Kiev-Pechersk obisika. Woyera Dormition Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra

Kiev-Pechersk obisika ku Ukraine akuyesera kukaona malo onse. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa amonke kwambiri wakale wa woyamba, amene anaonekera mu naintini chaka makumi asanu oyamba. M'kupita kwa nthawi, chinawonjezeka m'gawo lake, akachisi anakula, anamanga maselo ambiri, ndi sikisitini handiredi eyite-eyiti, obisika analandira udindo wa Lavra. Anaphunzitsidwa mwatsatanetsatane chiyambi cha agulupa Kiev-Pechersk.

Mmene onse anayamba?

M'zaka khumi pa malo obisika, pa gombe lamanja la Dnieper Mtsinje (pafupi Kiev), iyo inali nkhalango zowirira. Nthawi zambiri ine kuno kupemphera mmonke Ilarion wa m'mudzi Berestova. Iye anakumba phanga pano. Pamene Hilarion anaikidwa Metropolitan wa Kiev (zinali 1051), mwachidule phanga anali kanthu. Mu chaka chomwecho (tsiku lino walandiridwa monga m'munsi ya agulupa Kiev-Pechersk) pano anaika mmonke Antoniy Pechersky, izo Pambuyo Chimonko ena.

Kamodzi phanga lokhalamo Chimonko khumi, anaganiza kuti timange tchalitchi kuno. Anthony anakumba phanga pa phiri pafupi. Anayambanso nkhosa pali mbali zonse Chimonko. Kamodzi selo lokhalamo Chimonko khumi ndi awiriwo, ndiye pamwamba anamanga mpingo wa Akukwera wa Wodalitsika Namwali Mariya.

Pamene obisika sanali okwanira obwera onse, Anthony anakadandaula ku Kiev kalonga Izyaslav Yaroslavich, amene anapereka chilolezo chogwiritsa ntchito magawo a phiri zolinga Mkhristu. Mu naintini chaka sikisite yachiwiri ya agulupa Kiev-Pechersk inamangidwa. nthawi yonseyi, moyo wa ansembe anakopeka otsatira ndi Akristu wamba, amene mowolowa manja anawasiya ndi zopereka zawo. Ndipo zaka zingapo zopereka izi zinali zokwanira kwa erection wa mpingo wina watsopano ndi frescoes ndi Zithunzi.

anawazunza woyendayendawu pa obisika ndi

Kwa nthawi yoyamba mpingo talandidwa ndi woyendayendawu Turkic chiyambi - Polovtsy - mu 1906. Pa nthawi imeneyo obisika anali bwinja, ndipo likulu Chiyukireniya pafupifupi anagwa Aisiraeli.

Patatha zaka khumi ndi ziwiri zokha Kiev-Pechersk Lavra anayamba kuchira. The abbot Teoctist ndi Prince Gleb Vseslavich chinathandiza yomanga mwala chakudya, komanso mpingo watsopano. Pa nthawi yomweyo malo obisika anali wotchingidwa kwathunthu palisade. Chimonko ankakhala nyumba zazikulu, ndi kuphanga tsopano ntchito monga m'chipinda chotetezeka manda a ansembe. Anakwiriridwa zamkati mwa mphanga makoma a pakhoma zija.

Agulupa anali pogona odwala, olumala, osauka, zosowa za adayima panja chakhumi cha ndalama yanu kwathunthu. Linamangidwa pansi Theodosius. Mwa njira, iwo anali phanga anakumba m'mudzi wa nkhalango, amene gawo komanso a ansembe a. Popeza maziko ake ndi ku nthawi ya agulupa Kiev-Pechersk anamasulidwa mabishopu makumi awiri.

The Turkey kuwukira

Ndi zana ndi makumi asanu ndi chimodzi chikwi ndi mazana khumi ndi awiri chaka cha forte cha obisika anali wolemera kuba, moto. Turkey Choyamba imawonongeka adakhala Chimonko, kenako kuwotchedwa. Koma Chimonko akupitiriza kunyamula utumiki wawo. Mpingo Andibera kachiwiri Polovtsy, koma kachiwiri anapitiriza kuti akwaniritse cholinga chake. Koma, mwatsoka, pamene anagonjetsa Kiev anaukira ankhondowo ndi ansembe yotchedwa Kiev-Pechersk. m'mapanga anakhala pogona ansembe, koma iwo sanali kupulumutsa kwambiri ansembe.

