Kazimir Valishevsky ndi ntchito zake zabwino

mabuku Ake pa zikhomo zosiyanasiyana mbiri m'mbiri dziko ndi kompyuta asayansi ambiri amene amakhulupirira kuti wolemba unayeneradi bwino kukhala pa ndime ndi ofufuza ngati wotchuka Vasily Tatishchev, Nikolai Karamzin ndi Vasily Klyuchevskii. Sam Lev Tolstoy kamodzi chikuzika chuma, zomwe popereka Pole. Kenako analemba: "Casimir Valishevsky unobtrusive chikunena akhoza momveka bwino kusonyeza chinthu chofunika."

mwanjira ina, koma m'mabuku ake zina amazembera subjectivity, kotero maganizo a mlendo zina zochitika za m'mbuyomu nthawi zina kupeza mogwirizana ndi yankho ku moyo wa anthu Russian. Kotero ndi ndani iye, Casimir Valishevsky? Ndipo chifukwa buku lake kwambiri riveted chidwi owerenga kulowerera mbiri ya dziko? Taganizirani funso ili mwatsatanetsatane.

Zaka ubwana ndi unyamata

Kazimir Feliksovich Valishevsky ndi Pole mwa kubadwa. Iye anabadwa November 19, 1849 m'mudzi wa Gole (Kuyavian-Pomeranian Poland).

Uyambike koyamba Casimir olembedwa Warsaw zolimbitsa thupi. Koma patapita kanthawi mnyamata anakakamizika kupitiriza maphunziro awo ku sukulu Akatolika, yomwe inali mu France. Kukula, Kazimir Valishevsky anachita chidwi m'chilamulo ndipo patapita maphunziro a Sukulu ya Chilamulo Paris, pamene iye anali kupereka mlingo wa Doctor wa Chilamulo. Ataphunzira mnyamatayo ankachita nawo kuphunzitsa sukulu Kraków.

munda wa utolankhani

Popeza m'ma 80s wa atumwi 19 Kazimir Valishevsky kwambiri nthawi mu France. Iye anali kwa zaka zingapo chinkhoswe mu kulemba ntchito, imene imakhudza mavuto apakhungu a ndale, malamulo ndi zachuma. Part mabuku ake monga "Poland ndi Europe mu theka 2 zaka za m'ma 18." Ngakhale kusinthika mu Russian.

Books za umunthu otchuka akale Russia

Posachedwapa, dokotala wa jurisprudence ku Poland anachita chidwi mu Russia mbiri nyengo ya zaka mazana 17-19.

Iye analemba mndandanda wa ntchito za mafumu amene "mokhulupirika" ankatumikira Mama wathu. Mu imodzi mwa nkhani mwatsatanetsatane publicist analemba za asapita kovuta yachilendo pakati Russia ndi Poland, yomwe yapangidwa nthawi ya Time ya Mavuto. Apa zoona, kuposa wotchuka Kazimir Valishevsky, amene mabuku mu ankafuna kwambiri osati dziko lathu komanso kunja. ntchito zake si wosiyana ndi mfundo zenizeni za m'mbuyomu, publicist "kufoshola" yachokera boma Vienna, London, Berlin, ndipo, ndithudi, St. Petersburg.

Tiyeni tione zili ntchito wotchuka kwambiri wa wolemba Polish amene ali pa zaka makumi atatu a moyo anakhala mu kuphunzira Russian sayansi mbiri.

"Chimodzi Roma Mfumukazi. Ekaterina Velikaya "

ntchito imeneyi wazambiriyakale Polish anatuluka mu 1892. Kale dzina zikusonyeza zikuonekeratu zimene chinthu phunziro anasankha Casimir Valishevsky. "Roma Mfumukazi" - Ndipotu, kukwaniritsidwa kwa mndandanda, ngakhale kuti ku mawonedwe a mbiri Buku loyamba kulembedwa. Kodi wolemba anayesera kulongosola mwatsatanetsatane za Zopatsa onse amorous wa Catherine II?

Ayi, ntchito si za izo. lingaliro Aika - kutsindika mmene kudzipereka kwambiri ndi m'chigawo cha Germany cha Russia anagwa mchikondi, ndipo anakwera wachifumu, wachita bwino kwambiri kuti alemere ake ndi ubwino. Koma buku ili mfundo wolemba maganizo pa chizindikiro cha Mfumukazi, amene ankasonyeza kuti owerenga ndi Kazimir Valishevsky. Ekaterina Velikaya mu maso ake - ndi waulesi, nthawi zina anamwazikana ndi bwino wophunzira aliyense. Koma udindo uwu zotengera malingaliridwe a Pole.

"Petr Veliky"

Ntchito imeneyi inatuluka mu 1897. zili Kodi kuika mu izo Valishevsky Casimir? "Petr Veliky" - buku limene wolemba asamabisanso kusirira, ngati sichoncho, ndiye kukumana nkhani za woyamba Russian mfumu. Iye akumupatsa iye mndandanda wa adjectives amanyansidwa: wolimba, mwano, akuchedwa, kupupuluma ... Casimir F. limatitsimikizira kuti mfumu ali ndi mphamvu ndi ubale ndi anthu ake. Tsar Petulo elaŵila amasamala ndi kuteteza izo. wolemba imakhumbira kusintha kwa Mfumu m'zochitika usilikali, ndipo poyera akulengeza kuti anatha kulenga amphamvu kwambiri ndi zapamwamba kuyambira Russia ndi banjalo.

