Charophytes: kufotokoza, kapangidwe, kubalana ndi ntchito

Topezeka mokulira, pamlingo zazing'ono zimadalira zomera yofunika magulu m'munsi. Makamaka kulimbikitsa izo ndi zina m'gulu la chapamwamba. Pali kuchotserapo mwa Seaweed lapansi. Zikuphatikizapo charophytes dipatimenti, amene wakhalapo kuyambira nthawi zakale. chinthu chinanso chimene lero gulu la mitundu ukufanizidwa osati monga ambiri monga nthumwi zina za ufumu. Mwa njira, gulu la algae otchedwa harofitami.

General zokhudza gulu Charales

Kunja, algae ndi chachikulu nthambi zomera ndi zambiri kusiyana kwa mamembala ena a ufumu. Ngati mulankhula pamwamba pa dongosolo kusanthula wa gulu limeneli, n'zotheka kusokoneza anthu ndi magulu chapamwamba zomera. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti hara m'munsi kuphatikiza mbali ya algae ndi zomera apamwamba, amene akuwonekera mu ntchito zawo. Nkofunika kudziwa kuti pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya gulu ili, ogwirizana mtundu. Pakali pano, zitsanzo charophytes zapadera: .. Hara Aspera, Nitella Fleksilis, Nitella Sinkarpa etc. mitundu ina amakonda kukhala pafupi ndi matupi a madzi, pamene ena ali kumalo, brackish kumtunda nyanja. Nthawi zambiri Stoneworts kukula osiyanasiyana nthumwi angapo osati mmodzimmodzi. Choncho, iwo apanga tchire, kuphimba m'madera ambiri pansi posungira.

chomera systematics

Kwa nthawi yaitali asayansi sanathe ndendende kudziwa zimene gulu mwadongosolo zomera ndi charophytes mu ntchito yake yaikulu. chakuti pamaso pa wotchedwa chlorophyll ku maselo a magulu A ndi B anapereka chifukwa Ndinapereka chomera kwa oimira Chlorophyta dipatimenti. Mokomera gulu ili zikusonyeza kukhalapo kwa wowuma ndi puloteni monga wapadera. Malinga ndi maphunziro ena, algae akhala m'gulu Charophyta dipatimenti. Maziko mawu amenewa anali nthambi oyambirira a mbewu pa algae wobiriwira. Panalinso lingaliro gulu akhoza amatengedwa kuti mungafike ku ndere kwa algae wobiriwira. Modern zotsatira womwewo wa amuzolengedwa, maselo ndi ultrastructural kusanthula kudziwa Stoneworts oimira Streptophyta dipatimenti. Chimodzi modzi monga zomera zignematalnye.

Mtundu waukulu

Kuyamba, tisaiwale kuti pali mitundu zitatu za zomera. Zimenezi Hara ndi Nitella ndi Tolipella. Oimira mtundu woyamba yodziwika ndi kugawa ndi munkapezeka ndipo amakonda amatunga osaya. malo awo achilengedwe - akuya 1-1.5 mamita Nkofunika kuti madzi anali woyera, si amatope .. Mu mbali zina za mtundu uwu angatchedwe kwambiri wodzichepetsa - mwachitsanzo, zomera amakhala m'mabanja brackish ndi madzi oyera. Komabe, zakhudzana madzi abwino. Koma mtundu wa Nitella, nthumwi zake sitichedwa madzi abwino, ndipo anapezeka ku amatunga ndi pansi mchenga. Ngati charophytes woyamba mtundu sindimakonda magawo, mtundu uwu mosavuta anavomereza chino - monga zidutswa matope. Tolipella komanso tcheru dothi, motero mosavuta zimafalitsidwa pa nthaka mchenga, ndipo makamaka mu kuya yaing'ono.

Zimapezekanso

Mu Russia, gulu la algae moyo mu West Siberia Plain ndi Altai. Kuyambira cha m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, asayansi zonse kupeza anthu atsopano ndi malo amene kawetedwe algae. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti nthaŵi zina Stoneworts kungakhale ndi ubwino pa ngakhale anthu a zomera apamwamba. Mwachitsanzo, zimawonedwa pa zigawo ephemeral ndi madzi mwa malo. Kuti tsiku, kum'mwera kwa West Siberia Plain anapeza mitundu 17 Chara, ndi 4 Nitella mitundu. Palinso mitundu zochepa wamba kuti akhoza kukhala ndi mwayi mpikisano chifukwa chitukuko pa zomera zina. Pankhaniyi mchere ndi chinyontho mtunda si zokhazo charophytes. Mamembala a mtundu wa Nitella Mwachitsanzo zimapezeka kokha mwa zigwa za mitsinje ikuluikulu ndi steppes nkhalango. Ndipo zimenezi ngakhale kuti zosiyanasiyana lonse la zomera Charales mu malo otere kwambiri m'munsi poyerekeza ndi mayiwe chomwecho.