Aonongedwa Laura anaimirira m'ma chakhumi ndi chinayi. Kuchokera nthawi imeneyi, molamulidwa ndi mkulu wa Kiev Simeon Olelkovich anayamba erection ya agulupa latsopano. Mpingo waukulu anali m'manda kwa anthu otchuka wa Kiev. Mu chaka mazana khumi ndi sevente agulupa kwathunthu kumangidwanso, kulimbitsa ndi kuyamba kuchita ntchito ya mzinda Svjatina. Musawope iye tsopano anali ngakhale zankhanza Turkey.

Koma zaka khumi ndi ziwiri kenako, obisika unawotchedwa, koma tsopano Crimea asilikali. Panapita kanthawi kuti achire zopereka kutchalitchi anthu. Ndi zikwi mazana asanu nainte chaka chachitatu akuyamba kuyanga kwa ansembe. Kiev-Pechersk Lavra kukodzedwa malire ake Kupititsa (mizinda iwiri, midzi makumi asanu, midzi khumi ndi malo osiyanasiyana luso ndi nsomba) ndi mwayi. Kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu, amonke analoledwa kupita ku Moscow chifukwa zopereka. Komabe, mayeso sasiya obisika. Limodzi zikwi mazana asanu ndi chaka chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu anali mantha lalikulu: moto anawononga chirichonse cha mtengo - laibulale, ndi mipukutu yakale, chuma chonse.

The nkhondo mphamvu

Chuma ndi ulemerero wa agulupa ya sanapereke mpumulo osati m'derali, komanso Brest Church Union. Ndi zikwi zisanu mazana anayi ndi chimodzi chaka anayamba zoyesayesa woyamba pogonjetsa Uniate Metropolitan Laurus. Koma Chimonko, kuumitsidwa nkhondo yachilendo, yolimba kukana ya Union of Brest. Pa mutu wa ansembe anali Archimandrite Nikifor Tur, amene pamodzi ndi amonke bwinobwino rebuffed Uniate matauni. Kuyambira yokambirana izi ..silinaona Chimonko kapena obisika dziko.

Koma kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chimodzi, wa Kiev-Pechersk Lavra akufuna kulamulidwa ndi mphamvu ya dioceses m'deralo. Iye amagwira ntchito mu Zazipembedzo (Constantinople) mabishopu, udindo stavropegic. Ngakhale kukula kwa Mpingo Uniate, ansembe yotchedwa wa Mapanga anakhala achitetezo kwa Akhristu Orthodox. Mu zinthu archimandrites E. Pleteneckogo ndi Z. Kopystensky akuyamba woyenera kumenyana uniatism mwa issuance wa polemic, mabuku mapemphero kusindikizidwa ndi makina ake kusindikiza mabuku (1616).

Mphamvu asamenyana wa Moscow wa mabishopu. Agulupa ya sikisitini zana chaka eyite-chitatu, gonjerani kholo la Moscow ndi onse Russia. Komabe, lamulo limeneli adzakhala ndi zaka makumi asanu ndi anayi mphambu zisanu ndi zitatu. Ndiye zipitani mlombwa mzinda wa Kiev.

Mbiri ya agulupa kuchokera 17 mpaka cha m'ma 19

Ngakhale atasemphana wamagazi pakati pa Mpingo Uniate, agulupa Kiev-Pechersk otukuka. Kuwonjezera chosindikiza molamulidwa ndi Peter manda limapezeka sukulu Chimonko, kenako inakula mu Kyiv-Mohyla Collegium.

Mwana wa ansembe Ivan Samoylovich kukhala Hetman, Unalimbitsa dera lonse la n'kukhutira wa kutsinde, ndi hetman ena Ivan Mazepa, wotchingidwa mwala khoma mpingo. Mu ulamuliro wa Petra Velikogo Chimonko gawo kukodzedwa, kupanga Pechersk linga. Komabe, moto wina zikwi mazana asanu ndi chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu chaka anawononga pafupifupi obisika lonse. Kiev-Pechersk Lavra anali wokhoza kuti achire zaka khumi zokha.

Great Lavra Bell Tower yomanga inayamba patatha zaka ziwiri. Iyo inali nyumba yaitali kwambiri Ukraine (kutalika anali nainte-sikisi ndi mamita theka). Pa ntchito yomanga belu nsanja panatenga zaka khumi ndi zinayi. polojekiti ankapita ndi Russian wamanga GI Schedel.

Ngakhale kuti pomanga belu nsanja anachedwa (ndi malonjezo wamanga anakonza kumanga nyumba mu zaka zitatu), ndipo n'kukhutira bajeti sankaloledwa kutenga ntchito yatsopano, m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, koma m'gawo lake inkakhala mchitidwe asanu ndi limodzi (Chief, Hospital, Pafupi ndi m'mapanga Far, Holosiivska Kitaevskaya ndi zipululu).

