Concept ndi mitundu ya masankho. The malamulo Akuluakulu a ku Russia pa chisankho

Chisankho - akuluakulu zisankho anthu. njirayi ndi njira yofunika kwambiri mbali boma mu zandale ndi anthu a dziko. Masiku ano, mayiko ambiri m'dzikoli ena kapena chisankho zina, chifukwa chimene likakhazikitsidwa komanso anasintha mphamvu yovomerezeka.

Mfundo za chisankho

Othandiza - ndi subspecies kiyi ufulu oyendetsera dziko enshrined m'chilamulo zofunika - malamulo. Popanda sikutheka kuyerekeza ufulu anthu wamba. Kuvota - kukhazikitsa yogwira othandiza anthu (kumanja kupatsa mphamvu nduna).

Pakati pake penipeni, mfundo kusankhidwa ndi inextricably zogwirizana ziphunzitso za dongosolo masankho ndi lamulo visola. Uliwonse dziko, Kuvota zonse imachitika mogwirizana ndi malamulo okhazikika.

The malamulo masankho a Federation ndi Russian

Mu Russia ano, chisanko adzasankhidwa ndi ziwanga wa nyumba zamalamulo chonse ndiponso m'dera pulezidenti Meya ndi atsogoleri a nzika za Federation lapansi. Pali malo angapo a chilamulo masankho a dziko. Izi zochita normative (malamulo) kuti zonse ndondomeko ya kukavota.

Lingaliro la chisankho ndi malo awo mu moyo wa dziko atsimikiziridwa lamulo lalikhulu la dziko, malamulo a zigawo, madera, m'mizinda, ndi Constitution la Republic, wopangidwa mwa Federation lapansi. lamulo limeneli kwa zaka za mbiri yamakono ya la Russia akanali maziko a dongosolo lawo visola.

Pali malamulo apadera. Izi makamaka lamulo feduro wadutsa mu 2002. cholinga chake chachikulu - zimatsimikizira nzika za la Russia kusunga ufulu wawo kuvota. Lamulo limeneli boma limafotokoza kukavota ndondomeko ndi mfundo za msonkhano. Kwa zaka zambiri, chikalatacho kudutsa revisions zingapo ndi zosintha. Komabe ngakhale zosintha zonse, zomwenso waukulu akanali yemweyo.

Kusintha lamulo masankho ndi cyclical. Iwo lolembedwa poyankha zinthu zikusinthira ndale. Mwachitsanzo, chisankho gubernatorial anali linathetsedwa mu 2004 ndi zaka zingapo pambuyo pake anabwerera. asinthire imvera malamulo apadera ndi malamulo ndi mtsogoleli wadziko la Chitaganya cha Russia. Ena mwa tsatanetsatane wa malamulo masankho ali mu yamtunduwu wa Commission ku Central zisankho ndi State Duma. Choncho, masankho komanso amadalira kuweruza ndi maganizo awo.

chisankho Direct ndi tikupanga

Limati kwambiri anatenga chisankho mwachindunji ndi demokalase. Izi zikutanthauza kuti akuluakulu mwachindunji Mzimuyo nzika ya. okwerera loponya ntchito kwa kukavota. A wokhala a dziko atakhazikitsa bwino pa voti pa. Chifuniro cha anthu anatsimikiza ndi kuchuluka kwa masheya izi.

Komanso kulongosola amenenso ankadana nawo chisankho zina. Chitsanzo otchuka kwambiri m'njira imeneyi ndi United States. Pankhani ya chisankho mozungulira, ndi kuponya mavoti wapereka mphamvu zake electors (pambuyo pake kumasulira chifuniro cha adzaponye chisanko awo ndi kutsiriza kusankha). Izi ndi zovuta ndi zosokoneza dongosolo anatengera m'mayiko osiyana kukuchitika chifukwa choti kudzipereka ku miyambo. Mwachitsanzo, osati osankhidwa nzika pulezidenti US ndi Electoral College. Mofananamo, ziwiri digiri popangidwa ndi nyumba kumtunda kwa Indian yamalamulo.

chisankho zina ndipo sanali zina

Awiri dongosolo chisankho (njira ina ndipo sanali zina), kudziwa khalidwe la poyela lonse, kaya mbali inayo. chikhalidwe chawo, ndi kusiyana ndi chiyani? Alternativeness zikutanthauza kuti munthu ali ndi ufulu wosankha ofuna angapo. Pankhaniyi, nzika amakonda kosiyana mapulogalamu zandale ndi malingaliro.

