Giotto nsanja Florence

Mmodzi wa wotchuka zowoneka za Florence ndi Nsanja ya Giotto. Photos of belu nsanja ali chokongoletsedwa ndi mapositi kadi, posters, t-malaya, mugs ndi alendo ena ndi maganizo a mzinda wakale wa ku Italy. Tower wachita yofunika kwambiri pa moyo wa akale Florence. Kuyambira pachiyambi, kutumikira monga chizindikiro cha ukulu, mphamvu asilikali komanso ufulu wa mzinda. M'nkhaniyi tiona kufotokoza pomanga belu nsanja ya ngongole. Maso ndi amodzi mwa malo oyamba mu mndandanda wa adzaona ku Florence. Alendo ambiri sakudziwa komwe kuyang'ana nsanja ndi Giotto. Pakadali pano, ndi belu nsanja ya Cathedral wa Santa Maria del Fiore.

Campanile kufunika kwa Florence

Pofuna kumvetsa ntchito ya belu nsanja moyo akale a mzinda Italy, tiyenera kupanga mbiri pang'ono. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka XIII-XIV ku Italy, m'kati ndi lalikulu nkhondo yapachiweniweni pakati Guelphs ndi gibbelinami. Woyamba kulimbikitsa mtima ulamuliro wa papa, pamene yotsirizira kulimbikitsa chikoka cha mfumu. Guelph chigonjetso zinachititsa kuti ulamuliro wa Roma Curia. Nyumba nsanja gibbelinskih kubadwa anali atabisala, eni ziperekedwa kapena ku ukapolo.

Kusonyeza kutsogolo kwa ponseponse kusaka catholicity ake, boma mzinda anayamba kumanga mkulu belu nsanja ya matchalitchi Gothic. "Atatsamira" Nsanja ya Pisa - ichi ndi chimodzi mwa iwo. Florence, yomwe yakhala ankalimbana ndi Siena mu mbali ya kampeni adzakhala apamwamba, ndipo anafuna zivute zitani kumanga ku tchalitchi ake apamwamba belu nsanja. Ndipo panali nsanja ya Giotto. mzinda anaganiza kulipira mtengo kuima ndi ntchito kumangira kwambiri yapamwamba ndi moyenera, mtengo mbuye. Chikalatachi Kenako anati: "Ntchito kulemekeza mzinda, ndipo izi zikhoza kutheka pokhapokha ngati ntchitoyi kutsogozedwa ndi lopambana mbuye ... Mu dziko osati kupeza munthu wodziwa kwambiri kuposa Florence Giotto Bondone."

Ntchito yomanga nsanja

Malinga ndi malamulo a Italiya Gothic luso Cathedral, ubatizo chipinda (mobatizira) ndi belu nsanja (campanile) ankayenera kukhala osiyana Chrixitu. Only zaka ziwiri pambuyo chiyambi cha pomanga Cathedral wa Santa Maria del Fiore, mu 1298, izo anakumba dzenje chiyambi cha nsanjayo. Poyambirira, belfry kumanga pamodzi ndi aphungu analamula wamanga Arnolfo di Cambio. Komabe, mu 1302 anamwalira, ndipo pomanga belu nsanja waima monga mmene zaka makumi atatu. July 9, 1334, bishopu wa mzindawo mwakachetechete anaika mwala woyamba ndi odzipereka malo nsanja anali kuwuka. Giotto anayamba, pamene mzinda nakayimika ndi malipiro apachaka a florins zana golide - ndalama yaikulu pa nthawi. Master, amene anali ndi zaka 67, anapereka zamalamulo yapamwamba "German" chitsanzo. Iye moganizira zomwe wa mmisiri wa pa tchalitchi ndi Arnolfo di Cambio kuti campanile mogwirizana ndi nyumba polychrome mpingo. Giotto ntchito njira amatchedwa "chiaroscuro", kupanga nsanja zikuwoneka ngati utoto. Master komanso cholinga zodzikongoletsera zojambula, otchedwa mbiri. Koma nsangalabwi kuzindikira chikonzero chake analibe nthawi. Iye anafa mu 1337, pamene Giotto nsanja Florence inamangidwa kusanachitike gawo loyamba.

anapitiriza kumanga

Zingaoneke, osadandaula kwa mzinda, kuonongeka sanam'bweretsere. Mafanizo lopambana mbuye, zonse kuwerengetsera ndipo zithunzi "nkhani" wa nsangalabwi, amene ankafuna kuika pa makoma, kale adzatsekeredwa kusungidwa mu woweruza. Koma nthumwi anaganiza kuyitanidwa kupitiriza ntchito yomanga osachepera lopambana wamanga - Andrea Pisano. Izi mfiti wotchuka pomanga chipata kum'mwera kwa mobatizira. Anagwira belu nsanja mpaka 1343 ndipo anakwanitsa kumanga zotsatirazi, gawo lachiwiri. Komabe Giotto nsanja pa nthawi imeneyi anali chokongoletsedwa mkulu biforami. Pamene ena a mbuye mosamalitsa anatsatira zojambula anatsala Giotto.

