Dionisiy (zojambula). Dionisiyo mafano. Zilandiridwenso, Wambiri

Mu zojambula yambiri ya Moscow Cathedral wa Akukwera kukopa tcheru ndi m'maganizo awo Zojambula pakhoma "Zisanu akugona Achinyamata wa Efeso", "molemekeza Amagi", "Cincino Martyrs of Sebaste", "Mulungu alemekezeke", komanso zithunzi za oyera mtima pa mpanda wa tchalitchi predaltarnoy. Ntchito zonsezi kwambiri khalidwe kuti kwaiye zojambulajambula, monga mwachimbulimbuli amatsatira Byzantine ovomerezeka amisiri. Pali kuoneka bwino burashi mfiti. Inde, frescoes analengedwa mu nthawi pamene Europe ndipo tinkagwira ntchito Raphael, Durer, Botticelli ndi Leonardo, monga luso mpingo mu Russia sanali kudziwa za Kubadwa Kwatsopano. Koma Dionisiyo nyumba zojambulajambula - mlengi wa zojambula zodabwitsa za Akukwera Cathedral mu Moscow - pambuyo onse anathawa ndi "Procrustean bedi" wa ovomerezeka. maonekedwe ake si akufa akewo ali wachisomo, ndi silhouette elongated, iwo kuuluka. Choncho, ofufuza ambiri achilendo, wotchedwa izi chizindikiro-zojambulajambula "Russian mannerist".

Chithunzicho ndi chi

Kuti timvetsetse ntchito Dionisiyo, m'pofunika kuphunzira pang'ono chi imene iye ankakhala. Universal chiyembekezo ndi imodzi mantha dziko chikale wa nthawi kuti akhadikhira Chivumbulutso. Mapeto a dziko anali kubwera, pa malonjezo a atsogoleri, mu 1492. Mu moyo andale a Russia anatenga kusintha kwakukulu. Mu 1480 iye anagonjetsedwa pa Ugra, omwe amalembedwa kugwa kwa Mongol goli. Kalonga wa Moscow anagwira dziko la Pskov, Novgorod ndi Tver. Ivan III anaganiza zopanga boma centralized. Court clerks anayamba tikuona mbadwo wa banja lachifumu la Byzantine Basileus Palaeologus ndi mfumu ya Aroma Augustus. Choncho wodzichepetsa kukula ndi ulemerero wa mipingo Moscow salinso wokhutitsidwa ndi Ivan III. Iye anayamba zikuluzikulu yomanga kutembenukira Moscow mu "Rome Chachitatu". Imeneyi, mapulani ndi amisiri anali kwambiri zikufunika kwambiri.

Dionisiyo-zojambulajambula: yonena

Mosiyana akalambula lake lalikulu, Feofana Greka ndi Andrei Rublev, mfitiyo kuphunzira bwino. Dionisiyo moyo kwambiri kapena zochepa zodziwika ofufuza za. Kumene, masiku a kubadwa ndi imfa ya mbuye m'malo yosokoneza. Akukhulupirira kuti anabadwa padziko 1440 ndipo anamwalira palibe kale kuposa 1502 ndipo palibe pasanafike zaka 1525. Iye anabadwa mu banja la layman, koma wolemera mokwanira kumtumizako kuphunzitsa luso izografnomu. Woyamba kudziwika m'nthawi mfiti - penti mu Mpingo wa Kubadwa kwa Yesu wa Virgin Pafnutyevo-Borovsky obisika. Komabe, chithunzicho achinyamata amagwira ntchito kumeneko mu zaka 1467-1477 kuyang'aniridwa ndi mphunzitsi wake, mwa mbuye Mitrofan, amene kanthu chokhudza. Mwinamwake, pamene zojambula kusonyeza ufulu wophunzira talente, kotero mu 1481 anaitanidwa kukagwira ntchito ku Moscow mu Mfundo Cathedral. Pambuyo ankapha dongosolo ili, wojambula analandira udindo boma la "preizyaschny mbuye." Dionisiyo ntchito zingapo mchitidwe kumpoto. Iye anali ndi ana atatu - Andrew, Vladimir ndi Theodosius, yotsirizira awiri anapita ku mapazi bambo wake ndipo anakhala amisiri.

