HDD: mfundo ntchito ndi makhalidwe waukulu

abulusa zovuta, kapena, ngati iwo amatchedwa, abulusa mwakhama ndi chimodzi mwa zigawo zikuluzikulu zofunika kwambiri a dongosolo kompyuta. Pafupifupi aliyense amadziwa izo. Koma uwu si wosuta ano ngakhale mfundo zopeka za mmene pagalimoto mwakhama. Mfundo opareshoni, ambiri, chifukwa kumvetsa zinthu wosavuta, koma pali ena mokoma, zomwe zina ayankhidwa.

Mafunso kopita ndi gulu la abulusa mwakhama?

Funso la kopita, ndithudi, losafuna. Aliyense, ngakhale kwambiri kulowa-mlingo, yomweyo anayankha kuti chosungira (amatchedwanso litayamba yovuta, Aka Mwakhama Drive kapena HDD) yomweyo anayankha kuti ntchito kusunga malangizo.

Ambiri, woona. Musaiwale kuti pa galimoto yovuta, kupatulapo opaleshoni dongosolo ndi owona wosuta analengedwa ndi kumabungwe opaleshoni dongosolo jombo, chifukwa chimene iye adzayamba, komanso ena zizindikiro zomwe litayamba akhoza kupeza mwachangu mfundo ankafuna.

zitsanzo Current zosiyanasiyana ndithu: wamba HDD, abulusa kunja zovuta, mkulu-liwiro olimba boma SSD abulusa Ngakhale kuti zimachitika abulusa mwakhama ndiponso sakuvomereza. Ndi zina akufuna kuti tikambirane chipangizo ndi HDD ntchito mfundo ngati si zonse ndiye osachepera mu izi, izo zinali zokwanira kwa mokwana za terminology zikuluzikulu ndi njira.

Chonde dziwani kuti pali gulu lapadera la HDD lero pa muyezo mfundo zina zazikulu, lomwe ndi zotsatirazi:

• njira kusunga;
• mtundu atolankani;
• njira yokonza wodziwa zambiri.

N'chifukwa chiyani chosungira amatchedwa chosungira?

Masiku ano, anthu ambiri akuganiza chifukwa abulusa zolimba wotchedwa mbale molimba ndiwe wa manja yaing'ono. Zingatanthauze kuti pangakhale kufanana pakati pa zipangizo awiri?

Mawu akuti anaonekera mpaka kumbuyo 1973, msika adaonekera koyamba mu dziko HDD, yomanga imene inali zipinda ziwiri zosiyana mu chidebe airtight. Mphamvu iliyonse chipinda anali 30 MB, nchifukwa chake akatswiri ndawapatsa malamulo dzina la chimbale "30-30", limene linali kwathunthu mu nyimbo ndi mtundu wotchuka pa nthawi mfuti "Winchester, 30-30". Komabe, mu oyambirira 90s mu America ndi ku Ulaya ndi dzina la pafupifupi chatuluka mwa ntchito, koma ndi otchuka mu malo pambuyo Soviet.

The chipangizo ndi HDD ntchito mfundo

Koma ife digress. HDD ntchito mfundo akhoza zakambidwa mwachidule ngati ndondomeko kuwerenga kapena kulemba. Koma zimenezi zimachitika bwanji? Pofuna kumvetsa ntchito chimbale maginito zovuta, choyamba muyenera kudziwa momwe ntchito.

Kuyendetsa molimba pawokha ndi ya mbale, chiwerengero cha zomwe zingasiyane anayi ndi inayi cholukanalukana ndi kutsinde (chitsulo chogwira matayala), kutchedwa spindle. Mbale anayikidwa limodzi pamwamba pa ena. Nthawi zambiri, nkhani kwa kupanga zawo zotayidwa, mkuwa, ziwiya zadothi, galasi ndi zina zotero. D. Anadzipereka kwa mbale ndi yapadera maginito ❖ kuyanika zakuthupi wotchedwa mbale, zochokera okusayidi Popanga madzi a gamma ferrite, okusayidi chromium, barium ferrite ndi T. D . Aliyense mbale makulidwe a 2 mm.