Mu 1347 iye popanga lonse la Europe "imfa wakuda." Ku mliri anafa ndi Andrea Pisano. The wamanga lachitatu, Francesco Talenti, anamaliza kumanga belu nsanja. Iye nakhalanso ndi izo, monga mwa dongosolo la Giotto, mitundu itatu ya mabo komanso anasintha awo kuti asilikali pachiyambi. Komabe, kuyambira chiyambi cha ntchito yomanga m'mbuyomu kotala atumwi, ndi kalembedwe German anatuluka mafashoni. Monga pakati ndi 122-mita belu nsanja ankayenera kuti akwatire apakati hema kutalika "mikono 50". Mu 1359 Talenti mwadala anasiya lingaliro. The chojambula choyamba, amene tsopano anali mu Museum wa Siena, ndi kampeni pafupi Florence Cathedral ndi osiyana kwambiri. Koma, ngakhale kuti awiri mapulani motsatizana mwabweretsa kwambiri maganizo awo pa chilengedwe cha chilengedwe ichi zodabwitsa za luso, belu nsanja akadali limadziwika ndi dzina la "Nsanja ya Giotto."

Ali campanile

Kumangidwa kutalika mamita 84 zimavuta kuphonya. Lonse zovuta za nyumba ili pa Cathedral Square mu Florence. Uyu ndi mpingo wa Santa Maria del Fiore (yomasulira - "Dona Wathu wa Maluwa") ndi ufulu ataima belu nsanja ndi mobatizira wa San Giovanni. Atakumana ndi zipata waukulu Cathedral, ndi Tower wa Giotto ali kumanja kwa izo.

chokongoletsera kunja

Kukongola kwa belu nsanja timam'konda. Ngakhale monumentality ndi kutalika, zikuoneka zambiri monga zodzikongoletsera kuposa nyumba. Nsanja ndi zokongola, airy. Self-munali magawano ndi mkulu Gothic mazenera kupanga izo slimmer. Nsanja ya Giotto anakumana ndi mitundu itatu ya mabo: a moyera-Carrara, zobiriwira za Prato ndi Siena mu wofiira. The mipata Gothic skilfully nsalu mizati zopotoka. oyika Mose ntchito Cosmati abale enliven woyera ndi wobiriwira makoma.

Ziboliboli ndi Antiokeya-reliefs

Ndi chifukwa chokongoletsera ichi ndi wotchuka Tower wa Giotto. Ali mapanelo mfiti? Giotto wasiya kuseri zingapo zimene zikuchitika. Mwina ena mapanelo wa tiers loyamba ndi lachiwiri ndi anthu a wodula kapena ophunzira a sukulu yake. Poyamba, mbali zitatu za Giotto nsanja anali chokongoletsedwa ndi Antiokeya-ziboliboli. Patapita mapanelo analenga mbuye Luca Della Robbia. The gawo lachitatu la belfry ali chokongoletsedwa ndi zifaniziro sikisitini. Choyambirira olemba Donatello anasamukira ku nyumbayi, ndipo ndi mphepo, dzuwa ndi mvula Zolembedwa. Ena nsangalabwi "m'mbiri" zimachitika Andrea Pisano.

maganizo

Kutuluka lingaliro pachiyambi, Talenti, otsiriza wamanga wa belu nsanja, sanali kudziwa nkomwe kuti asabwezere utumiki waukulu mibadwo yambiri alendo. Chifukwa kusintha ntchitoyo Giotto nsanja Florence anali m'munsi mwa pafupifupi makumi meters, koma ali ndi nsanja yakanema. Tsopano, kuswa masitepe 414, mukhoza amasirira panorama mzinda wakale, kuganizira mwatsatanetsatane m'tchalitchi cha Brunelleschi ntchito. The staircase lonse mkati nsanja Kadulidwa ndi ambiri mazenera ndi pang'onopang'ono kugonjetsa siteji, mungasangalale kuwala ngati zingwe chokongoletsera belu nsanja.

A kulowa osakwatira campanile ndi ndalama zokwana mayuro 6. Kwambiri yopindulitsa kwambiri kugula tikiti Integrated kwa 10 Inde, kuphatikizapo kudzacheza kwa nsanja, ndi Dome, ndi mobatizira wa San Giovanni, ndi crypt wa Saint Reparata ndi owonetsera zakale mbiri.