Denisova Cave mu Altai. Denisova Cave - archeological chipilala cha Altai Mountains

Mu mtima wa Asia, kumene nkuyamba Altai mapiri, m'chigwa kwabasi Anouilh wotchuka Denisova Cave. Iwo lili kumalire a Ayenela-Kan ndi Soloneshensky District, pafupi ndi mudzi wa Black Anuj (4 km) ndi 250 Km from m'tauni ya Biisk. Denisova Cave limatuluka mamita 670 pamwamba pa nyanja.

Chiyambi cha dzina

Malinga ndi nthano yakale, dzina la phangalo anali chifukwa chakuti kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XVIII munkakhala ndi Old Okhulupirira - kudzipatula Dionisiyo (Denis mu dziko). Iye anali m'busa kwa osafuna kusintha midzi yapafupi ndi Kerzhaks zambiri ankabwera m'ndende malangizo ndi madalitso. Pa chiyambi cha XIX atumwi kwa Denisova Cave mu Altai ansembe amishonale idaleka kumva chidwi.

Pa nthawi yomweyo mu 1926, paulendo mwa Altai, m'phanga anapita otchuka Russian ndi Soviet katswiriyo ndi wojambula kwambiri N. K. Rerih.

Am'deralo kuitana phanga Ayu-Tash, amene anamasuliridwa kuti "Stone chimbalangondo ndi". Ku mibadwomibadwo iwo popereka mwambo kuti pano kalelo padziko la Black Ula - kukwiya ndi wamphamvu kwambiri. Iye akanakhoza pa mphindi iliyonse kuwasandutsa chimbalangondo yaikulu. woipa amene amabweretsa izi za nthano dziko analamulira m'misasa Altaic nomad, kukakamiza iwo kulipira msonkho waukulu.

Ngati samvera, akugwiritsa ntchito nyanga wake anasonkhana pamwamba pa mitambo m'phanga, iye sculpted mwa iwo mwala waukulu ndipo anapinda kwa m'tsinde mwa phiri. Kodi kuika mwala njira, iwo sanaleke thunderstorms, amene anawononga msipu mbewu.

anthu Akusowa anayamba kupemphera kwa thandizo la mulungu wamkulu - Ulgen, amene anakwanitsa kugonjetsa wopondereza. Mvula ya Mkuntho mwala ukhadabisa iye wotetezeka tambirimbiri akutali phanga.

Kumene, ichi ndi nthano imene imadziwitsa Denisova Cave. District Soloneshensky (Altai Gawo), ndipo makamaka okhala m'mudzi wapafupi (Black Anouilh), nthawi zambiri mlandu zakale omwe kwazaka zambiri, "chinachake kukumba m'phanga." Anthu a m'mudzimo amakhulupirira kuti amene amafufuza zamakezana ndi wolakwa nyengo sichikupindulitsani zoona, malingana ndi iwo, ndi wokwanira kusiya mwala shamanic ndithu ting'onoting'ono pang'ono - ndi akusamba kungakupatseni kwa masiku awiri.

Altay, Denisova Cave: kufotokoza

Pa limodzi la otsetsereka a phiri, mamita angapo pamwamba msewu amapereka pakhomo lonse kuphanga. Malo - mamita lalikulu 270. m, kutalika - mamita 110. Phanga ali "chapakati holo" pakhomo ndi zamkati awiri ang'onoang'ono mkati thanthwe.

Grotto kutsogolo

The chidwi kwambiri ofukula grotto, yomwe ili pa khomo. Iwo akhoza kufika mwa foramen ovale. Makulidwe mainsail -. 32h7 kukwera ndi m'lifupi mwake arches ndi kumawonjezera ndi athandizira mtunda. Mbali linafalitsidwa kwambiri ukufika mamita 11.

Mu grotto ali nthambi angapo. Awiri a iwo - ndi kupitiriza mwachindunji wa nthumbi. Mu gawo chapamwamba pali dzenje kudzera ndi awiri pang'ono kuposa mita. The apaulendo bravest kukwera ndi makhalidwe maganizo zazikulu. Kudzera kutsegula izi, m'phanga likulowerera kuwala, motero ndi bwino anaphimba. Pano chaka ndi youma, grotto ndi, monga masiku akale, wabwino zachilengedwe pothawirapo zinyama ndi anthu, chitetezo ku nyengo.