chisankho popanda wopikisana ndi kuchepetsedwa kuti gulu limodzi (kapena dzina) pa voti pa. Lero, kachitidwe umu pafupifupi mbisoweka ku kofala. Komabe chisankho popanda wopikisana zasungidwa mu kachitidwe kamodzi chipani cha dziko kumene mphamvu kungakhale authoritarian kapena wankhanza.

poyela Majoritarian

Mu dziko lero pali mitundu yosiyana chisankho. Ngakhale lililonse dziko zachitika yake yapadera kumapeto, pali zingapo mumaganiza kiyi. Mwachitsanzo, imodzi ya dziko ambiri masankho - majoritarian. Pa chisankhochi zimenezi, gawo dziko lagawidwa m'zigawo, ndipo aliyense mwa iwo voti wake (ndi mndandanda wapadera ofuna).

Makamaka ogwira dongosolo ambiri chifukwa chisankho cha yamalamulo ndi. Zikomo naye thupi nthumwi kugwa aphungu, amene akuimira zofuna za mayiko onse popanda zigawo zosiyana. Monga ulamuliro, phungu ikutha ku distilikiti, mbadwa ya iyeyo ndi. Kamodzi yamalamulo, mamembala amenewa amakhala bwino ndi enieni maganizo zofuna za anthu amene anakuvoterani iwo. Izo zinali mu mawonekedwe abwino anachita ntchito womuimira. Nkofunika kugwilizana ndi mfundo za chimene chiri mu mavoti nyumba yamalamulo palibe MP ndi osankhidwa nzika za nthumwi kwa iye.

dongosolo Mitundu ambiri

dongosolo ambiri lagawidwa subspecies atatu. The choyamba - mfundo ndi ambiri mtheradi. Pankhaniyi, kuti apambane, phungu ayenera kutenga oposa theka la mavoti. Ngati poyamba n'zosatheka kudziwa wakonzekera zimenezi, kudzakhala chisankho chapadera. anthu awiri nawo iwo, kalembera amene chiwerengero chachikulu cha mavoti. Chotero dongosolo zambiri lililonse kwa chisankho oyang'anira tauni.

Mfundo yachiwiri chikukhudza ambiri wachibale. Malinga ndi iye, phungu kupambana zokwanira masamu sapambana mdani aliyense, ngakhale chithunzi si kugonjetsa pakhomo la 50%. Mfundo zambiri n'kukhala lachitatu zokhudza ambiri oyenerera. Pankhaniyi, izo zinaikidwa kufunika yeniyeni kupambana mavoti.

poyela njila

Mitundu Common chisankho zochokera chipani chifaniziro. Malinga ndi mfundo imeneyi, dongosolo njila umayendetsedwera. Ndipamene matupi adzasankhidwa kupyolela ndi mndandanda phwando. Chimusankhireni ku mudzi wa, wodandaulayu angaimire zofuna za bungwe landale (mwachitsanzo, chikominisi kapena olekerera), koma koposa zonse amapereka nzika za pulogalamu awo.

Pankhani ya mndandanda chipani ndi dongosolo njila si choncho. mavoti amenewa mu chisankho ikufotokozanso magulu andale ndi mabungwe, osati pa mfundo munthu. Madzulo chisanko chipani amapanga mndandanda awo ofuna. Kenako voti, chilichonse chimene afika mipando aphungu njila kwa avotera anaponyedwa. Thupi nthumwi kupeza ofuna pa m'mabuku. Pankhaniyi, zokonda zapatsidwa kwa manambala woyamba: .. chodziwika mu dziko, andale, otchuka anthu, okamba otchuka, etc. The mitundu ikuluikulu ya chisankho akhoza yodziwika mosiyana. Majority - alili njila - pamodzi.

mndandanda Open ndi chatsekedwa chipani

Mu dongosolo njila (monga ambiri) ndi mitundu awo. Pakati pa subspecies ziwiri zazikulu m'gulu voti pa mndandanda lotseguka gulu (Brazil, Finland, ndi Netherlands). chisankho chotere mwachindunji - mwayi kwa omwe adzaponye chisanko kusankha yekha mndandanda chipani, komanso kuthandiza membala yeniyeni chipani (m'mayiko ena angathandizire awiri kapena kuposa). Umu ndi mmene kusanja ofuna mukufunira. chipani sangathe unilaterally kusankha Mu m'njira imeneyi, gawo la izo kuika patsogolo kwa nyumba yamalamulo.

mndandanda pakanema ntchito Russia, Israel, European Union ndi South Africa. Pankhaniyi, nzika ali ndi ufulu kuvota okha chipani chawo ankakonda. anthu ena amene kulowa yamalamulo, anatsimikiza ndi gulu la ndale. oponya mavoti adzakhala kuvota mu malo oyamba pulogalamu akukhudzidwira.

