Kodi mlingo sayansi "PhD"

"PhD" - digiri maphunziro. Lilili mu Russia ndi mayiko CIS kuyambira m'masiku a Soviet Union - kuyambira 1934. Ichi ndi chinthu wapakatikati mu ulendo wa sayansi kwa mbuye kuti dokotala wa sayansi ndi kupereka wodandaulayu kuti:

• Iwo ali maphunziro apamwamba;
• Ine mayeso onse phungu;
• Iye anapanga angapo kafukufuku pa mutu wanu;
• Iye anayambitsa ndipo anasonyeza zachilendo ndi lothandizadi malingaliro sayansi;
• Anapitirira ndondomeko ya kuteteza ndi nkhani yolembedwa malingana ndi zofuna mosavomerezeka.

Russian maphunziro digiri "PhD" ndi analogue a PhD kumadzulo (kuwerenga monga PI eych di). PhD - Doctor wa Philosophy. Koma zoona si zofanana mlingo wa Doctor wa Science mu Russia. Yotsirizira kumafuna apamwamba mlingo wa zotsatira za ntchito ya sayansi.

Digiri "PhD" ndi kusiyanitsidwa malingana zapaderazi zimene wodandaulayu akhoza kuteteza ntchito yake. nthambi 23 awarding mayina aulemu zafotokozedwa Russian. Mwachitsanzo: phungu wa thupi ndi masamu Sciences, phungu wa sayansi philological. Koma ambiri a ukatswiri. Inu mukhoza kukhala phungu wa malamulo, Chowona Zanyama, kwachilengedwenso, nkhondo, miyala ndi mineralogical, dera limene akukhala, mbiri, maphunziro, ndale, zachipatala, maganizo, sociological, luso, mankhwala, nzeru zaumunthu, ulimi, mankhwala ndi sayansi zachuma. Komanso, pali mutu wa phungu wa zomangamanga, mbiri luso, maphunziro chikhalidwe.

Digiri "PhD" si lofanana ndi kutanthauzira pamwamba a kumadzulo - Doctor wa Philosophy (PhD).

Atapitirira njira za sayansi, Alembe kumvetsa cholinga chomwe akufuna kupita linasintha kwambiri kovuta kupeza digiri ya "phungu wa sayansi". Iwo ankadziwa kuti mutu izi sizitanthauza chuma zazikulu mtsogolo. Osachepera, kubwerera sadzakhala kudya. Poyamba, zimenezi kuchuluka kwa dongosolo la 10-15% ya malipiro. N'koyenera namwe kwambiri zina zochita kafukufuku ntchito ku yunivesite, mu mpikisano udindo maphunziro a pulofesa wothandizira kapena aphunzitsi ntchito pa dipatimenti.

nkhani yolembedwa kulemba - ndi zovuta, yolemetsa, Mipikisano sitepe ndondomeko. Choyamba, muyenera kulenga latsopano, choyambirira aluntha mankhwala - zotsatira za ntchito kafukufuku. Ndime zotsatirazi ndi kukonza ndondomeko ya chitetezo. Nthawi zambiri nawo kwambiri anthu: woyang'anira kafukufuku adani, akatswiri opereka ndemanga, akonzi, alangizi, etc. Nkofunika kudziwa kuti ndi kusankha kuchita sayansi, muyenera kukonzekera m'njira ina kwa ndalama zakuthupi. Ndife Mulimonsemo si za kugula ndi sanali kudziona kukwaniritsidwa kwa zikuluzikulu yeniyeni.

Koma nthawi zambiri amagwira wa maphunziro zikuluzikulu zimene zingachititse phindu lenileni ndi tanthauzo zothandiza, amafuna zinthu zina. Mwachitsanzo, akafuna kutulukira zinthu, mayesero, maphunziro sociological , ndi njira zake ndi zamtengo wapatali.

Ndi palibe chinsinsi kuti nkhani m'gulu zokhudzana chochitika kutetezedwa kwambiri, makamaka nthawi yomaliza, mwina amafuna ena ndalama ndalama. Koma apa zonse ndi munthu kwambiri, malinga ndi miyambo ofala yunivesite, ndi Board, zochitika.