Japan Makampani: Makampani ndi chitukuko

Japan (Nihon kapena Nippon) - mmodzi wa kutsogolera mphamvu zachuma. Ndi mmodzi wa atsogoleri, pamodzi ndi US ndi China. Chimachititsa 70% ya mankhwala okwana Asia East.

makampani Japanese wafika mkulu mlingo wa chitukuko, makamaka muzochitika za sayansi ndi maphunziro. Mwa atsogoleri a zachuma - kampani "Toyota Motors", "Sony Corporation", "Fujitsu", "Honda Motors", "Toshiba" ndi ena.

zikuchitika

Japan ndi osauka zachilengedwe - ndi zofunika kokha miyala ya malasha, mkuwa ndi mtovu-nthaka ores. M'zaka zaposachedwapa lilinso apakhungu chithandizo cha chuma nyanja - ureniamu m'zigawo zochokera m'madzi, kupanga tinatake tozungulira manganese.

Kumbali ya zachuma ku nusu la Japan chimachititsa pafupifupi 12% ya makope onse. Tonga Japanese mafakitale - akakhala ndi sanali akakhala zitsulo, makina zomanga (makamaka magalimoto, Makina ndi zamagetsi), mankhwala ndi gawo chakudya.

mafakitale magawidwe

Mwa boma, pali zigawo zitatu:

• Tokyo-Yokohama, womwenso Keihin, East Japan, Tokyo prefecture, Kanagawa, chotchedwa Kanto dera.
• Nagoya ndi zolembedwa bale wina.
• Osaka-Kobsky (Han-xing).

Kuwonjezera pa pamwamba, pali madera komanso ang'onoang'ono:

• Kumpoto Kyushu (Kita-Kyushu).
• Chotchedwa Kanto.
• District East Nyanja Industrial (Tokai).
• Tokyo-Tibsky (Izi zikuphatikizapo e-Kay, kum'mawa Japan, ndi chotchedwa Kanto ndi dera Chiba Prefecture).
• Mkati-Japan Nyanja Area (setonaikai National Park).
• Industrial chigawo cha m'mayiko kumpoto (Hokuriku).
• Kasimsky m'dera (pano ali chomwecho East Japan, Kashima, Ibaraki Prefecture ndi dera chotchedwa Kanto).

Oposa 50% ya ndalama mafakitale opanga chifukwa cha madera a Tokyo Yokohama, Osaka, Kobe ndi Nagoya, komanso mudzi wa Kitakyushu kumpoto kwa chilumba cha Kyushu.

The achangu ndi khola mchitidwe msika mu dziko lino mokomera mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono ndi sing'anga-kakulidwe. M'dera ili kuti 99% ya makampani onse Japanese. Komabe, izi siziri choncho ndi makampani nsalu. Kuwala makampani ku Japan (a chinthu kutsogolera amene akutchulidwa makampani) zachokera lalikulu, maofesi okonzeka.

agribusiness

M'mayiko ulimi zatenga dziko pafupifupi 13% ya m'gawo lake. Hafu ya mayiko amenewa - minda ntchito kulima mpunga jellied. Pakati pake penipeni, ulimi apa mitundumitundu, ndipo kwambiri ulimi ndipo mwapadera, kulima mpunga, luso mbewu, dzinthu ndi tiyi.

Koma si onse, akhoza kudzitama wa Japan. Makampani ndi ulimi mu dziko ndi mwachangu anayamba ndipo mothandizidwa ndi Boma, kuwapatsa kwambiri chidwi ndi ndalama zambiri pakuika chitukuko. A mbali yofunika amadziwikanso ankaimba horticulture, sericulture, ulimi nyama, nkhalango ndi nsomba m'madzi.

Kwambiri pa gawo la ulimi chimakwirira mkuyu. Masamba kukula kupangika makamaka mu dela la mzinda, pansi kuchotsedwa kota ya zaulimi. M'dera otsala ali wotanganidwa ndi mbewu mafakitale mbewu chakudya ndi mitengo mabulosi.

