Kodi boma? Tanthauzo la lalifupi, mbali ndi mfundo

Osati mophweka kuyankha funso ndi zimene boma. Khama (lalifupi kapena An chakumene), lingaliro ili lili kwambiri kusankhapo. Chiwerengerochi Scientific ntchito zake zosiyana ndi kufotokoza gulu ili, omwe akusewera imodzi ya mbali zofunika kwambiri pa moyo pagulu.

Ambiri, tanthauzo mwachidule mfundo ya boma ndi gulu la anthu, kukhala zinthu wamba zowombetsa mkota, kwenikweni ndi mwachindunji kumatanthauza dongosolo m'dera kasamalidwe ndi ulamuliro wonse.

lingaliro la "boma" kumene ntchito?

"State" monga liwu kuti amafuna kudziwika ntchito mawu angapo. Nthawi zambiri:

• dera ubale malamulo, kumene boma zambiri amachita chabe wodzilamulira mu nkhope ya matupi boma;
• dera ubale ndale, imene boma ndi chinthu chachikulu mu kudziŵa vekitala chitukuko cha ozichitawo madzi a zoweta ndi kunja;
• dera ubale chikhalidwe, imene State anapatsidwanso angapo ntchito chitetezo ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu.

Chifukwa palibe tanthauzo limodzi la boma?

Lang'anani, zomwe zili (tanthauzo la lalifupi sangathe akomere akamanena lonse la chiphunzitso cha), yankho lomveka sangapereke ngakhale sayansi.
Palibe umodzi, anazindikira onse minda sayansi malongosoledwe a maganizo "boma". malamulo adziko lonse lapansi komanso wopanda mphamvu pa nkhani imeneyi.

The UN alibe poyerekezera ndi kufotokozera zotsatirazi kuzindikira State kapena matupi ake lolamulira likhoza kukhala m'dera lina. The UN si mphamvu. Ndi gulu lapadziko lonse, mmodzi wa otchuka ndi yaikulu m'dera lonse alibe yoyenera Service ulamuliro kudziwa pa mlingo malamulo, kodi boma. Yochepa kuti amasonyeza mwachindunji gulu monga gulu lalikulu la ndale za anthu, ulamuliro thupi, kasamalidwe, chitetezo cha nyumba ndi anthu onse maka- ambiri, amapereka umboni kuti boma mu unyolo "boma anthu" ndi chinthu kutsogolera. tanthauzo limeneli akufuna mu thesauruses Schwedov ndi Ozhegova.

Kudziŵa mfundo ya boma ndi olemba osiyana

Kumvetsa mmene mwachidule tanthauzo limafanana ndi maganizo a boma, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mabuku zina. Mwachitsanzo, boma - mphamvu ophunzitsidwa mwapadera za lamulo. Ernest Gellner ukapezeka monga mndandanda wa mabungwe boma omwe cholinga chawo ndi kuteteza matenda a. Analekana ku unyinji wa anthu makhoti chikhalidwe, apolisi motero boma.

Mwachitsanzo, mawu ali ndi matanthauzo ambiri, wina amakumbukira mawu a L. Grinina kuti okhumudwa. Tanthauzo la lalifupi, kapena m'malo tanthauzo lake motere: mkhalidwe - ndi malo amodzi wagawo ubale ndale, akuimira mu boma ndi utsogoleli wosiyana anthu, amene amati yekha kwa eni pamwamba. Komanso, mogwirizana ndi wolemba, kulamulira anthu ndi, kaya ndi zilakolako zake ndi chifuniro, monga dziko nthawi zonse padzakhala magulu chifukwa kukhazikitsa kukakamiza.

N'zosatheka kuphonya ndi moona "mapiko" Lenin anati VI - mtsogoleri wa anthu Soviet m'zaka za m'ma makumi awiri. tanthauzo lake mwachidule limafanana ndi maganizo a boma, ngati tikambirana yamasika ndi mbali amtopola. Iye ankakhulupirira kuti boma - ndi makina lakonzedwa kuti cholinga cha maganizo otsika kalasi, zimathandiza kusunga kalasi apamwamba mu kumvera kwa ena alionse. Nthawi zambiri, Lenin otchedwa boma zida chiwawa.

Dziko ndi State: kodi apo pamakhala kusiyana?

Zitsanzo kumasulira lingaliro ili, kuti mwachionekere sangathe kuzitsogolera ku umodzi tanthauzo wamba. Mwina kumvetsa mbali zina za chiyambi cha boma, mitundu yake ndi makhalidwe tidzatha kupeza yankho lofanana.

Nthawi zambiri "boma" ndi "mtundu" kuoneka mawu monga identically ofanana. Kodi amenewa ndi olondola? Kodi pali kusiyana kulikonse, ndipo n'kofunika? Ponena mawu pamwambapa, n'zotheka kutsindika zofunika kwambiri ndi kuitana, kuti boma amenewa. Khama mwachidule anasonyeza kuti ndi ndale dongosolo chigamulo anaika yeniyeni populata m'deralo. Dziko muja zambiri Hrs, chikhalidwe, za mbiri yakale, ethnographic lingaliro.

dziko loyamba

M'pofunika kulabadira chinachake, kodi anachokera kasamalidwe, ndi kuti okhumudwa. A tanthauzo la mbiri chitukuko anthu a kovuta kupeza. Asayansi kuno muli ndi maganizo osiyana, wotchedwa zimayambitsa wamba ndi njira zimenezi, monga boma, simungathe aliyense. Kumene, kuli mfundo zingapo zikutsimikiziridwa ndi ntchito wautali kwambiri zichitidwe ndi mbiri yakale komanso maloya, koma palibe mmodzi wa mabaibulo kuti lipereke udindo wa "zoona" si koma n'zotheka.