ntchito Early

Monga tanenera kale, Dionisiyo mbali ya cartels kulenga Mitrofan nawo ulemerero wa Cathedral wa Kubadwa kwa Yesu wa Lady wathu Pafnutyevo-Borovsky obisika pafupi Kaluga. Ofufuza akuona ntchito izi, kupitiriza ndi chitukuko cha cholowa Andreya Rubleva. Anthu kuuluka chithunzi, wosadetsedwa, zogwirizana zikuchokera, mokondwera m'mutu ndi mitundu yowala omveka. Moscow Prince Ivan, powona frescoes "amonke Dionysios ndi Mitrofan," anapempha wamng'ono zojambula mu Moscow, ntchito pa murals wa Akukwera Cathedral. Choncho, kusuntha talente anazindikira ndi mphoto maulamuliro apamwamba.

Moscow nthawi

Pambuyo analanda dziko madera yachilendo Prince Ivan III akuyamba kumanga aang'ono kupereka kwa boma la Russia likulu kukula. Koma Mpingo wa Akukwera sipakhala: izo anamangidwira mu Pskov mapulani Krivtsov ndi Myshkin, koma, ngati ife kawiri kawiri mwambo, apamwamba zipangizo yomanga anagonjetsa, kuchititsa nditangomaliza yomanga anakomoka. Mfumu kuti alowe mapulani achilendo, ndi analemba Italy wotchuka Bolognese wamanga Fioravanti Aristotle. Iye anayamba ntchito mu 1475. Cartels komanso Dionisiyo, zimene zinaphatikizapo, kuwonjezera mbuye, ena "kavalo, tumphuka Timoteo Yarets inde", kuzindikiridwa pasadakhale 100 rubles. Pamene frescoes anali penti ndi mfumu anadza kwa boyars kuti ntchitoyo, momwe kulemba zikutanthauza ndakatulo mbiri chitsanzo, iwo "powona mnogochudnye murals, longoganizira, mofanana ndi mbiri kumwamba ...".

The iconostasis wa Dormition ansembe yotchedwa mu boma la Russia

Cooperation luso cartels kutsogoleredwa ndi Dionisiyo ndi Moscow akuluakulu sikunalekere pamenepo. Mu 1481, pa kuyitana kwa Metropolitan Bassion ojambula ayamba kugwira ntchito pa iconostasis mu tchalitchi yomweyo. Komanso frescoes wa Dionisiyo, chimagwirira ntchito pa bolodi matabwa ndi mafuta angadabwe kum'patsa mtundu mogwirizana. Koma ngati kupenta pa yonyowa pulasitala mtundu phale zikuwoneka n'zosadabwitsa wosakhwima, translucent, amatikumbutsa watercolor, ndi mafano a pogwiritsa chithunzicho ndi njira nzeru za "mtundu kuwongola" yake "mukudziwa momwe". Iye amayika chopaka wa kamvekedwe lina kuposa linzake, chifukwa fano limakhala buku, ndi lofufuma kwambiri mbali imodzi. Chipata cha guwa la nsembe zojambulajambula Dionisiyo wakwaniritsa chofunika kwambiri - Deesis. ntchito awiri - moyo wa pa metropolitans Peter ndi Alexis - zitsanzo pachimake pa ntchito yake. Mu 1482, chithunzicho komanso "kubwezeretsedwa" pa gwero moto codec XviD Byzantine chizindikiro cha Amayi a Mulungu "Hodegetria" kwa Ascension ansembe yotchedwa mu Moscow.