Makhalidwe n'kukhutira nyumba

Agulupa waukulu ili ku mpingo waukulu. Agulupa kuchipatala inamangidwa m'zaka akhumi za zipata Lavra, mothandizidwa wa Chernigov Prince Nikola onyenga. Mpingo unali kale fano la Dormition ya Amayi a Mulungu, ziwiya, Uthenga Wabwino, laibulale ndi mabuku ofunika kwambiri, zithunzi ndi zotsalira za Lavra Kiev-Pechersk. Apa panali tombstone wa Prince KI Ostrog, kumanda ndipo manda a oyera.

Pafupi ndi Far una wa rspolozheny pafupi wina ndi mnzake. M'mapanga woyamba inakhazikitsidwa padziko phanga wa Chimonko Anthony, ndipo chachiwiri - pafupi mmonke ndi foni Hilarion. Anthony Cave ali makomo atatu, kwambiri lomwenso ndi otchuka ndi kumadzulo pakhomo la Woyera Cross Church. Okwana pali underpasses atatu kuti kugwirizana Temple, Mpingo wa Chitsanzo cha Virigo ndi Chakudya makolo Pechersk.

Kuyambira kale, m'phanga malo ogona kwa ansembe, ndi kutaya nthawi ina. maselo amoyo ndi protrusions awiri lotsutsa, anafuna kugona ndi chakudya. Kulinso kukulitsa kwa makandulo ndi mafano. Ndime mobisa ndi loculi. Akukhulupirira kuti kukumba awo ndi kuzikwirira Monahov Mark cavers. Palinso mawindo ang'onoang'ono ndi mayina a hermits. Panopa, kukula kwa ndime phanga kuti utachepa chifukwa reorganizations posachedwapa ndi atatu okha mazana makumi asanu ndi atatu mphambu zitatu meters.

mpingo oyera

Siyense mmonke wa agulupa Kiev-Pechersk anali ulemu waukulu m'manda m'mapanga. maselo lakutali sitolo ndi forte faifi a zotsalira, ndi Middle - makumi asanu ndi atatu. Kuti monga zina zotsalira za St. Theodosius, Hilarion, kudzipatula, Pimena Postnika, Amfilohije, Euphrosyne, Piora, Paphnutius, Pamba, Sisoi, Theodore Chete, Zekariya, Agafona Chudotvortsa, Longinus, Macarius, Mose, Paulo, Arseny, Silvano, Achille, Benjamin Gerontius , Euphemia kudzipatula, Hypatia, Joseph odwala Leonti, Mercury, Martyrius dikoni Paisija Nestor wosaphunzira, Tito Feofioa, Ignatius Feodora Ostrozhskogo, Pavla Tobolskogo, Vladimir wa Kiev, Filaret, hermits Athanasius, Anatoly, a Amoni, Mardary, Pancrazio, Sophronia . Assia, Martyrius, Lawrence, Gregory, Rufu, Dionisiyo.

Mapanga kugwira zotsalira za Saint Anthony, Prokhorov Lebednika, Ioanna Postnika, Juliana, Theodore, Basil, Polycarp, Damian, Varlaam, Erasmus, Tito, Teofilo, Ionanna, timadzi tokoma, Mark gravedigger, Alex Gregory, Sergio, Sava, Mercury, Pimen, Nestor Eustratius, Elladiya, Yeremiya, Mose, Yohane Azivutika, Onuphrius, onyenga, Grigoriya Chudotvortsa, Mateyu, Onesimo, Yesaya, Abraham, Niphon, Sylvester, Kuksha, Macarius, Pimena Postnika, Lawrence, Anatolia, Sisoi, Feofila Zatvornika, Onesiforo, Aref Alypy Simoni, Theophanes, Nikon Anastasia, Efraimu, Avraamiya Zatvornika, Agapito, Luka, Yohane mwana, Eliya, Nikon yadzuwa, Nikodemo, Spyridon, Isak, Afanasiya Zatvornika.

ansembe onse akulemekezedwa mu masiku ena a kalendala ya Julius: twente-foro ndi chitatu wa August pokumbukira Chimonko Far Mapanga, September 28 wodzipereka kwa ansembe a mapanga Near, monga Lavra woyera Olemekezedwa Lenti (kawirikawiri sabata wachiwiri).

Pali okhulupirira, amene n'kofunika kukhudza zotsalira za oyera mtima. Koma alendo ambiri ali ndi chidwi mfundo chidwi ndi moyo wa ansembe. Atsogoleri zambiri kubereka izo Oyera zotsatirazi.