25 miliyoni mahekitala aphimbidwa ndi nkhalango, nthawi zambiri, eni alimi. eni Small a zigawo za 1 ha. Mwa eni zikuluzikulu - mamembala a ufumu banja, mchitidwe umenewu ndi akachisi.

ng'ombe kuswana

Ziweto dzuwa likutuluka chinayamba mwachangu pokhapokha Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World. Iye ali mbali imodzi - mu zachokera kunja, kunja chakudya (chimanga). Eni chuma Japanese ndi kupezera osaposa lachitatu la zosowa.

pakati ziweto akutumikira za. Hokkaido. M'madera kumpoto kwa nkhumba ake. Nthawi zambiri, ziweto ng'ombe ukufika mamiliyoni 5, pafupifupi theka la iwo - ng'ombe za mkaka.

usodzi

Nyanja - wina wa ubwino mungasangalale Japan. Makampani ndi ulimi analandira kuchokera pachilumba dziko la malo ubwino angapo: ndi njira zina yobereka katundu, ndi kuthandiza gawo zokopa alendo, ndi zakudya zosiyanasiyana.

Komabe, ngakhale pa nyanja, dziko lili zoitanitsa wambiri zina mankhwala (malinga ndi malamulo adziko lonse lapansi, m'zigawo za moyo m'madzi amaloledwa yekha mmalire a madzi Kupititsa).

Zinthu zazikulu za zida protrude hering'i, nsomba ya taboti, m'nyanja zikuluzikulu, nsomba, nsomba yam'nyanja yamchere, saury, etc. Pafupifupi gawo limodzi la nsomba kupereka madzi pafupi ndi cisumbu ca Hokkaido. Japan wathunso mbali ndi zomwe wa ganizo la makono sayansi: apa mwachangu osauka aquaculture (otukuka ngale, nsomba mu mathamandawa ndi minda mpunga).

zoyendera

Mu 1924, paki magalimoto m'dzikoli okha 17,9 zikwi. Mayunitsi. Pa nthawi yomweyo panali chidwi chiwerengero cha njinga, njinga ndi ngolo zomwe zinali kusunthira chifukwa ng'ombe kapena akavalo.

zaka 20 pambuyo pake, kuwonjezeka kwa magalimoto, makamaka chifukwa zosowa wa asilikali kukula. Mu 1941 dziko opangidwa magalimoto 46.706, amene yekha 1065 - anthu.

Magalimoto makampani ku Japan anayamba pokhapokha Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World, amene anali ngati kutsogolera kwa Korea. zinthu zambiri zabwino operekedwa ndi America kuti makampani kuti anatengedwa kukwaniritsidwa kwa malamulo a asilikali.

Mu theka lachiwiri la 50s wakula kwambiri ndipo kufunika kwa magalimoto anthu. Pofika mu 1980, Japan anam'pezanso US nakhala dziko lalikulu amagulitsa. Mu 2008, dziko lino wakhala anazindikira mwa automaker padziko lonse lapansi.

shipbuilding

Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa makampani akutsogolera amene amagwiritsa ntchito zoposa 400 zikwi. Man, kulingalira ntchito mwachindunji m'mafakitale ndi makampani wocheperapo.

maofesi alipo kulola kumanga zotengera za mitundu yonse ndi malo, ndi mochuluka monga 8 doko tinapangidwa kumasula supertankers ndi kusamuka kwa tonnes 400 zikwi.. Ntchito ya cigawo Kutsata ASKYA, womwenso 75 makampani dziko shipbuilding, mu okwana limapanga 80% zombo zonse za buku opangidwa ku Japan.

Development wa makampani Japanese m'dera limeneli linayamba Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World, pamene anayamba kuchita zinthu pulogalamu anakonza shipbuilding mu 1947. Malinga ndi izo kampani ochokera ku boma bwino kwambiri kuwathandiza ngongole imene chaka, ndi kuwonjezeka mu bajeti kukula.

Ndi 1972, 28-I pulogalamu m'gulu (ndi thandizo la boma) kumanga ngalawa, okwana 3304 zikwi. Grt. Mavuto mafuta kuchepetsa lonse Komabe, anaika pulogalamu pambuyo pa nkhondo anatumikira monga maziko khola ndi bwino kukula kwa mafakitale.

