Chogwirika mudziwe: mitundu ndi njira yokonza. mudziwe chogwirika kwa anthu olumala

mudziwe chogwirika, malinga ndi maphunziro ambiri, kumakhudza mwachindunji pa maganizo anthu pa zimenezi. zomverera zosasangalatsa mu thupi, kapena ngakhale zoipa kaimidwe kungakhudze mtima wathu kuti interlocutor, ngakhale palibe mmodzi kapena winayo zokhudza izo. Izi zikutanthauza zambiri chogwirika mu moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku, kodi magwero ake komanso makhalidwe, ndi ayankhidwa pansipa.

Mbali yofunika kwambiri

Tiyeni tione kaye kwa tanthauzo la "uthenga". Kutanthauzira ambiri opezeka mu nzeru zake. Information limanenedwa ngati mmodzi wa katundu wa dziko zakuthupi, kwenikweni, ndi wauzimu. Lilili payekhapayekha chikumbumtima chathu, ndipo si zachilendo zinthu zonse zamoyo ndi chikhalidwe zopanda moyo.

Mu sayansi kusintha kulikonse dongosolo udindo zimachitika ndi kufala chizindikiro kwa chinthu wina ndi mzake. Choncho Kutentha ndi kuzirala zikachitika, ndi chopinga kuyenda ndi zina zotero. The ya chizindikiro uthenga. Mawu akuti "nkhani" mu sayansi generalizes lingaliro la "kulankhulana" ndi "chizindikiro".

mitundu ya nkhani

Pali njira zambiri kwa gulu mfundo. Mmodzi wa iwo zachokera mode nzeru. Pa mfundo imeneyi mfundo lagawidwa mitundu isanu:

• Makutu;

• zithunzi;

• chogwirika (haptic);

• olfactory;

• kununkhira.

Ambiri mwa zokhudza dziko padziko munthu afika ndi kuona. Nalonso yofunika khutu udindo. Otsiriza awa a mitundu mudziwe - chogwirika, olfactory ndi kukoma - amapanga okha ochepa mfundo adazindikira mwa munthu. Nyama, chiŵerengero izi ndi zosiyana. Amadziwika kuti mudziwe chogwirika mu miyoyo ya ambiri mwa iwo n'chofunikira chofunika kwambiri kuposa masomphenya.

ziwalo chogwirika

Ngakhale kuti mphamvu ya kukhudza pa Koyamba, n'chofunikira ochepa mu moyo, kuchita popanda anthu sangathe. mudziwe chogwirika munthu alandira kudzera mathero mitsempha yomwe ili mu khungu, minofu ndi mafupa, pa kali mucosal. Zolandilira ndazindikira kutentha, kukhudza, kugwedera, kusintha malo thupi, kapangidwe ndi zina zotero.

Information ku mathero mitsempha ulusi mitsempha imafalikira ku ubongo. Pamenepo kukonzedwa, ndi ziwalo za thupi alandira chizindikiro Mwachitsanzo, kudzatunga dzanja kuchokera chinthu otentha.

tanthauzo kwachilengedwenso

ndi amawatenga chogwirika chiyani? yankho lophweka: chilichonse chimene zimakhudza zolandilira ndi zogwirizana. Kudzera ziwalo kukhudza, timamva kutentha, chinyezi, kapangidwe (pamwamba khalidwe), kugwedera. Zolandilira popereka mauthenga ndi ife za zinthu pa danga la thupi lonse kapena mbali zenizeni za izo.

Monga tanenera kale, ngakhale kuchuluka ochepa mfundo timalandira kudzera mwa kukhudza, m'pofunika kuti munthu wabwinobwino. matenda osiyanasiyana - dzanzi, kuwononga ngalande mitsempha kuti zimafalitsa nkhani ku maselo a ubongo ndi ena - patsogolo kwa mavuto oopsa komanso kulephera kuika maganizo. Chitsanzo losavuta: pakalibe zolandilira chogwirika kovuta amayaka kwambiri, chifukwa mwa iwo ubongo imafalikira mudziwe haptic za kutentha kwa Kutentha chinthu, amene Mwachitsanzo, kuyika mkono. ziwalo chogwirika kutipulumutsa mu mdima diso silingathe zomwe ziri patsogolo. zolandilira chogwirika mbali yofunika kwambiri mu kufala kwa mfundo za boma la thupi. Iwo nawo mapangidwe otchedwa tanthauzo akulu, omwe amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri mu gululi.

Kukhudza nyama

Animal chogwirika mfundo yofunika kwambiri kuposa munthu. Zitsanzo kwakukulu. Pali nyama zogwira pafupifupi m'malo maso. Awa ndi anthu a nyanja, kumene kuwala samangobwera izo. Kukhudza amathandiza kangaude kuona kuti wozunzidwayo anakonza kale enmeshed mu "Intaneti". Njuchi zimafalitsa zokhudza malo maluwa ndi kuvina wapadera kuti kumafuna ndiponso chikunena.

zolandilira Zokongola chogwirika wa khungu anayamba nyama, mtengo-kukwera. oimira ambiri a zinyama ali ndevu - wapadera kukhudza matupi, wokhoza kuchita osati kokha kukhudza, komanso kunjenjemerako za mlengalenga. Ndi maonekedwe awo iwo amafanana tsitsi. Ndevu, Komabe, wamkulu stiffness, m'litali ndi makulidwe.