• Antoniy Pechersky. Maziko Mapanga. Kuyambira ndili mwana, iye anali munthu wopembedza ndi kupatulira moyo wake ku utumiki wa Mulungu.
• Nestor ya mbiri. Seventini anyamata anatchula dikoni, mpingo wolemba. A chopereka kwambiri chinapangidwa mwa mabuku akale.
• Agapit kwaulere. Mmonke anali ndi mphatso za machiritso, iwo alibe maphunziro zachipatala. Ankachitira zinthu ndi anthu wamba ndi akalonga a ufulu.
• Ilya Muromets. Popular wakale Russian ngwazi, amene epic nthano, anakhala wansembe ndipo anaikidwa m'manda mu obisika a.
• Nikola Svyatosha. Prince, amene anakhala wansembe. Kumuyamikila ndi kumangidwa ndi Utatu Chipata Mpingo wa St. Nicholas, St. Nicholas Hospital obisika.
• Khumi Greek chiyambi omanga. maina awo sanaidziwe, koma nkhani ya umwana awo monasticism ndi wapadera. M'zaka khumi anadza mwapadera ku Byzantium kubwezeretsa Great Lavra, nditamaliza ake anakhala Chimonko.
• Barlaam. Boyarsky mwana anakhala wansembe ndipo anatenga gawo mu kuika woyamba obisika matabwa Anthony Cave. Choona chodziwika kuti pambuyo Haji ku Constantinople ndi ku Palestina, onse katundu anapatsa Lavra.
• Kuksha. Umishonale ndi kuphedwa. Umatchuka ndi mphatso ya machiritso, ndi kuchita zodabwitsa. Amitundu anali otopa ndi kuphedwa. Akuti pa tsiku la imfa yake agulupa anali mizati ya moto.
• Nikon youma. Pa nthawi ya Polovtsy analandidwa, kuzunzidwa kwa zaka zitatu. Malinga analosera anali kufika Mapanga obisika, chifukwa polovtsy anavulala miyendo yake. Komabe, woyera anakhala zosaoneka ndi anaonekera Laurel. Zozizwitsa nawo lake, si zokhazo. Pamene Patapita zaka zingapo m'phanga anabwera Polovtsian amene anazunzidwa mmonke Nikon, ine ndinamuwona iye wamoyo. Pomwepo iye ndi banja lake Chikristu.
• Yevstratii Martyr. Akubwera kuchokera m'banja lapamwamba, amene anagulitsa zonse anali nazo ndipo anakhala wansembe. Pa kuukira Polovtsian anagulitsidwa ku ukapolo. Long Ine kuzunzidwa chifukwa cha chikhulupiriro cholimba ndipo anapachikidwa pa mtanda. Mozizwitsa anakhala masiku khumi ndi asanu, ndiye anaponyedwa m'nyanja. Komabe, thupi mosadziwika anaonekera Laurel.

Mbiri ya nyengo ya Soviet

Ndi zikwi zisanu ndi ziwiri mazana eyite sikisi, m'mapanga a Kiev-Pechersk Lavra ku Moscow mabishopu, wadutsa mu munda wa Metropolitan wa Kiev. Pa nthawi imene Soviet agulupa akupambana wina pambuyo udindo ena. Popeza September, naintini makumi awiri ndi chimodzi chaka cha mphamvu Chiyukireniya Soviet m'gawo la obisika a umasamutsidwa ku State Reserve. Mapangidwe m'nyumbayi wa tauni obisika inatsogolera m'mavuto a wake. Mu nthawi ya Soviet, ambiri ansembe anawomberedwa kapena kundende.

Pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse la Germany analola Chimonko moyo mu obisika, koma November anaphulitsa ndi Mfundo Cathedral wa ansembe yotchedwa Kiev-Pechersk, ndi kutenga zodzikongoletsera lapansi. Ngakhale mbiri molakwika tsopano, kuwauza alendo za kuphulika kwa n'kukhutira partisans Soviet. Mfundozi wakhala adakana, atazindikira zilipo kuphulika kujambula anapanga ndi Anazi kusangalala wake. Kenako, zoona kutsimikiziridwa ndi Germany obisika kuphulika komanso ofufuza ena ndi asayansi.

Nkhondo itatha, agulupa chinatsekedwa ndipo sadzakhalanso kupezeka kwa anthu kuti devyatsot zikwi makumi asanu ndi zaka. Kenako, kunali chipwirikiti latsopano maganizo odana ndi chipembedzo, ndipo obisika anamukwiyira yaitali kukwaniritsa udindo wa Museum kuposa Svjatina. amatsogolera zambiri amachitika maulendo a m'mapanga ndi mwasayansi anafotokoza ndi boma la zotsalira zina, koma alesera Akhristu amalambira zotsalira ndi kupempha chitetezo cha oyera.

