Chemical kuukira: tanthauzo. zida za mankhwala: zokhudza zinthu ndi miyeso zoteteza

Nkhondo kugwedezeka lathuli m'mbiri yonse ya anthu. Ndipo ndi aliyense m'ma iwo kukhala wamagazi, ndi zida ntchito - zovuta kuzimvetsa kwambiri. Asilikali kuyambitsa mitundu yatsopano ya zida zimene ziyenera kwathunthu kulichotsera ndi kuwononga mdani, popanda okhudza kapangidwe ndi zomangamanga. Zoterezi mwayi kuti anapereka adani zida za mankhwala akupha, wakhala chosaiwalika atsopano chitukuko cha zochitika lankhondo la m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi. Ndipo mpaka izo bwino, chifukwa minimizes imfa ya ntchito mbali pomenyana anasiya okha zapoizoni mtambo wopanda moyo chipululu ndi mapiri a matupi akufa. Kodi n'zotheka kuteteza ndi kuukira mankhwala? Kodi poizoni mu zisudzo za tsiku lathu? Ndipo kodi kuukira awo osiyanasiyana? Mafunso onsewa ife adzayankha m'nkhani ino.

Zida zoopsa: mawu

zida za mankhwala amatanthauza wapadera zida, ozikidwa pa ntchito mankhwala osiyanasiyana. Awa ndi ziphe ndi poizoni kuti amatha kuchita khama zotsatira zamoyo zonse, kuphatikizapo zomera mu utali wozungulira kuphulika. Pambuyo ntchito zida zimenezi osati kupha anthu, koma dziko palokha. Amadziwika kuti Vietnam, mu malo amenewo kumene Achimereka ntchito wothandizila mankhwala, pali kanthu limakula ndi ana amabadwa ndi masinthidwe angapo.

Asayansi zamakono zomwe amakhulupirira kuti kuukira mankhwala kungachititse kuti weniweni zachilengedwe ngoziyo kuti zidzakhudza munthu aliyense padziko lapansili. Choncho, ambiri mwa anthu a mmudzi sayansi motsutsana chitukuko aliyense zida za mankhwala akupha, cholinga kupeza zinthu zatsopano poizoni ndi kuonjezera kuukira zawo zosiyanasiyana.

Mitundu ya nkhondowo poizoni

Pakali pano, pali madera osiyanasiyana a poizoni, amene amapangidwa ndi vuto mankhwala:

• nthunzi;
• gaseous;
• Phula.

Zilizonse nthumwi zake kukhala ndi mphamvu ndi kuwononga mpaka kalekale kuti zinthu zonse zamoyo kuti uzilowa mu zone kupha.

Zizindikiro za ntchito zinthu zakupha

Zipolopolo modzaza poizoni pa kuphulika umabala mtambo wa nthunzi kapena mpweya nkhungu kapena chikasu woyera. Munthu wotere pafupifupi mphezi liwiro ndi mphepo pa ataliatali, kudutsa mu zida za nkhondo, m'misasa ndi nyumba. Bisani ku mitambo ili poizoni zosatheka.

Nthawi zina kuukira mankhwala ikuchitika ntchito nkhondo wothandizila madzi - iwo anathira ndege, ikuimira gulu mdima. Chiphe mvula likhazikika pa udzu ndi mitengo wochuluka filimu.

Zotsatira za kuukira mankhwala

kugwiritsa ntchito poizoni kumabweretsa zotsatira yoopsa zamoyo zonse. Chikadzangotha ntchito m'dera zida za mankhwala chiwonongeko aumbike, amene ali ndi makhalidwe awa:

• imfa ya anthu ndi nyama zokodwa pamene panayambira kuphulika ya;
• imfa ya zamoyo, amene ali kutali panayambira wa panja wamoyo;
• imfa ya anthu ndi nyama zobisika nyumba kuchokera chotupa ndi;
• kuipitsidwa kwa malo omwe anthu amakhalako, maofesi a zachuma ndi zomangamanga;
• wamphamvu makhalidwe chikoka.

Ndithudi, izi si khalidwe wamba. Ndithudi, kulosera za zotsatira za poizoni kungakhale, kungodziwa iwo ali zotani.

Gulu la poizoni

Asayansi atulukira njira zosiyanasiyana zimene n'zotheka m'kagulu zinthu ntchito zida za mankhwala:

• chifukwa cha mawonetseredwe poizoni;
• nkhondo;
• kukaniza.

M'dera lililonse, nayenso lagawidwa mitundu yambiri. Ngati tikulankhula za poizoni mankhwala akhoza wachinsinsi motere:

• mitsempha (mwachitsanzo, mankhwala kuukira sarin);
• mankhwala chithuza;
• kutsamwa;
• obscheyadovitye;
• psychochemical kanthu;
• irritant.

Aliyense gulu ali kuti mitundu yambiri ya zinthu zodziwika poizoni, amene N'zosavuta kuti lithe choyezera mankhwala aliwonse.

poizoni zimenezi zingathe kudziŵika nkhondo ntchito:

• imfa;
• neutralizing mdani pa nthawiyo;
• akutivutitsa.

Usilikali mankhwala durability ndi kuonetsetsa kulimbikira wosakhazikika mankhwala. Choyamba kusunga makhalidwe awo kwa maola angapo kapena masiku. wachiwiri ungatithandizire zosaposa ora kenako, ali bwino kwambiri moyo zonse.

