Asafe kachulukidwe

Asafe - mankhwala mchitidwe dongosolo nthawi, anatchulidwa zilembo N ndi kukhala zinayendera nambala 7. molekyulu N2, wopangidwa mwa maatomu awiri. mankhwala Izi ndi colorless, odorless ndi zoipa mpweya monga ndi inert m'mikhalidwe muyezo. osalimba a asafe m'mikhalidwe yachibadwa (pa 0 ° C ndi mavuto 101,3 kPa) ndi wofanana 1.251 g / dm3. Amafotokozera ndi mbali ya dziko lapansi mu kuchuluka kwa 78,09% voliyumu yake. Choyamba anapeza ndi mbali ya mpweya Scottish dokotala Daniel Rutherford mu 1772.

Madzi asafe ndi madzi cryogenic. Pa kuthamanga mumlengalenga izo zithupsa pa - 195,8 ° C. Choncho, akhoza kusungidwa yekha mu zotengera akutali, amene zitsulo akasinja kwa mpweya liquified kapena Dewar flasks. Only mu nkhani iyi izi zikhoza kusungidwa kapena amadutsa popanda kutaya chilichonse chifukwa evaporation. Monga ayezi youma (liquefied carbon dioxide, mwinamwake kudziwika monga mpweya woipa), asafe ntchito monga refrigerant lapansi. Komanso, ntchito kwa cryopreservation magazi, maselo oberekera (umuna ndi mazira) komanso zitsanzo zina za chilengedwe komanso zipangizo. Adafunsira, ndi kuchita matenda, mwachitsanzo mu cryotherapy pochotsa cysts ndi njerewere pa khungu. madzi asafe kachulukidwe liri 0,808 g / cm3.

mankhwala ambiri m'mafakitale zofunika monga asidi nitric, amoniya, organic ku feteleza (mabomba, utsi) ndi cyanides akupanga N2. amphamvu kwambiri nsinga elemental asafe mu molekyulu amachititsa mavuto chifukwa chotenga mbali zake zosiyanasiyana mankhwala, ndi chifukwa inertia yake pansi pa zikhalidwe muyezo (kutentha ndi kuthamanga). Kuphatikizapo zifukwa izi N2 n'kofunika kwambiri m'minda sayansi ndi mafakitale. Mwachitsanzo, m'pofunika kukhala ndi kuthamanga situ mu m'zigawo za mafuta kapena mafuta. Aliyense ntchito yake yeniyeni kapena sayansi amafuna kudziwa zimene ali osalimba a asafe pa kufinya makamaka ndi kutentha. Kuchokera kwa malamulo a sayansi yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe amadziwika kuti pa buku zonse ndi kuwonjezeka kutentha kuonjezera kuthamanga ndi osalimba wa mpweya, ndi mosemphanitsa.

Pamene ndipo n'chifukwa chiyani tiyenera kudziwa osalimba a asafe? Mawerengedwe a chizindikiro ichi ntchito pofuna kukonza ndondomeko zikuchitika ntchito N2, zasayansi ndi kupanga. Pogwiritsa ntchito mtengo odziwika kachulukidwe mpweya, ndi zosatheka kuwerengetsa unyinji wa buku ena. Mwachitsanzo, amadziwika kuti amatenga mpweya voliyumu m'mikhalidwe yachibadwa 20 dm3. Pankhaniyi, n'zotheka kudziwa kulemera: mamita = 20 • 1,251 = 25,02 ga Ngati zinthu zina kuposa muyezo, ndi buku odziwika N2 pansi pa zikhalidwe izi, izo ziyenera woyamba kupeza (kwa akalozera), osalimba a asafe pa kufinya kumatanthauza ndi kutentha, ndipo mtengo uwu ndiye kuchulukitsa ndi buku wotanganidwa ndi mpweya.

kuwerengetsera otere zimagwiridwa pa kupanga pokonza muyeso zinthu mayunitsi ndondomeko. Iwo koyenera kuti khalidwe njira zamakono, kusankha kugwiritsa ntchito zida, mawerengedwe a magawo luso ndi chuma, ndi zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, pambuyo kukatseka onse mankhwala kupanga zida ndi mipope ayenera pamaso kutsegula ndi osachiritsika ukonzedwe kutsukidwa ndi mpweya inert - asafe (ndi yotsika mtengo ndipo ambiri alipo kuposa Mwachitsanzo, helium kapena argon). Childs, iwo ali lotengeka ngati kuchuluka N2, amene ali kangapo voliyumu ya galimoto kapena mapaipi, njira yokha kuchotsa dongosolo mpweya flammable ndi nthuzi ndi kuthetsa inaphulika kapena moto. Akukonzekera ntchito atseka patsogolo kukonza, katswiri, podziwa voliyumu ndi osalimba a dongosolo mudzachotsedwa asafe, N2 linaŵerengera misa, zomwe zimafunika kuti akaimbe.

Wosalira anapezazo, amene mulibe amafuna mwatsatanetsatane, gasi weniweni opotoka ndi mafuta abwino ndi ntchito malamulo Avogadro a. Popeza thupi la 1 mol wa N2 numerically wofanana magalamu 28, ndipo 1 Mole voliyumu wina mafuta abwino ali malita 22.4, ndi asafe kachulukidwe ndi wofanana 28 / 22.4 = 1.25 magalamu / lita = 1.25 g / dm3. Njira imeneyi ndi ntchito mwachangu osalimba lililonse gasi, osati N2. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri mu Laboratories mawunikidwe.