Choyamba ntchito pano Geophysics "Belo" phanga, pogwiritsa ntchito zida wake wapadela, ndipo anaganiza kuti holo chapakati ndi kuwala kwa zomera - izo ndi chiyambi chabe cha opanda yaikulu, kusiya kwambiri pathanthwe. Tsopano izi M'mimbamo mkati kwathunthu madzi anasefukira ndi wosanjikiza yaikulu chitayiko.

kafukufuku

The kafukufuku oyambirira mu Denisova Cave m'dera Altai (mu holo chapakati) akadadziwa Siberia paleontologist Nicholas tizilomboto inayika woyamba awiri kufufuza dzenje ndipo anapanga miyezo kupezeka pa nthawi ya mapangidwe zachilengedwe dziko mu 1978. Pa nthawi yomweyo, akatswiri akhala akufufuza chinthu, amene anali wotsogozedwa ndi Academician A. P. Okladnikov.

Chidwi nthawi zonse linachititsa asayansi Altai Mountains phanga. Denisova phanga pambuyo maphunziro oyamba pang'onopang'ono analowa mbiri ya dziko la zakale zokumba pansi.

Mwachitsanzo, anapeza wamkulu zigawo chikhalidwe cha anthu azikhalamo ku Siberia. Adzaupereka kwa nyengo Paleolithic, ndipo msinkhu wake ali zaka 282.000. Poyamba, panali chiphunzitso chimene anthu wakale m'dera sakanakhoza patatha zaka kale kuposa 50-30 zikwi BC. e. The zofukulidwa anasonyeza kuti kalelo m'tsinde mwa Altai yokutidwa ndi nkhalango mitundu imene kukula hornbeam, manchzhursky mtedza, thundu ndipo mitundu kumpoto kwa nsungwi. Mu North Asia, anthu amakhalabe nyengo Neanderthal apezeka.

Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti Denisova phanga - archeological chipilala cha Altai Mountains. Iwo anapeza oposa 50,000 mwala zakale, zokometsera osiyanasiyana fupa; anasonkhana gulu lalikulu la nyama mafupa. Kumene, chidwi kupeza - chuma cha zinthu zachitsulo za m'ma XIV, dzenje limene kusunga mbewu ya nthawi yomweyo, mpeni zamkuwa.

Ntchito kuphanga panthawi zosiyanasiyana

Mu IV-III Zakachikwi, pa nthawi ya Afanasiev chikhalidwe, Denisova phanga ntchito ngati malo okhala kwa abusa ndi ng'ombe. Kusunga mkati mwa nyama wokhala ndi mpanda wolimba kuchokera m'mapanga ufulu ndi niches. Abusa ankasakidwa nyama zakutchire, nyama nkhosa kudya monga yomalizira, pamene kusaka zinalephereka. Izi zikutsimikiziridwa ndi mkondo ndi mivi. Ziwiya ceramic kusungidwa madzi. Pakuti zida butchering ntchito mwala, omwe anapangidwa pano. Izi zikuonekera bwino ndi mankhwala zinyalala, zimene zimapezeka ndi archeologists.

Komabe bwino anamvetsa kuti ntchito phanga mbadwa chikhalidwe cha Mkuwa Age.

Pakuti nthawi Msukuti amakhala ndi madipoziti wamphamvu chikhalidwe, kusonyeza yaitali kukhala anthu mu mphanga. Ndi zapamwamba zakudya - nyama, mbewu ndi mkaka, monga nthawi zonse anali kutentha otsika.

Huns ndi Turkey ntchito chinthu ichi Mwachibadwa miyambo mwambo. Ndi nambala ya anapezazo archeological, mlingo wa phindu kwa sayansi, asayansi ambiri opotoka phanga lodabwitsali ndi mapiramidi ku Egypt. Anthu ambiri amakhulupirira kuti zotsatira za zofukulidwa anatenga mu Denisova Cave, kugulu ndazindikira monga zochepa zokopa kuposa Iguputo. Komabe, chinthu chomwe inavuta kwambiri mu dziko sayansi.

Kupezeka chodabwitsa

Akatswiriwa anachira kuyambira wosanjikiza khumi m'phanga akhala wa mtundu sankadziwika wa sayansi wakale anthu. Pa ichi, asayansi analembedwa yotchedwa Nature mu 2010. Anthu ku Denisova Cave mofanana lakutali chibadwa ku Neanderthal ndi masiku sapiens Homo. Ndi maganizo amenewa, akatswiri anabwera pambuyo chinapezeka mwa matupi athu ndi anasunga mu zitsanzo minofu - mafupa phalangeal ya chala chachikulu ndi dzino molar.

wapatali chuma

Chaka chilichonse, aliyense bokosilo anapeza Denisova Cave anakhala ofuna ofufuza. Anaganiza kumanga malo awa msasa m'munda wa sayansi. Popeza 1982, Novosibirsk asayansi anayamba kufufuza phanga nthawi. Ntchito yawo iwo anakopeka akatswiri a mbiri osiyana osati kuchokera Russia komanso ku Japan, USA, Korea, Belgium ndi mayiko ena.