Pofika kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2011 dongosolo bukhu Japanese anali 61 miliyoni dwt. (36 miliyoni grt.). The pamsika wakhala khola pa 17% ndi deadweight, ndi zambiri malamulo a onyamula chochuluka (zombo apadera yonyamula katundu zoyendera katundu mtundu monga tirigu, simenti, malasha chochuluka) ndi kutsikira - chifukwa mathanki.

Pa nthawi, nambala wani pomanga zombo dziko, ngakhale mpikisano lalikulu kwa makampani Korea, akadali Japan. Specialization wa makampani ndi thandizo la boma analenga chimango zothandiza makampani chachikulu wolimba ngakhale imeneyi.

zitsulo

Dziko zina ochepa, choncho anayamba njira ya chitukuko cha zovuta zitsulo, umalimbana mphamvu ndi kupulumutsiramo gwero. njira nzeru ndi umisiri kulola mabizinezi oposa wachitatu mowa m'munsi mphamvu, ndi luso ntchito onse pa mlingo kampani, ndipo makampani lonse.

Zitsulo, komanso ena makampani specialization Makampani a Japan, walandira chitukuko yogwira nkhondo itatha. Komabe, ngati limati ena asankha kuti modernize ndi zosinthika luso kale ali, boma la dziko uwu wapita njira zina. Kuyesetsa chachikulu (ndi ndalama) analengedwa kuti azitha ndi ogwira ntchito luso zapamwamba kwambiri pa nthawiyo.

Kukula mofulumira makampani zinachitika kwa zaka makumi awiri ndi anafika pachimake mu 1973, 17,27% ya okwana kupanga dziko zitsulo anagwa Japan wina. Ndipo mawu a khalidwe likunena kukhala mtsogoleri. Polimbikitsidwa ndi izo Inter zina zotere, imports zipangizo zitsulo zopangira. Patapita chaka anapulumutsa matani oposa 600 miliyoni a coke ndi tonnes miliyoni 110 katundu chitsulo miyala.

Ndi 90s m'ma, Chinese ndi Korea zitsulo mphero kupikisana ndi Japanese, ndi dziko anayamba kutaya udindo wake kutsogolera. Mu 2011, zinthu wakhala anakula chifukwa cha masoka achilengedwe ndi tsoka pa "Fukushima-1", koma malinga ndi ziwerengero pafupifupi kuchepetsa okwana mu mlingo wa linanena bungwe si upambana 2%.

Mankhwala ndi Petrochemical Makampani

Mankhwala makampani ku Japan mu 2012 umatulutsa mankhwala pa yen thililiyoni 40,14. Dziko ndi mmodzi wa atsogoleri dziko atatu molumikizana ndi United States ndi China, ndi za 5.5 zikwi. Companies kuti cholinga chake ndiponso kupereka ntchito 880 zikwi. Man.

Mwa makampani a dziko ndi wachiwiri kukula (cholowa - 14% ya okwana a) yokha luso lopanga. Boma lili kukhazikitsa monga mwa malo kiyi powasamalira kwambiri chitukuko cha wochezeka, energy- ndi umisiri gwero kupulumutsa anthu.

mankhwala chopangidwa amagulitsidwa Japan ndipo zimagulitsidwa: 75% - mu Asia, za 10,2% - mu EU, 9,8% - mu North America, etc. Maziko katundu - labala, amapereka zithunzi chimasanduka onunkhira, organic ndi zochita kupanga mankhwala, etc.

M'dziko la Japan komanso imports mankhwala (buku kunja mu 2012 analipo pafupifupi thililiyoni 6.1 yen), makamaka EU, Asia ndi USA.

Japan Chemical Makampani mtsogoleri kupanga zipangizo makampani zamagetsi, makamaka, 70% ya dziko msika wa malonda michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi, ndi 65% - kusonyezedwa madzi Krustalo, wa magulu a dziko lino chilumba.