kapangidwe

Mu Charales chimodzi mwa zinthu zovuta kwambiri Thallus kuti mwanjira ina ndipo zinachititsa kuti kufanana awo ndi zomera apamwamba. thupi lawo kusiyanitsidwa mu interstices ndi mbali mkulu kalasi, zomwe zili whorls nthambi. Mu brackish ndi madzi oyera nyanja, iwo amagwira pansi ndi rhizoids. Koma kufanana ndi zomera apamwamba, mu nkhani iyi, mwatchulidwa akhale hornwort ndi horsetail. Thallus kutalika ukufika avareji masentimita 30, ngakhale pali nthawi ya kwa masentimita 120. Nthambi lateral n'zochepa kwambiri, kotero mbewu colonizes pansi si zolimba kwambiri. Koma izi si mbali zonse ndi charophytes. Kapangidwe The amakhala ndi kukhalapo kwa maselo yaitali internodes kukhala atachuluka makungwa zina maselo yopapatiza ndi zazing'ono. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti chigoba cha maselo obyzvestlennaya.

algae kubalana

Stoneworts gulu la zomera lililonse la kugonana ndi kafalitsidwe vegetative. Vegetative njira akuyendera ntchito nodule ili rhizoids. Komanso, ntchito lakonzedwa nyenyezi woboola pakati kudzikundikira selo, yomwe ili pa tinatake tozungulira tsinde m'munsi. Iwo Kubala thallium latsopano. Apamwamba chitukuko pa moyo wa mbewu ukufika ziwalo kugonana ankaimira oogonia ndi antheridium. Mlatho multicellular mobwerezabwereza kuti kukhala pa chomera chomwecho. Komabe, wodziwika ndi charophytes dioecious, koma yogawa awo si chachikulu chotere. Chifukwa unpretentiousness ake kukhala zinthu hara zaka zingapo imachititsa yaikulu m'dera, n'kupanga m'nkhalango mosalekeza.

ziwalo zoberekera

Antheridium akufanana mpira, amene m'mimba mwake mwina 0.5 mm. Poyamba, ali azioneka Kamaoneka, koma m'kati moyo kusintha kwa ofiira kapena lalanje. Iwo uli pa unicellular dongosolo lalifupi tsinde ndi lili 8 maselo mosabisa kwambiri funsani mzake m'mbali serrated. Ku chigawo chapakati cha lililonse gulu-maselo imatsogoleredwa antheridium choyambirira cylindrical chogwirira, mathero mu mutu zozungulira limene maselo angapo imakonzedwa ndi nusu zochepa. Aliyense wa iwo amapereka ochepa maselo zana ndi ulusi spermatogenic. Zikatero, aliyense wa maselo utangoyamba komanso amalenga anterozoid. Pankhani oogonia, iyenera kukula mwachilungamo lalikulu, poyerekeza ndi antheridium. maselo Crustal anazungulira ndi kupanga mtundu wa korona mwauzimu. Mu thupi ili charophytes muli dzira limodzi lalikulu. Umuna maselo korona chimafikira ndipo tili m'mavuto mu oogonia. karyogamy Komanso kumachitika mwa mapangidwe zygote a.

Nchito Charales zomera

The biosystem mtengo wa moyo wa algae izi si zofunika ngakhale akatswiri amanena kukopa pa maziko hydrological ndi kwachilengedwenso khalidwe la matupi madzi limene amakhala. Makamaka, mode amadzimadzi amakhala khola, komanso ndi mapangidwe biocenosis wapadera. chomera masamba mu citukuko kutenga ambiri epiphytes. Izi tizilombo tosaoneka ndi algae, zomwe zidzakhala zakudya invertebrates. Komanso, charophytes wandiweyani amachita zinthu m'njira inayake malo nsomba ang'onoang'ono, zimene zimapezeka mu malowo malo chitetezo kwa adani. Mu amatunga ndi zomera wandiweyani chitukuko amenewa amapezeka kakang'ono kwambiri udzudzu mphutsi. Ichi ndi chifukwa osati chitetezo, komanso kuti zochita za mankhwala enieni amene mudameretsa zomera. Pa nthawi yomweyo, algae akhoza kukhala chakudya mbalame. Iwo anati nthawi yophukira zimauluka pa malo madzi. Waterfowl makamaka ntchito zygote oospores umene panthawi ino imadzaza ndi m'malovu mafuta.

Ntchito mu Economy ndi Science

ntchito khalidwe zomera za moyo wa anthu watsimikiza ndi zinthu zili momwemo. Mwachitsanzo, kukhalapo kwa laimu kupanga algae wokongola ntchito ngati manyowa. Makamaka, charophytes Charophyta dipatimenti lipindulitsa pa maganizo a zigawo okwanira dothi lolemera. Ngakhale popanda mankhwala nanu accumulations zachilengedwe a m'dambo Charales kupanga matope umathandizanso. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, chidwi mu gulu la zomera kusonyeza akatswiri a kafukufuku biophysical. maselo Large, kupanga interstices, kulola zakuya kuphunzira Kakhungu cytoplasmic kwa permeability awo.

Pomaliza

Stoneworts pang'onopang'ono kutaya pamalo ake chomera wolowezana. Ngakhale kuti ankatsutsidwa Mitundu ina ya deta algae zinthu zakunja kufalikira mu chuma hydrological akadali kumalepheretsa ndondomeko ya chitukuko. Komanso musaiwale kuti charophytes - gulu la algae m'munsi kugwirizana Transitional pakati m'madipatimenti osiyanasiyana. Ndipo ngakhale kuti asayansi lero molimba dongosolo gulu, ambiri mwa zizindikiro oimira ake amasonyeza kuti kusintha zamoyo zinachita mu Thallus chomwecho. Komano, akatswiri kuzindikira kuti, poyerekeza ndi mafupawa ndi, Stoneworts ano palibe osiyana wolemera zosiyanasiyana.