Chitukuko cha zida za mankhwala, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito yoyamba

Kuukira mankhwala oyamba zinalengedwa pa First World nkhondo. Mapulogalamu zida za mankhwala akupha ndi ankaona German Fritz Haber. Iye anapatsidwa kulenga zinthu zimene anali kuwaletsa nkhondo protracted pa amadzibisa onse. Dziwani kuti Gaber kwambiri anatsutsa kanthu asilikali. Iye anakhulupirira kuti chilengedwe wa chinthu poizoni zingathandize kuletsa kwambiri misa ovulala ndi kubweretsa mapeto a nkhondo protracted.

Pamodzi ndi mkazi wake Haber anatulukira ndipo anayamba kuimba chida zochokera mpweya chlorine. Woyamba kuukira mankhwala anapangidwa April 22, 1915. Mu lokwera kumpoto kum'mawa Iprskogo British ndi asilikali French mwamphamvu anali chitetezo kwa miyezi ingapo, kotero mderali lamulo German anali kugwiritsa ntchito zida zatsopano.

Zotsatira zake zinali zoopsa: lachikasu wobiriwira mtambo akhungu diso overlaps mpweya ndi zikuwononga khungu. Asilikali ambiri anathawira ku mantha, pamene ena sangakhoze kutuluka kunkhondo. The Germany anadabwa kwambiri ndi mphamvu ya zida zake zatsopano ndipo mwamsanga anayamba kukula kwa zinthu zatsopano poizoni kubwezeretsanso asilikali nkhokwe zawo.

Kugwiritsa ntchito zida za mankhwala mu Syria

tsiku lachinayi la April chaka chino, lonse dera dziko anadabwa kwambiri ndi kuukira mankhwala Syria. Ngakhale m'mawa mu malipoti atamasulidwa kuti chifukwa cha Damasiko boma la poizoni kuchigawo Idlib wamba oposa mazana awiri anapita ku chipatala.

Kulikonse anayamba kufalitsa zithunzi lowopsya la mitembo ndipo akuvutika, limene madokotala m'dera anayesetsa wina. Chifukwa cha kuukira mankhwala inapha makumi anthu Syria. Onse a iwo anali anthu wamba mtendere. Mwachibadwa, zimenezi awonongedwe wokhala sanathe chifukwa kulira pagulu. Komabe, Damasiko boma ananena kuti kanthu asilikali ndi anthu wamba sanalekerere. Chifukwa cha mabomba anawononga yosungira zigawenga zipolopolo, chimene chingalowe bwino zipolopolo wodzazidwa ndi poizoni. Russia amathandiza Baibulo ili ndi okonzeka kupereka umboni wokwanira mawu ake.

Kufufuza za tsoka Siriya

Zithunzi za anthu amene akhudzidwa ndi kuukira mankhwala ndi wodzala ndi Internet lonse. Apa ndi apo pali kanema zoyankhulana Asiriya, kuwauza za nkhanza Bashar al-Assad ndi ulamuliro wake. Mwachibadwa, mogwirizana ndi atamunamizira onse aponyedwe boma Damasiko panali kufunika kwa kufufuza palokha kuukira mankhwala.

Komabe, n'zovuta kutsimikizira mfundo imene anthu sakufuna kuona zoonekeratu. Mwachitsanzo, mapulogalamuwanso mosamala anaona kulakwika mu mavidiyo a kuukira, mawu za nthawi kuukira. Komanso sindikumvetsa Ndipotu, kumene anachita zithunzi ndi ana asanu ndi anayi akufa kumbuyo kwa galimoto dzana kuukira ananena. Zonsezi zimafuna kufufuza ndi yachinsinsi, chifukwa Sizikudziwika ngati izo zinali zadala kupopera wa poizoni, kapena akadali ngozi chisoni kuti ankanena dazeni miyoyo yambiri ya anthu osalakwa.

zida za mankhwala: zokhudza zinthu ndi miyeso zoteteza

Zinthu zokhudza chida mankhwala ndi mphamvu yake zimakhudza, kaya ndi. Mu aliyense wa wothandizila izi mankhwala akhoza kuwononga zamoyo zonse. Choncho, ngakhale Pangano lamulo la ntchito zida za mankhwala akupha, mothandizana ndi mayiko sikisite mu dziko, muyenera kukhala ndi maganizo kuteteza poizoni.

Kuteteza anthu chifukwa cha zida za mankhwala zimatheka kupyolera kanthu Integrated kuphimba muzochitika zones za moyo:

• kufufuza mankhwala ndipo anapeza mfundo ntchito poizoni;
• azisunga boma wapadera mu zinkakhala m'dera;
• yogawa anthu zodzitetezera, ndipo mudziwe mmene angadzigwiritsire ntchito izo;
• achoke kwa zinkakhala m'dera kapena kugawa anthu m'misasa, kumene kosakhazikika mankhwala wothandizila sangalowerere;
• kukhazikitsa njira ayeretse khungu ndi kuikapo ZINGATHANDIZE;
• kupereka wamba ndi chakudya ndi madzi anabweretsa pa zinkakhala m'dera la malire.

Ntchito zonse za pamwamba ayenera idzachitika zonse ndi zoletsedwa ndi malamulo omveka bwino.

njira iliyonse kuteteza poizoni kuchepetsa kufala kwa matenda a anthu, koma kokha njira yolondola ndi zoletsedwa okwana pa chitukuko ndi ntchito zida za mankhwala akupha. zinthu izi aphatikizidwa misonkhano yamayiko kale atchulidwa m'nkhaniyi. Koma sikisite States anasaina izo - sikokwanira kusiya kwathunthu ulendo kudutsa dziko la zida za mankhwala.