Ubwino ndi kuipa kwa dongosolo njila

Mitundu yonse ya kusankha ndi ubwino ndi kuipa. Dongosolo njila ndithu yodziwika ndi chakuti mau nzika 'Kodi kutha monga choncho. Iwo kupita ku chuma Wamkulu wa chipanichi ndi kulimbikitsa zolinga za ndale. Pali lamulo ili ndi mfundo yofunika. Aliyense dziko anatengera pakhomo ena. Maphwando amene sichimaperekedwa chilemba ichi, Nyumba ya Malamulo sanagwe. Choncho, chilungamo kwambiri Pankhaniyi ankaona chisankho mu Israeli, kumene pakhomo osachepera 1 yekha% (5% mu Russia).

The sangathe wa dongosolo akuti ndi njila kwa kupotozedwa tsankho za mfundo za demokalase. List-kusankha amatipeza kutaya kukhudza ndi m'nyanjazi awo. Ngati phungu Mzimuyo chipani, iwo sasowa kutsimikizira yamtunduwu anthu ake. Akatswiri ambiri anatseka mndandanda amawanena kuti kukhudzana ndi mitundu yonse ya umisiri ndale. Mwachitsanzo, pali "sitima mfundo". Mwa kuchigwiritsa ntchito, kuika chipani patsogolo pa mndandanda chatsekedwa kuzindikira ndi anthu anthu (kanema, nyimbo soda ndi masewera). Pambuyo masankho, izi "sitima" ingosiyani mipando yawo mokomera pang'ono odziwika ntchito za chipani. History amadziwa Nthawi zambiri pamene kutsekedwa a chipani zinachititsa kuti ulamuliro m'gululi ndi ulamuliro wa bureaucracy lapansi.

chisankho wosanganiza

dongosolo visankho akhoza kuphatikiza ndi mfundo zofunikira ziwiri: (ambiri ndi njila). Ndi kasinthidwe ichi, tikambirana monga osokonezeka. Mu Russia, chisankho cha yamalamulo lero pali mwachindunji chisankho. Theka la akuluakulu a anatsimikiza ndi mndandanda, theka lina - mu siyana umodzi membala. poyela obwerawa idzagwira ntchito ku chisankho ku State Duma ya September 18, 2016 (pamaso icho chinali kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa visola kwa Duma mpaka 2003 Ponena). Pa 2007th ndi 2011th opareshoni mfundo njila ndi mndandanda chatsekedwa phwando.

Otchedwa dongosolo losakanizika ndi akamagwiritsa ena a dongosolo lino masankho. Mwachitsanzo, mu Australia, nyumba imodzi yamalamulo osankhidwa mndandanda phwando ndi zina - mu siyana umodzi membala. Palinso dongosolo losakanizika womangidwa. Malinga ndi malamulo ake, mipando aphungu amafalitsidwa mu umodzi-lamulo majoritarian lamulo, voti umachitika pa m'mabuku.

Ubwino ndi kuipa kwa mfundo anasokonezeka

dongosolo lililonse wosanganiza ndi kugawa demokalase. Izo zikusintha ndi dziko amapereka zosiyanasiyana kupanga zikuchokera matupi womuimira. okwerera loponya Pankhaniyi akhoza kukhala malo a chisankho angapo zikuchitika pa mfundo zosiyana. Mwachitsanzo, mu Russia voti pa mlingo boma, mizinda ambiri anachitika ku mtundu uwu.

chisankho obwerawa mwachindunji - chinthu chofunika kwambiri azingokhala dongosolo la ndale. Choncho, akatswiri amaona kuti ndi ntchito yaikulu kwa m'mayiko democracies wamng'ono analephera. Unagawanika mabungwe andale ndi kumanga coalitions. Party ambiri mu Nyumba ya Malamulo Pankhaniyi kuli kovuta. Pa dzanja limodzi, izo kumathandiza posankha zochita, Komano, chithunzi chotere - chitsanzo omveka mwa ntchito zake zosiyanasiyana za anthu amene pali magulu ambiri ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana. dongosolo obwerawa masankho ndi ambiri maphwando ang'onoang'ono anali lililonse kwa Russia ndi Ukraine cha mma 1990.