapezeka. Kuchotsa mimba kwa mkazi uyu ndi chinthu chotsiriza m'moyo wake. Kuchotsa mimba ku USSR kunali kulangidwa ndi ndende kwa zaka 10.

Mankhwala Osakaniza

Koma ngati adokotala akadali ndi chidziwitso cha zamankhwala ndi zipangizo, agogo aakazi omwe anapemphedwa thandizo nthawi zambiri analibe ngakhale amodzi. Iwo amatha kupanga njira zolepheretsa mimba ndi mizati yachitsulo yokhayokha yomwe imakhala yopanda ntchito. Anapereka uphungu kwa amayi, pogwiritsa ntchito zomwe angasokoneze mimba yake payekha. Panthawiyi panali maphikidwe osiyana ndi njira zomwe zingachitikire. Kawirikawiri mayi ankagwiritsa ntchito malangizo a atsikana, ndipo chifukwa chake adayenera kupempha chithandizo chamankhwala pambuyo pa zovutazo.

Njira Zanyama

Ngati mkazi sakufuna kutenga chithandizo chilichonse, akhoza kuyamba kudumpha kapena kunyamula zolemera. Anakhulupilira kuti ngati mutumpha kuchokera kutalika, ndiye kuti padera padzapezeka padera. Kunyumba, amayiwo anakwera pa chipinda ndipo anagwa pansi. Nthawi zina ankakwera masitepe ndi mipanda. Komabe, njirayi nthawi zambiri imapereka zolakwika ndipo zatsogolera kuvulaza. Njira ina inali kukweza kulemera. Kuti muchite izi, munayenera kutenga chinachake cholemetsa m'manja mwanu ndikuyamba kudula, kutambasula miyendo yanu. Kupsinjika maganizo ndi kupanikizika m'madera amtunduwu kunathandizanso kuti pakhale padera. Anthu omwe anali ndi mwayi wochita zida zawo, ankagwiritsa ntchito yophunzitsa oyendetsa ndege, kuti mwanayo abwere kuchokera kuchimake cha chiberekero. Ndizo zomwe akazi anachita m'misasa ya usilikali.

Chifukwa chachipatala

Kawirikawiri, pofuna kukaonana ndi dokotala ndi kupeza mauthenga ochotsa mimba, amayi anapha mwanayo mkati. Njira zosiyanasiyana zinagwiritsidwanso ntchito pa izi. Njira yodziwika inali kusamba m'madzi otentha kapena kukhala motalika mu chipinda cha nthunzi. Chifukwa cha kutentha kwambiri, mwana wosabadwa amafa. Kawirikawiri amayi ankamwa mafinya osiyanasiyana komanso amawotcha amayi kuti asatenge mimba. Nthawi zina mkazi nayenso amavutika ndi tiyi komanso zakumwa zoopsa. Dothi ndi ayodini ndi mkaka. Ndipo mutenge chisakanizocho kangapo kangapo, zomwe zinayambitsa kutentha kwa mimba. Azimayi amene akufuna kuchotsa mwana wawo wosabadwa sanasiye chilichonse. Iwo ankakoka masamba a laurel ndipo ankamwa kulowetsedwa uku, ndipo masamba anaikidwa usiku mu vaginja. Izi zimapangitsa kuti mwana asatuluke m'mimba. Njira ina yachilendo yochotsa mimba yosafuna ndikutsegula babu mu chiberekero. Ndiye zimangokhala kungodikirira babu kuti zikula ndipo mizu yake imayendetsa chipatso. Ndiye babu amachotsedweratu ndi icho. Komabe, njira imeneyi imayambitsa magazi ochuluka ndipo nthawi zambiri madokotala ayenera kuchotsa chiberekero. Njira ina yowonjezereka ndi kuyambira mu chiberekero cha impso za ficus ndi mapeto othamangira kwa chiberekero. Choncho kunali kofunika kuti tigone usiku wonse. Kawirikawiri, akazi amamwalira ndi myometrium yoopsa.

Inde, akazi omwe amagwiritsira ntchito njira zotero sangathe kulondola. Koma inu mukhoza kumvetsa. Ndipotu, njira zoterezi zakhala zikuchotsa mimba. Ngakhale masiku ano pali akazi osakonda omwe samakonda kupita kwa madokotala, koma kuti asokoneze mimba m'njira yakale. Landirani lamulo loletsa kuchotsa mimba kapena ayi, nthawi idzafotokoza. Koma kusamalira thanzi lanu ndikofunika tsopano, makamaka popeza mankhwala asunthira patali poyerekeza ndi kuyamba kwa zaka za zana la 20, njira zamakono zotetezera ku mimba zosafuna zinaonekera. Anthu amasiku ano ayenera kukhala ndi mphamvu zothetsera ubereki wawo.