Mosapita m'mbali ndi indisputably wina akhoza kunena kuti, pamene dziko loyamba. Iraq, Egypt, China, India - dziko la masiku ano, zokhudza nthawi ya Ancient East, ndi mbiri yaitali aliko. Mwa mfundo za chiyambi cha limati izi kutsogolera malo wotanganidwa ndi:

• Usanakhalepo chiphunzitso;
• Theological chiphunzitso ;
• Chiphunzitso cha mgwirizano chikhalidwe ;
• Chiphunzitso cha chiwawa ;
• Marxist chiphunzitso.

Lingaliro la lamulo

Komabe, kubweretsa akamanena za aliyense wa iwo pamodzi, inu mupeza pafupifupi tanthauzo la boma chimene tinganene kuti mtundu wapadera wa bungwe landale, ukulamulidwa ndi kukakamiza pa malo anasankha njira zonse chikhalidwe. Ndi yoyenda yokha mu kugwira ntchito yake ndipo mwamwayi m'njira centralized kudzera anakhazikitsa malamulo malamulo kapena mfundo limodzi.

Lamulo zambiri kupeza mfundo "boma malamulo." Mwachidule tanthauzo la mawu akuti kukhala zotheka pambuyo chiphunzitso cha Kuwulura mkati siyana okhutira.

Features za lamulo

Pamene ulamuliro lalikulu ndi ntchito lonse ndi Lamulo malamulo malamulo, mfundo za malamulo, boma angatchedwe malamulo. Ndipotu, n'zogwirizana ndi N'ZOSACHITA kufunsa kutsatira mfundo za kumbali ndi lamulo - izi ndi mbali yaikulu ya lamulo.

Taganizirani mfundo yomweyo kungakhale osati pa mbali ya boma kukakamiza kapena kusunga malamulo a lamulo mwamsanga pamene mbali kapolo. Lingaliro la "boma la chilamulo" angathe kutanthauziridwa monga njira yolimbikitsira ulamuliro yovomerezeka, aiming kukumana otsiriza a malamulo omwewo a chilamulo ndi kuvomerezedwa kwa kukhazikitsa okhwima zigawo zina za anthu.

Komanso, mu boma la chilamulo ufulu ndi kumasulika kwa munthu ndi nzika ndi chinkamusangalatsa ndi phindu patsogolo pa muzochitika zones za maubale.

Federal amati: kulunjika

Makamaka zogwirizana ndi kulingalira chinthu choterocho monga boma feduro. A tanthauzo mwachidule mayunitsi ndi notional adzakhala ndendende kuzindikira zinthu zofunika ndi makhalidwe a gulu boma chimene chimasiyanitsa izo ku machitidwe ofanana.

mawu awiri tinganene kuti si kuipidwa ndale utsogoleri mapangidwe, wopangidwa mwa osiyana mabungwe malo. Mosiyana ndi boma unitary, kumene zigawo ndi mphamvu zokwanira ndi ulamuliro zina decentralized, mu nkhani ya federations mayunitsi utsogoleri-Kupititsa amanenedwa ndi ukatswiri wodziika ndi kudziyimira pawokha pafupifupi mbali zonse za moyo ndale, chuma ndi chikhalidwe.

Features ya dziko feduro

Mbali khalidwe la boma boma ndi:

• Kupititsa gulu la chitaganya mu mayunitsi osiyana utsogoleri;
• zochotsera zochita malamulo, malamulo awo limabweretsa mabungwe onse federated;
• lililonse limakhala loyang'anira chitaganya ali ake akuluakulu omwe anthu;
• nzika a mumzindawo mpaka kalekale Federation akhoza mbali ziwiri: Onse-Union ndi mndandanda feduro phunziro;
• feduro mkhalidwe yamalamulo zimakhala bicameral.

Russia - boma yolembedwa. Malo a mpingo mmadera

Russian Constitution limanena kuti ndife ndi boma. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mpingo ndi wosiyana mphamvu yaikulu ya zochitika, ndipo palibe Zipembedzo si wokhazikitsidwa mphamvu zambiri mu kuvomerezedwa kapena mokakamizidwa. Komabe, ena mbali ya chipembedzo ndi udindo malamulo a mipingo pa dera la lamakono Russian umamangidwa ndi malamulo zogwirizana.

Lero, pa chitsanzo cha Russia akhoza kukhala bwinobwino zimene boma boma. tanthauzo Mwachidule limanena kuti dziko lapansi silingathe kukhala boma, boma chipembedzo azikondedwa kuvomerezedwa kapena mukonda. Komabe, Dziwani kuti zisakuyenda mpingo ndithu analimbitsa zake boma. Amatsitsimutsa kufunika ndi kulemera kwa udindo wa chipembedzo mu moyo wa m'dzikolo akuwonetseredwa mu njira zambiri. Ichi ndi kumanga yogwira ndi kukhazikitsanso mipingo, ndi maphunziro a anthu kudzera manyuzipepala, wailesi, ndi chuma Intaneti. Pamaso pa Holiness Ake kholo la onse Russia pa zochitika zofunika ndi tchuti pafupi ndi atsogoleri State - kale bwino chodabwitsa.

, Kutsegula sukulu zapadera achipembedzo sekondale anthu umaonekanso pa Ntchito la Mipingo ulendo.