Kujambula ndi kuwerenga zambiri kulingana zozungulira mutu (aliyense mbale) ndi mbale ndi ntchito pamalo onse. Pa kasinthasintha spindle, liwiro zimenezi kuyambira 3600 mpaka 7200 Chiv. / Min, zokwawa mitu limafanana Motors awiri magetsi.

Mu nkhani iyi, mfundo ya litayamba kompyuta mwakhama kuti mudziwe za wolembedwa si kulikonse, koma mu malo mosamalitsa ananenera, wotchedwa Boma, yomwe ili m'njira concentric kapena mayendedwe. Kuti asasokonezeke, kutsatira malamulo yunifolomu. Pali view kuti makhalidwe abulusa molimbika mawu a dongosolo lawo zomveka, konsekonse. Mwachitsanzo, kukula kwa gawo limodzi, kwa muyezo logwirizana anatengera lonse, ndi 512 mabayiti. Boma anawagawa masango, amene ali mbali ya angapo kumabungwe ndi amnzawo. Makamaka litayamba zovuta za mfundo opaleshoni chikutanthauza kuti nzeru zambiri ndi anangopanga masango lonse (inteja Boma unyolo).

Koma kodi kuwerenga imfomeshoni yomwe mukufuna? kuyendetsa ntchito: chimbale molimba motere: Kugwiritsa ntchito yapadera bulaketi kuwerenga mutu mu zozungulira (helical) malangizo chimachititsa kuti njira anakhumba ndi pa iwonso ali pabwino pa gawo anapatsidwa, atsogoleri onse ikhoza kusunthidwa imodzi powerenga mfundo zofanana osati kuchokera mayendedwe osiyana koma ndi zimbale osiyana (yopyapyala). mayendedwe onse ndi manambala chomwecho ordinal amatchedwa zonenepa.

N'zotheka kusankha wina mfundo opaleshoni ya litayamba zolimba: kuwerenga mutu pafupi pamwamba maginito (koma musaukhudze), ndi apamwamba a kujambula osalimba.

Kodi kulemba ndi kuwerenga zambiri?

abulusa zovuta, kapena abulusa mwakhama, choncho aitanidwa maginito kuti ntchito malamulo a nyese sayansi, kukonza ndi Faraday ndipo Maxwell.

Monga tanenera kale, mbale wa nemagnitochuvstvitelnogo zinthu maginito ❖ kuyanika likugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa makulidwe a micrometers ochepa. Ntchito, ndi maginito ndi otchedwa dongosolo ankalamulira.

A ankalamulira maginito ndi mosamalitsa njanjira maginito dera malire ferroalloy. Komanso HDD ntchito mfundo akhoza mwachidule motere: likhoza minda kunja maginito, yoyenera pagalimoto munda amayamba kutsogoleredwa ndendende pamodzi mizere maginito ndipo pa kuthetsedwa kwa zimakhudza zimbale kuoneka zone remanence imene mudziwe kusungidwa kale munali m'munda waukulu .

Kwa chilengedwe cha minda kunja ndi udindo kujambula kuwerenga mutu, ndi kuwerenga zone remanence, moyang'anizana ndi mutu amalenga mphamvu electromotive kapena EMF. Ndiye zonse ndi losavuta: kusintha EMF limafanana bayinare wina, ndipo sanamwe kapena kutha - ziro. Nthawi amasintha EMF otchedwa pang'ono selo.

Komanso kampasi padziko tiganizira mwangwiro Informatics zikhoza kugwirizana, monga ngati mfundo ndondomeko deta Akamva. Komabe, popeza malo mfundo zimenezi ndi zosatheka molondola kuwerengera, pa galimoto mukufuna kukhazikitsa mtundu wa chizindikiro chisanadze mwachindunji kuti anathandiza chimatanthauza malo ankafuna. Chilengedwe cha zolemba amenewa amatchedwa masanjidwe (ziri kugawanika litayamba mu mayendedwe ndi Boma, clustered).