Ntchito kupulumuka kwa Dionisiyo ku likulu

Ngati zithunzi mfiti ali makamaka anasamutsidwa ku Mfundo Cathedral mu zisudzo zakale, ndi frescoes akhoza kuziona pa makoma a mipingo boma la Russia. Kuwuluridwa zoposa makumi awiri murals mbuye. Pakati pa "molemekeza Amagi" otchulidwa pamwambapa, "Mulungu alemekezeke" ndi ntchito zina ayenera kulabadira mural "Alexius wa Rome." Ochita kafukufuku amakhulupirira kuti chithunzi ichi ndi kudzikonda chithunzi cha chithunzicho. Sitingathe kunyalanyaza zizindikiro za Dionisiyo, chosonyeza chiweruzo chotsiriza. Analemba mu chikhalidwe zoyembezereka eschatological mu 1492 zithunzi izi zonse za mavuto lamkati. Koma Mipikisano magawo zikuchokera, ngakhale zovuta ndi kuchulukana zolemba, zikuwoneka mosavuta ndi Mochititsa chidwi. The chodabwitsa amapereka njira chimwemwe zithunzi translucent ndi angelo, ziwanda kupondereza ndalama wakuda.

Ntchito m'malo kumpoto

Pambuyo bwino mu Moscow Dionisiyo-zojambulajambula iye dzina "preizyaschnogo mbuye." Ndipo Paterikon Volokolamsk obisika kuti anatchulidwa pansi pa mutu wa "Wanzeru". Inde, ndi zina zolembedwa ndi zonse zokhudza laudatory kuti luntha lake ndi nzeru. Zikuoneka kuti iye anali kupatula buku lake otchuka anthu chithunzi cha nthawi, wolembayo Iosif Volotsky. Pambuyo 1486 mwini, mwina teammates chomwecho pa munda, utoto Mpingo wa Mfundo ya Dona Wathu St. Yosefe wa Volokolamsk ansembe yotchedwa pafupi Moscow. Koma ambiri momveka bwino akuwonetseredwa zilandiridwenso Dionisiyo pambuyo 1500, pamene anali kugwira ntchito mu North ndi Volga mchitidwe umenewu. Kumapeto kwa moyo wa mbuye iye anagwira ntchito limodzi ndi ana ake awiri ndi mwina, ndi ophunzira ake ena. Mwatsoka, ambiri a ntchito za Dionisiyo, tikuuzidwa mbiri chabe. Iye anajambula St. Paul Obnorsk Mpulumutsi Priluki, Cyril-Belozersky obisika. , Imatchedwanso kuti mbuye utoto iconostasis kamenny obisika pafupi Vologda.

Ferapontov obisika

Izi obisika wodzichepetsa, yomwe ili Region Vologda (District wa Kirillov), ayenera otchulidwa mwachindunji. Pano, Cathedral wa Kubadwa kwa Yesu wa Virgin, Dionisiyo-zojambulajambula ntchito ndi ana ake mu 1502. Mfiti amalenga zapadera ndi luso gulu loyimba mafano ndi frescoes. Imeneyi ndi nyimbo woona kwa amayi a Mulungu ku mitundu - ndi wapadera, koma pa nthawi yomweyo mokondwera ndi kowala. Chogwidwa ndi zoyera, golide ndi mitundu wobiriwira, wosakhwima undertones. Ambiri, zithunzi kupanga maganizo chikondwerero, kubweretsa chiyembekezo kwa chikhululukiro cha Mulungu ndi Ufumu wa kumwamba. kupenta zophweka Kodi Ferapontov ansembe yotchedwa? Pa obisika a kenako sanakhalepo ndalama zokwanira kulilembanso ndi frescoes mokomera mafashoni atsopano. Choncho yekha pano tikhoza kuona mfiti mu chenicheni, unaltered.

Mtengo kwa Dionisiyo Russian iconography

UNESCO odzipereka 2002 Dionisiyo iconographer. Kufunika kwa ntchito za mbuye sitingalephere kukambapo. Iye anayamba lingaliro la kuloŵedwa lake laulemerero, Andrei Rublev ndipo nthawi yomweyo anayambitsa zingapo zochititsa wapadera iyeyo. Mwachitsanzo, gululi mtundu ndi ntchito zambiri za zoyera pambuyo Dionisiyo anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ambuye ena. Kumbukirani fanizo la chikhalidwe chake mosiyanasiyana ndi miyendo mwadala elongated kuti luso wabweretsa iye kutchuka mannerist. Frescoes ndi zithunzi Dionisiyo zodabwitsa zina zosiyanasiyana mtundu translucent, plasticity ungwiro nyimbo.