Komabe, wolemba mbiri Polish, kachiwiri kusonyeza subjectivism, amazitsutsa mlandu bulu wa mfumu. Malinga ndi iye, zombo - ndi zosafunika, ndipo ndi okwera mtengo kwambiri choncho ndalama zosafunika kwa Zachuma ...

"Ivan Grozny"

Ntchito imeneyi inabwera kuchokera cholembera cha wolemba mu 1904. Amafotokoza Casimir Valishevsky? "Ivan Grozny" - buku limene wokhutira ndi osiyana maganizo a oprichnina lothandiza, anapanga mbiri yakale m'deralo. chakuti takhala kale ntchito amayang'anitsitsa mfumu ya zochitika zake mkati mu boma, ndipo ndiye yekha kulabadira ubwino wa mfundo yachilendo ya wolamulirayo. Casimir F. anasintha zinthu zofunika wake ndi linafotokoza za Ivan IV mwa mawu a mphamvu ya kumanga asapita zamtendere ndi madera a "mayiko ena". Izi, makamaka, abwera ku Lithuania ndi Poland kwawo. N'zoona kuti Waliszewski zinthu mfundo mkati, koma ndi sekondale. Kulakwika ndi udindo mbiri yakale Russian akuwonetseredwa mu mapangidwe ndi umunthu wa Ivana Groznogo, umene unali mu sayansi zoweta mwamphamvu mizu udindo wa wolamulira wankhanza, wakupha ndi woipa amene amabweretsa.

Casimir F. mu ziwerengero ndi modekha ndi amachitira dzina Grozny monga "akulemekezedwa" ndi "wolemekezeka". Komanso, wolemba akutamanda kusintha kuti anayamba mfumu.

"Nthawi ya Mavuto"

Ntchito imeneyi anali kupezeka kwa kuwerenga mu 1911. Ndikufuna kunena buku limeneli Kazimir Valishevsky. "Nthawi ya Mavuto" - buku ngati kupitiriza ntchito zikuluzikulu za mtolankhani Polish, yakuti "The Origin of Modern Russia". The masamba loyamba "Nthawi ya Mavuto" amadzipereka kuti adziwe za mmodzi wa mbewu Ivana Groznogo - Fedora Ioanovicha, amene anakulira chikhalidwe cha mantha ndi kuopa. Bwino wolemba anapeza kuti nkhani za zochitika za m'ma 17, pamene mapu andale a kum'mawa kwa Ulaya kunali kovuta kwambiri kwa mitundu ya chikoka. Ngakhale Poland wakhala boma amphamvu ndi gulu lankhondo lamphamvu. Koma mu Russia sanadza bwino za nthawi. "Zoopsa," mfumu akufa, Mphamvu mu dziko ankadutsa mwana wa Ivan IV, lomwe Ndipotu kunapezeka kuti wolamulira ofooka. Oprichnina ndi Livonia nkhondo anali kumatikumbutsabe kwambiri za mavuto umoyo ndi zachuma. Panali kukula kusakhutira ambiri.

Casimir F. limafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane nkhani zandale osauka Russia ndi Poland. Iye ananena za chakuti Smoot amadza chosiyana pa moyo tsogolo la Russia ndi Zitsulo. Valishevsky ntchito "mwamphamvu zolembalemba makhalidwe", yowala ndi zokongola amadziwika zovuta ndi zovuta nthawi ya mbiri ya dziko kumene kunachitika m'zaka za m'ma 17.

Lounikira ntchito zake

M'makina Russia, kumene, osati amakakamizidwa kudikira nthawi yaitali chifukwa cha ndemanga za ntchito za mbiri Polish ndi publicist, amene buku lake lomaliza, lofalitsidwa mu Paris mu 1925, odzipatulira kwa Mfumu Alexander I.

Komanso, ndemanga za ntchito yake akhala zabwino ndi zoipa. Ndipo Casimir F. ankatsatira ziwerengero, amene anapereka owerenga mabukuwa. Iye analemba kuti: "Ngakhale kuti maganizo ambiri pa ntchito yanga condescendingly, Ndimakumbukirabe kuona kuti nkhani yanga nthawi zina zakale Russia chikwiyire ena kutsutsana mwa anthu a. Ndi chakuti anthu ena akundinenezazi wa klevetnichestve m'mbuyomu, kodi si kundisokoneza. "

Mtolankhani Polish mbiri, anafa Paris mu 1935.

Kufalitsa mabuku Waliszewski mu Russia inayamba mu 1905 ndipo mpaka First World nkhondo. Izo zinali kokha mu mochedwa 80 ntchentche Mu zaka zapitazo resurfaced chidwi owerenga ndi m'ntchito zake.