Development wa kumverera chogwirika

Mu anthu masiku ano, n'zosavuta kupeza anthu ndi kumveka otukuka ndikukhudzana. Tilinazo madera ena a khungu kuchuluka chifukwa cha peculiarities a ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, aluso mowirikiza polimbana ndi mbali yaing'ono, kumawonjezera luso kusiyanitsa zinthu ting'onoting'ono ming'alu, etc. mosavuta.

Ndipo, ndithudi, kulimbikitsa ndi mphamvu ya kukhudza kwa anthu bwinobwino kapena wakhungu. mudziwe chogwirika kwa compensates bwinobwino chifukwa chosowa zithunzi. tanthauzo pacimake ndikukhudzana akufotokozera anthu ogontha-akhungu.

akhungu

mudziwe chogwirika munthu alandira kudzera kukhudza. Kwa anthu osamva-akhungu ndiyekhayo zokhudza dziko. Mu zowoneka mkhutu, palinso mphekesera, koma dziko lathu kotero anawachititsa kuti ambiri mfundo imafalikira ndi kusungidwa mu mawonekedwe a mawu. Lero, kuwerenga ndi kulemba anthu akhungu ndi bwinobwino ntchito akhungu.

Akhungu chogwirika wosasintha Lui Brayl yapangidwa 1824. Tsogolo French tiflopedagogu anali ndi zaka 15.

A mbiri pang'ono

Njira ya kupereka mauthenga chogwirika akhala amakonda mutu wa achinyamata Louis. Kutulukira wosasintha anali tawerenga chifukwa cha khungu mnyamatayo. Lui Brayl mu 3 zaka kuononga maso ake ndi zaka oyang'anira mpeni asanu anaiwala wake. Pa nthawi imeneyo, mabungwe wapadera kwa ana olumala Mmaso anali kwambiri mabuku. Zinalembedwa ndi thandizo la kulemba yothandiza liniya. The sangathe chachikulu chinali bulkiness ake kupewedwa zoyenera pa tsamba limodzi, zambiri.

Ngakhale kuphunzira akhungu anaphunzira za moyo wa "usiku wa zilembo" Sharlya Barbe. French kapitawo anayamba ndi zolinga asilikali kuti: wosasintha limakupatsani kuwerenga malipoti usiku. Information olembedwa pa makatoni ntchito kuboola a. Ouziridwa Kutulukira Barbier, Lui Brayl analenga akhungu wake.

akhungu Features

Monga dzina lake likunenera, akhungu lembedwa ndi madontho. Akhungu ntchito madontho asanu anakonza mu mbali ziwiri. Komanso pali njira wosasintha, amene amagwiritsa mbali zisanu ndi zitatu ili ankalemekeza pa ndime zinayi. Makalata loyamba la zilembo zalembedwa mothandizidwa ndi mfundo chapamwamba ndi pakati. Pakuti mfundo zotsatirazi akuwonjezeka iwo pa dongosolo linalake: choyamba dontho kudzanja pansi, ndiye - kumanja ndi kumanzere, ndipo kenako - kumanja. Akhungu amalola komanso kusonyeza manambalawo, zizindikiro zosiyanasiyana za ntchito masamu ndi zolemba.

Features wa kuyambitsa wa tiflopedagoga French kuoneka ngati mu ndondomeko kuwerenga, ndipo nthawi ya kulemba. Information opezeka mwa wosasintha, kuwerenga mfundo otukukira kunja. Choncho, iwo ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa mbali n'zosiyana la chipepalacho. Pankhaniyi, kuwerenga kuchokera kumanzere, monga mmene lemba kumveka. Kulemba yemweyo mothandizidwa ndi akhungu kuti kumanja kupita kumanzere. Facilitates kulemba analipo mfundo mizati kuchokera pamwamba mpaka pansi. Mu kulemba ali kuti iwowo.

Akhungu mu Baibulo choyambirira tichipeza zilembo 64, mmodzi amene - danga. Vosmitochechny limakupatsani kulemba 256 osiyana. Ndithudi, izi ndi akonzedwa ochepa. zofooka wosasintha zambiri kuthetsa ntchito manambala awiri, kuimira osakaniza awiri osavuta, mosiyana ndi tanthauzo lake. zizindikiro Choncho analandira zambiri phindu kuposa lina (nthawi zina khumi).

kuwanda Kutulukira

Lero, akhungu ntchito padziko lonse. Iye ndinazolowera zinenero zambiri, kuphatikizapo Russian ndi. Mu dziko lathu yosindikiza mabuku ndi kuyambitsa wa tiflopedagoga French inayamba mu 1885. Pali mabuku a zilembo za anthu akhungu ndi Chinese, komanso zinenero osowa monga Chiguariani, Chitibeta ndi Chizongikha.

Kupambana yaikulu ya akhungu kuti iye analenga osati njira ya kulemba ndi kuwerenga lemba akhungu, koma izo yabwino kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito. Information asonyeza pa mndandanda malinga ndi malamulo mosavuta kuwerenga ntchito index chala cha dzanja limodzi kapena awiri. Kuwerenga liwiro mu nkhani iyi ndi mawu 150 pa mphindi imodzi. Yerekezerani munthu ndi masomphenya zimaikidwa kuwerenga mawu 250 pa nthawi yomweyi ya nthawi.

Choncho, mfundo chogwirika kuti zamoyo palibe zofunika zosakwana zithunzi kapena Makutu. Nyama, tizilombo ndi zinyama zina mothandizidwa ndi kukhudza zochokera mu mlengalenga, kukhazikitsa ojambula pakati pa anthu, kuphunzira za kuopsa ndi zina zotero. Mwamuna ali wochepa otukuka chogwirika tilinazo, koma n'zovuta Musaone ntchito mu moyo.