Zinthu zamakono kwambiri chidwi linaperekedwa kwa chitukuko ndi kupanga zipangizo mpweya CHIKWANGWANI gulu la mafakitale nyukiliya ndi ndege.

zamagetsi

chidwi linaperekedwa kwa kukula kwa mfundo ndi kutumiza mauthenga gawo. Paudindo "makampani waukulu sitima" ndi atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena chithunzi kufala luso, Makina, Optics CHIKWANGWANI ndi opanda zingwe Intaneti m'badwo wotsatira, Intaneti wanzeru "mtambo kompyuta."

Scale zomangamanga amakumana ndi Japan, China ndi US ndi pakati pamwamba atatu. Mu 2012, chiwerengero cha Intaneti m'dziko anafika 80% ya chonse cha anthu. Mphamvu ndi ndalama allocated kwa chilengedwe cha yopanga, kukula kwa imayenera machitidwe kasamalidwe mphamvu ndi umisiri mphamvu yopulumutsa.

energetics

Pafupifupi 80% ya kufunika mphamvu Japan ankayenera kuti akamagwira imports lapansi. Poyamba, ntchito imeneyi ankaimba ndi mafuta, makamaka mafuta ku Middle East. Pofuna kuchepetsa kudalira amapereka Dziko la Kutuluka Sun watenga zingapo zoyezera, makamaka pankhani ya "atomu mtendere".

mapulogalamu Research m'munda wa mphamvu nyukiliya, Japan linayamba mu 1954. Pakhala malamulo angapo ndi mabungwe anakhazikitsa cholinga kukwaniritsa zolinga boma m'dera limeneli. Woyamba malonda riyakitala nyukiliya yakhala kunja ku UK, anayamba kugwira ntchito yake mu 1966.

Patapita zaka zochepa ndi zofunikira za dziko anagula kwa America ndi zojambula pamodzi ndi makampani m'dera amanga pa iwo zinthu. Japanese kampani Toshiba Co., Ltd., Hitachi Co., Ltd. ndipo ena anayamba kupanga ndi kumanga kuwala madzi mathanki okha.

Mu 1975, chifukwa mavuto ndi kupezeka okwerera kusintha pulogalamu unayambitsidwa. Malinga ndi izo makampani nyukiliya ku Japan mu 1985 ankayenera kudutsamo magawo atatu: choyamba awiri kumaphatikizapo kusintha nyumba alipo pofuna kupititsa patsogolo ntchito yawo ndi kukonzanso, ndi chachitatu chofunika kuonjezera mphamvu ku 1300-1400 MW ndi kusintha ofunika fakitaleyo.

mfundo amenewa kwachititsa chakuti mu 2011 Japan anali 53 opaleshoni mathanki, yomwe oposa 30% ya zofuna magetsi dziko.

Pambuyo "Fukushima"

Mu 2011, makampani mphamvu Japan walandira nkhonya kwambiri. Chifukwa, chivomezi champhamvu mu mbiri ya dziko ndi zotsatira madzi osefukira pa nyukiliya magetsi "Fukushima-1" ngoziyi inkachitika. Pambuyo kutayikira zinachitika ndiye lalikulu nyukiliya zinthu akhala zakhudzana 3% ya dziko, anthu ozungulira siteshoni (pafupifupi 80 chikwi. Pers.) Anasanduka atsamunda.

wokhudza nkhaniyi amakakamizidwa m'mayiko ambiri kuganizira mmene alandiridwa komanso otetezeka ntchito maatomu.

Mkati Japan, kunali chipwirikiti kumusonyeza ndi zofuna kusiya mphamvu nyukiliya. Pomafika m'chaka cha 2012, ambiri a malo a dziko anadulidwa. Japan ndi mbali mafakitale zisakuyenda zikugwirizanira chiganizo chimodzi: "dziko Izi kuyesetsa kukhala" wobiriwira "."

Tsopano kwenikweni salinso amagwiritsa atomu, ambiri zina - gasi. chidwi amadziwikanso linaperekedwa kwa mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa: dzuwa, madzi ndi mphepo.