Denisova phanga zimatetezedwa ndi UNESCO. Tsopano msasa kafukufuku wakhala kafukufuku wa sayansi anayambitsa ndi zasayansi desiki. Iwo makamu ntchito yaikulu ya zinthu zakale anapeza. Chaka chilichonse pali oposa 100 maphunziro a amafufuza zamakezana ndi akatswiri m'minda ena a sayansi. Kwa zaka 30 zofukulidwa, asayansi anatha tikambirane mbali chabe kakang'ono wa nthumbi.

Decoding anthu DNA ya Denisova Cave

Today chinawathandiza kumvetsa n'chakuti nkhani yotengedwa phalanx ndi dzino, ndi maphunziro DNA kutsimikizira chizindikiritso cha anthu latsopano la dziko wakale. Zotsatira za maphunziro kulongosola bwino njira imene Kutacha. Matupi athu a chitsanzo ichi poyerekeza ndi genomes wa makumi anayi a m'nthawi yathu ku ngodya zonse za dziko lapansi, ndi DNA wa munthu wakale ndi akalewa asanu.

Zotsatira osangalatsa kwambiri. Asayansi apeza kuti "denisovtsy" unachoka chitukuko tingachipeze powerenga nthambi ya anthu okwana pafupifupi zaka zapitazo ndipo anayamba kusintha paokha, koma, mwatsoka, njira iyi kunapezeka kuti mapeto akufa.

kusanduka anthu ali patsogolo motsogozedwa akalewa ndi Homo sapiens. 400 zikwi zapitazo, mitundu anapita njira zosiyanasiyana chitukuko. The chachiwiri zinachititsa kuti zikamera wa munthu masiku ano, woyamba ali ku mapeto akufa.

Denisova Cave mu Altai ndi zakale ake

Tsopano asayansi amakhulupirira kuti chikhalidwe cha okhala m'mapanga anali patsogolo kwambiri kuposa akalewa, amene kamodzi kumene kuli thanthwe ozungulira.

Akalewa anali zipangizo mwala (scrapers, arrowheads, etc.), maonekedwe kooneka ngati chinthu Western. The Denisova Cave anapeza zotsalira za chikhalidwe ndi moyo, chibwenzi kumbuyo zaka 50,000. Malinga ndi mbali ofukula zinthu zakale amadziwa zogwirizana ndi chikhalidwe anthu, ali ndi zamakono maonekedwe.

Iwo wapezeka osati miyala komanso zinthu fupa, zipangizo. Koma iwo ankapatsidwa njira zovuta kuzimvetsa kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, Muzikumbukira (pafupifupi 5 masentimita) singano mwala, omwe mokhomerera Onyamula Zazitali Ayi.

wokongola chibangili

Komanso, m'phanga anapeza ulemerero waukulu wa miyala, amene angasinthe maganizo a munthu wosazindikira. Zimenezi ndi zinthu ziwiri za chibangili hloditolita - mwala, amene anabweretsa ku Rudny Altai, yomwe ili makilomita mazana awiri ndi makumi asanu phangalo.

A mchere kawirikawiri akhoza kusintha mtundu malingana kuwala. Chibangili limafotokoza anabala mkati, koma chinthu chodabwitsa kwambiri n'chakuti pobowola zinachitikadi pa makina.

Njira imeneyi Anthu ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito panthawi Neolithic, kotero poyamba ankakhulupirira kuti iye sanali zaka zoposa zikwi khumi ndi zisanu. A chibangili zodabwitsa chinapezeka mwa wosanjikiza chibwenzi kumbuyo zikwi zaka 50!

chibangili kafukufuku anasonyeza kuti, mwina, anali mutu wa gulu ndi. Mu wosanjikiza chomwecho, mikanda anawapeza zopangidwa ndi chipolopolo nthiwatiwa dzira anabweretsa kuchokera Transbaikalian kapena Mongolia. Zonsezi zikusonyeza mkulu mlingo wa chitukuko cha anthu a Denisova Cave - zauzimu, chikhalidwe, zokongoletsa ndi sayansi.

Chifukwa mbisoweka "denisovtsy"?

Yankho lenileni la funsoli sanapezeke. Tsopano ife tikhoza kunena motsimikiza kuti kalelo analipo mu Altai mtundu wina wa anthu akale. M'mapanga, ili sosedsttvu Denisov, zotsalira za akalewa anapezeka, amene ali pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mitundu iwiri ya munthu wakale anali funsani. Komabe, mkulu deta sayansi kulibe panobe.