Kapangidwe zomveka mfundo opaleshoni ya galimoto yovuta, mawu a masanjidwe

Pankhani mabungwe zomveka HDD pano mu malo oyamba pali masanjidwe, imene pali mitundu ikuluikulu iwiri: otsika mlingo (thupi) ndi mkulu mlingo (mfundo). Popanda zimenezi, kubweretsa galimoto iliyonse zovuta boma ntchito sangalankhule. Kuti mudziwe mmene initialize watsopano galimoto zovuta, tikambirana payokha.

Low mlingo masanjidwe amafuna zotsatira thupi padziko HDD, imene zigawo zili pamodzi m'mabande a. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti mfundo ya galimoto mwakhama ndi chotero kuti aliyense gawo walenga yake yapadera adiresi, womwenso nambala gawo kwambiri, younikira chiwerengero, pa lomwe lili ndi chiwerengero mbale. Choncho, gulu la mwachindunji mwayi kukumbukira yemweyo akulankhula mwachindunji ku adiresi apatsidwa, osati kufunafuna mfundo yoyenera kudutsa pamwamba, chifukwa chimene liwiro la zimatheka (ngakhale sali zofunika kwambiri). Onani kuti pamene masanjidwe otsika mlingo ndi achotsa kwathunthu mfundo zonse n'kulola kuti nthawi zambiri sangakhale.

Chinthu china - tawerenga mtundu (mu kachitidwe Windows ofotokoza ndi mtundu mwamsanga kapena Quick mtundu). Komanso njira izi zimagwira ntchito kwa chilengedwe cha partitions zomveka woimira malo ena a litayamba chachikulu zovuta kuti umagwira ntchito pa mfundo yomweyo.

Kukamba masanjidwe makamaka amakhudza dera dongosolo, chomwe ndi jombo gawo ndi kugawa tebulo (MBR jombo umboni), tebulo file Kugawilidwa kwanthaka (mafuta, NTFS, ndi zina zotero. D.) Ndipo muzu Directory (Muzu Directory).

Kungosunga zomwe tamva kumabungwe lalikulu wapangidwa mwa magawo angapo, mmene mu tsango limodzi simungakwaneko awiri zinthu zofanana (owona). Kwenikweni, chilengedwe cha kugawa zomveka, monga amalekanitsa izo kwa dongosolo kugawa chachikulu, chotero kuti mfundo kusungidwa pa izo, ngati panali zolakwika ndi zolephera kusintha kapena kuchotsa si bwanji.

Main makhalidwe HDD

Ine ndikuganiza, ambiri HDD ntchito mfundo pang'ono anamvetsa. Ife tsopano mutembenukire mbali yaikulu, omwe akutipatsa chithunzi thunzi chokwanira cha mwayi onse (kapena kuipa) wa abulusa ano zovuta.

Mfundo makhalidwe molimba litayamba ndi waukulu angakhale osiyana kwambiri. Kumvetsa zimene uli pangozi, ife kusankha magawo zofunika zomwe onse kudziwika kwa tsiku masitolo mderali:

• mphamvu (buku);
• ntchito (deta mwayi liwiro kuwerenga ndi kulemba mfundo);
• mawonekedwe (njira kugwirizana, Mtsogoleri mtundu).

mphamvu ndi chiwerengero cha zokhudza analembedwa ndi kusungidwa pa galimoto mwakhama. wa HDD makampani opanga ikukula kwambiri moti lero walowa mu ntchito mbale kwambiri mabuku a dongosolo la 2 TB kapena zambiri. Ndipo, monga zimenezi si malire.

Chiyankhulo - khalidwe kwambiri. Izo zimatengera njira chipangizo chikugwirizana ndi mavabodi, amene Mtsogoleri ntchito monga kuwerenga ndi kulemba ikuchitika, ndi zina zotero. D. The polumikizira zazikulu ambiri ankaona IDE, SATA ndi SCSI.