Mozizwitsa kwa Orthodox ndi zosamvetsetseka mfundo za asayansi ndi zikamera wa machaputala atatu a Mure mtsinje pa dera la Far Mapanga obisika. Popeza akuluakulu abomawo ntchito achipembedzo m'machaputala linatulutsidwa mule. Kodi m'gulu kapangidwe kake, asayansi sanapeze mpaka tsopano, kokha anatsimikizira kuti amatanthauza zamoyo ndipo si chifukwa cha zatsopano mankhwala.

Modern Kiev-Pechersk Lavra

Photos izi ndi mtundu wapachiyambi wa mpingo sukusowa amasiyana. mphamvu Modern yekha anabwezeretsa nyumbayi kukhala lodalirika mbiri. Mu 1990, dera lonse la obisika anali m'gulu la UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Kuyambira 1992 mpaka lero svyaschennoarhimandritom Lavra ndi Metropolitan wa Kiev Vladimir Sabodan. Patangotha chaka, udindo wake, anayamba ntchito kubwezeretsa obisika a. Mu 2000, Cathedral wa Lavra Kiev-Pechersk inamangidwa ndi odzipereka.

Kuwonjezera obisika, ndi Academy Orthodox, typography, apa ndi Kiev Mapanga National Park. Mu kumtunda kwa zakezake za mlombwa. Ana ndi chikuonetseratu lopanda opindula, ndipo ena amagula tikiti kwa mtengo yophiphiritsira (zaka ziwiri zapitazo, tikiti ndalama hryvnia atatu).

Alendo akhoza kuona m'mapanga, akachisi, manda, maselo Chimonko, nsanja, malinga, zitseko, maphunziro ndi kufalitsa mabungwe, zipilala, mipingo. Mwa njira, malo boma la obisika pali kuthekera kwa ulendo pafupifupi kuti amalola kuona ndekha agulupa Kiev-Pechersk (zithunzi za malo osiyana kumawonjezera pamene kukanikiza wa cholozera a).

Laurus ndi wapadera phindu lake mbiri, tiakachisi achipembedzo, nthano zodabwitsa, zowoneka mapulani kwa anthu onse, kaya akhale a chikhulupiriro ndi mtundu. Zinkakhalira obisika walola inu kuyang'ana pa zinthu zambiri mosiyana. Akhristu ambiri amanena kuti anabwerera kuchokera kumeneko ndi anthu ena. Zozizwa ngati ili ntchito ya chikhulupiriro kapena chikumbumtima, koma m'malo wopatulika anathandiza kusintha moyo wawo.

Dormition Kiev-Pechersk Lavra: nyumba yonse

Pa obisika kwambiri a nyumba:

• belu nsanja (Lavrska The wapotalikira, proximal);
• Kachisi Chipata;
• Mpingo (Utatu Chipata Woyera Cross, Annozachatievskaya, refectory, ndi Annunciation, ndi Kuuka kwa Khristu, Mpulumutsi pa Berestove, Kubadwa kwa Yesu la Namwali Wodalitsidwa, St. Nicholas, "Moyo wopatsa Spring", "Abambo onse lolemekezeka la m'mapanga");
• kuchipatala yomanga St. Nicholas ansembe yotchedwa;
• zitsime Monahov Antoniya, Theodosius;
• Tower (Ivan Kuschnika zithunzi, Onufrievskaya, hours);
• nyumba (fraternal, chuma, ntchito yosindikiza, Kovnirovsky);
• maselo a akulu agulupa ya;
• Home abwanamkubwa;
• tambirimbiri m'mapanga;
• Wall (Debosketovskaya, mzinda);
• Chipata (Economic Community a West, South);
• Theological Academy, Seminary;
• Kiev Culture School;
• Metropolia;
• Chapel;
• Chipilala mbiri Nestor;
• Kumanda P. Stolypin.

Kuwonjezera nyumba kamangidwe ka alendo kawirikawiri chidwi zithunzi (kutamandira Cross, Bor, ndi Mfundo za Amayi a Mulungu, Nicholas Wabwino, mpulumutsi, Svenskaya Mapanga, "Cave Praise"), zotsalira za Stephen Mtumwi, wa Metropolitan Pavla Tobolskogo, Kiev makolo Vladimir ndi Filaret Mirotochivogo mutu. tiakachisi awa onse olemera Kiev-Pechersk Lavra (chithunzi mafano). Agulupa nthawi zonse tikulephera (ntchito tsiku pemphero). Kuti nthawi kuwona chirichonse, ndi bwino kupita kumeneko m'mawa.