Mbale ndi IDE-mawonekedwe osiyana mtengo wotsika Komabe, mwa kuipa akuluakulu amatha kusiyanitsa owerengeka zipangizo imodzi chikugwirizana (pazipita anayi) ndi mtengo wochepa deta (ndipo ngakhale ndi kulimbikitsa mwachindunji kukumbukira mwayi Chotambala DMA kapena ndondomeko Chotambala Ata (mumalowedwe 2 ndi mumalowedwe 4). Ngakhale akukhulupirira ntchito zawo angadwale mlingo wa Werengani / lemba liwiro 16 MB / s, koma liwiro ndi ochepa kwambiri kuposa kwenikweni. Komanso, UDMA mode amafuna unsembe wa madalaivala wapadera, zomwe chiphunzitso, ayenera kuti aziwapatsa mavabodi lapansi.

Ndikuyankhula zomwe mfundo ya galimoto mwakhama ndi zinthu, inu simungakhoze kunyalanyaza SATA mawonekedwe, ndilo m'malo buku la IDE Ata. The ntchito njira imeneyi ndiye kuti Werengani lemba / liwiro akhoza ziwonjezeke kwa 100 MB / s ntchito mkulu-liwiro basi Fireware IEEE-1394.

Pomaliza, SCSI mawonekedwe poyerekeza ndi m'mbuyomu awiri ndiyo kugawa wapamwamba-liwiro (kuwerenga / lemba liwiro kwa 160MB / s ndipo pamwamba). Koma pali ngati abulusa molimba pafupifupi kawiri monga mtengo. Koma chiwerengero cha zipangizo yosungirako imodzi chikugwirizana kuyambira asanu ndi fifitini, kugwirizana angathe kuchitidwa popanda de A-ndimalimbikitsidwa ndiponso zimandipatsa mphamvu kompyuta, kutalika chingwe akhoza kukhala mu dongosolo la mamita 15-30. Kwenikweni, mtundu wa HDD kwakukulukulu siligwira ntchito kwa ma PC wosuta ndi maseva.

Magwiridwe amakhala kufala liwiro ndi matulukidwe a Ine / O mphamvu, zambiri zimaonekera HIV nthawi ndi kuchuluka kwa deta opatsirana mu mndandanda, ndipo chimaoneka mu MB / s.

Ena options zina

Ndikuyankhula zomwe ndi zovuta litayamba ntchito mfundo zomwe magawo bwanji ntchito yake, simungathe kuzipewa, ndi zina zina, zomwe zingakhudze ntchito kapena moyo chipangizo.

Apa, mu malo oyamba ndi liwiro kasinthasintha, lomwe likukhudza kufufuza ndi initialization nthawi (kuzindikira) wa gawo wolakalakika. Izi otchedwa zobisika kufufuza nthawi - imeneyi imene kufunika gawo la akutembenukira kwa Werengani mutu. Today anatsatira mfundo zingapo liwiro spindle, m'kukoma kusintha pa mphindi ndi nthawi akuchedwa milliseconds:

• 3600 - 8,33;
• 4500 - 6,67;
• 5400 - 5,56;
• 7200 - 4,17.

Iwo mophweka kuti apamwamba a liwiro, nthawi zochepa ntchito pa gawo kusaka, ndi thupi ndege - ndi Kuukira wa litayamba ku unsembe mutu mfundo anakhumba pamalo mbale.

Wina chizindikiro - ndi mkati mtokoma. M'njira lakunja ndi kochepa koma kumawonjezera ndi kusintha pang'onopang'ono kwa njanji lamkati. Choncho, yemweyo defragmentation ndondomeko woimira kayendedwe ka kambirimbiri deta m'dera yachangu ya chimbale cha - sikuti ndi kulanda njanji wamkati liwiro kuwerenga kwambiri. liwiro kunja ali ndi phindu amodzi ndipo zimadalira pa mawonekedwe ntchito.

Potsiriza, mmodzi wa mfundo zofunika kugwirizana ndi kukhalapo kwa posungira Kuyendetsa yolemetsa kapena gawo lotetezedwa. Ndipotu chosungira ntchito mawu a mfundo za gawo lotetezedwa ntchito zofanana ndi ntchito kapena pafupifupi kukumbukira. Ikuluikulu posungira kukula (128-256 KB), mothamanga kwambiri chosungira.

Zofunikira chachikulu HDD

zofunikira, zomwe nthawi zambiri ndi kuperekedwa abulusa mwakhama, osati kwambiri. Chinthu chachikulu - ndi moyo wautali ndiponso kudalirika.

Muyezo zofunikira kwambiri HDD amaona moyo wa dongosolo la zaka 5-7 ndi nthawi opaleshoni ya maola osachepera zikwi mazana asanu, koma abulusa mkulu-yotsiriza, chithunzi si maola miliyoni.

Koma kudalirika ndi udindo nchito imeneyi ya SMARTT kudziletsa mayeso, amene oyang'anira udindo wa zinthu payekha pagalimoto yovuta, pogwira polojekiti mosalekeza. Pamaziko a deta anasonkhana ikhoza kupangidwa ngakhale zilizonse zotheka maonekedwe zolakwa m'tsogolo.

Ndizosachita kunena kuti wosuta chisakhale pambali. Mwachitsanzo, pamene ntchito HDD zofunika kwambiri kusunga mulingo woyenera kutentha osiyanasiyana (0 - 50 ± 10 madigiri Celsius) kupewa zodabwitsa, zotsatira ndi kugwa chosungira, anagundidwa ndi fumbi kapena particles ina ing'onoing'ono, etc. Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, ambiri adzakhala .. chidwi kudziwa kuti yomweyo utsi particles ndi za kawiri lalikulu kuposa mtunda pakati pa Werengani mutu ndi maginito pamwamba pa galimoto yovuta, ndi tsitsi la munthu - nthawi 5-10.

Mafunso initialize dongosolo ndi kuchotsa chosungira

Tsopano mawu ochepa za zimene ayenera kumwedwa, ngati pazifukwa zina wosuta kusintha chosungira kapena kukhazikitsa dpolnitelny.

Zovuta kufotokoza ndondomeko sadzatero, ndipo kuyang'ana pa siteji chachikulu. Choyamba muyenera kugwirizana kwambiri chosungira ndi kuyang'ana mu zoikamo BIOS, ngati hardware yatsopano wapezeka, mu gawo Administration litayamba kuti initialize ndi kulenga Nsapato umboni, kulenga buku yosavuta, perekani ndi ID (kalata) ndi kuti mtundu ndi kusankha dongosolo file. Pokhapokha watsopano "wononga" ndi kwathunthu okonzekera ntchito.

Pomaliza

Ndizo zonse izo zifika mwachidule ndizosowa kugwira ntchito ndi ntchito ya abulusa ano zovuta. Mfundo ntchito kwa galimoto kunja zovuta si zofunika chifukwa pafupifupi sasiyana kuchokera ntchito HDD n'kupuma. Kusiyana kokha kokha mu njira kulumikiza yosungirako zina PC wanu kapena laputopu. Ambiri kugwirizana kudzera USB-mawonekedwe kuti chikugwirizana mwachindunji mavabodi lapansi. Pa nthawi yomweyo, ngati inu mukufuna kuonetsetsa ntchito pazipita, ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito muyezo USB 3.0 (doko mkati akuda buluu), ndithudi, malinga HDD kunja yokha umakuchirikiza.

Pamene enawo, Ine ndikuganiza kuti anthu ambiri ngakhale pang'ono, zinadziwika mmene litayamba mwakhama mtundu uliwonse. Mwina pamwamba zapatsidwa kwambiri luso zambiri, m'pamenenso ngakhale ku sukulu sayansi Inde, koma popanda kuti mumvetse kwathunthu mfundo zonse ndi njira anaika mu kupanga ndi ntchito HDD umisiri sangazindikire.