Ureniamu galasi. Zamgululi zopangidwa ureniamu galasi (chithunzi)

Ureniamu galasi, Vaselini, bango - mayina a mankhwala ndi Kuwonjezera wa utoto wa oxides ureniamu. Nyukiliya mankhwala? Bwanji kuti mankhwala ndi moyo woyesedwa ndi ntchito 92-TH mchitidwe (ndi nthawi tebulo D. I. Mendeleeva), mofanana bomba la atomiki? Iwo likukhalira kuti galasi ndi woopsa kwambiri? Kapena kodi sichoncho?

Ureniamu ndi oxides ake ndi chiyani?

The German sayansi Martin Heinrich Klaproth mu 1789 analandira "watsopano zitsulo" wakuda mchere ncho m'migodi Ioahimshtal ku Bohemia (ano Czech Republic), ponena monga ureniamu. Iye ankaganiza moona mtima chinali chachitsulo wangwiro - kukayendera kopanda ichi mawu chi, iye sanatero. Chifukwa "ureniamu"?

Mu zaka zisanu ndi zitatu izi zisanachitike, mu 1871, Frederick Uilyam Gershel (German zakuthambo amene ankagwira ntchito ku England) anapeza dziko latsopano mu System Dzuwa - chiwiri. Iye nthawi khumi kuposa unyinji wa Dziko Lapansi. Herschel dzina Uranus pambuyo Greek m'nthano wamphamvuyonse mkazi wa Gaia (Earth).

makumi asanu okha patapita zaka zambiri, mu 1841, French sayansi Ezhen Peligo anatsimikizira kuti "atsopano chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu mu zitsulo mzere" chifukwa Klaproth, okusayidi izi (mu kapangidwe - mpweya). Peligot analandira zitsulo wangwiro, koma mu nkhani ya anapeza ureniamu si adalowamo Iye ndi Klaproth.

Koma pafupifupi zaka mpaka 1896 ureniamu sananene makampani, ndipo patapita atulukira mpweya wa poizoni katundu wa kuti mchitidwe kuti izo panali chidwi asayansi. Koma mpaka 1939, pamene iwo anali linatulutsa zotsatira za kafukufuku wawo pa fission nyukiliya, ndi ureniamu miyala ncho okha Analandira nyukiliya.

zochitika m'mbiri

Ntchito Europe achibadwa ureniamu okusayidi wa atumwi BC: mbiya shards yokutidwa ndi glaze chikasu, anapeza zofukulidwa wa Pompeii.

Pa ntchito pofukula ku Italy pa Cape Posilippo (Bay wa Naples) zidutswa chikasu zithunzi anapezeka mu 1912. Othimbirira galasi mu dongosolo ali gawo limodzi la okusayidi ndi ureniamu. kupezeka kunayamba chaka AD 79

Kwa kupanga enamel ndi galasi Mose kuti nthawi mu Europe zinkachokera miyala ku Africa.

Malinga ndi magwero zilipo olembedwa ku China m'dera glassmakers mbuye ayesa mu zaka 16-17 ndi Kuwonjezera ureniamu ores kupereka mithunzi galasi mtundu. Zamgululi zopangidwa ureniamu galasi nthawi imeneyi sanapezeke.

oxides Natural zitsulo, zimene zimachizidwa limodzi ndi m'zigawo miyala siliva Ulaya anawona glassblowers - ankafuna kusintha mtundu wa galasi kuwatengera iwo kalekale.

Ureniamu galasi: chiyambi cha chionetsero zazikulu za maiko

Habsburg migodi siliva, ili mu Bohemia, kuchita zachilengedwe ureniamu ores _­ - pitchblende (uraninite). Ndipo, ndithudi, mbuye glaziers nthawizonse ndinkafuna kugwiritsa ntchito utoto zachilengedwe kuti mtundu linanena bungwe. A m'badwo wachitatu wotchuka mafumu aluso Riedel, Franz Xaver Anton, m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, ayesa kudzaza mtundu wa mankhwala galasi. Wopambana anali Kuwonjezera pa mtanda wa oxides ureniamu analandira hue kuchokera zachikasu wobiriwira kwakuya, ureniamu galasi pansi kuwala kwa kutuluka ndi kulowa kwa dzuwa Kamaoneka kuwala imene anamupatsa ngati zamatsenga chinsinsi.

Kuyambira 1830, a dynastic m'malo Yozef Ridel (mphwake Franz, amene anakwatira mwana wake), anayamba kuphunzira experimental deta mpongozi, kuyamba zina zamakono ulimi wa yellow (mitundu yosiyanasiyana), zobiriwira (kuti mdima) ndi Ruby ureniamu galasi. Mpaka 1848 (chaka cha imfa Yozefa Ridelya) linanena bungwe - Miphika, magalasi, makapu, puzyrechki, pugovok, mikanda - kunandithandiza.

Pa nthawi yomweyo, olamulira British kuperekedwa monga mphatso wake mfumukazi Victoria nyali ziwiri mtundu wa ureniamu galasi kuti zalembedwa podttverzhdeno. Zimenezi amapereka chifukwa chokhulupirira kuti si mu Czech Republic, komanso mu England, anagwirizana latsopano mbuye Chinsinsi mankhwala banga galasi.

Zinthu ureniamu galasi: kuŵeta

Kuwonjezeka mabuku kupanga ku Ulaya (France, Netherlands, Belgium, England) anapanga galasi otchuka ndi yapamwamba. Okha zomera Czech Republic Ioahimshtal ku Bohemia mpaka chaka cha 1898 kutulutsa matani oposa 1,600 mankhwala osiyanasiyana ureniamu galasi.

Popeza 1830, Gusev zomera Russia anayamba kubala mankhwala ofanana.

Yellow ndi wobiriwira ureniamu galasi anali zimakhalanso zotsika mtengo. Ntchito kumasulidwa barium ake ndi calcium analinso ndi Kuwonjezera wa potaziyamu ndi boron, chimene choti ndi chiwalitsiro kwambiri.

Mpaka 1896 (Kupezeka kwa mpweya wa poizoni AA Becquerel) m'zigawo ndi ntchito ureniamu miyala malire, panali kokha mphamvu kupeza Analandira kwa iwo.

Features

Ureniamu galasi mu mayamwidwe UV anasamutsidwa cheza mphamvu kudera zosiyanasiyana za cheza sipekitiramu - wobiriwira. Komanso, kuwala kwa mtundu umenewu sekondale ndi anamwazikana, osati kupitiriza chochitika mtengo. Mundawu amatchedwa kuwala. Mbali imeneyi alibe onse utoto wachikasu ndi wobiriwira mankhwala, koma ureniamu galasi. Photo nkhani pansi dzuwa limakhala lamphamvu ndi zikutsimikizira za kudalirika kwa zinthu zosonkhanitsira phindu.

A oopsa?

Ureniamu galasi ndi digiri yapamwamba ya kuwala ayenera kukhala ndi ku 0,3 6% okusayidi ureniamu. Kuwonjezera ndende ya kuchepetsa luminescence komanso zili kutsogolera mlandu, koma kumawonjezera mpweya wa poizoni (cheza).

Master glassmakers, ngati aliyense mpaka 1939, samadziwa za kawopsedwe wa ureniamu ndi ngozi yake cheza. Mwachindunji wokhudza ores yaitali kukhala nawo oopsa moyandikana zinachititsa kuti matenda pafupipafupi wosadziwika, nthawi zambiri mu imfa ya mbuye.

Koma kuchokera mankhwala ureniamu galasi anagawira dziko lonse, ndipo palibe amene anamva kusapeza kapena kudwala, kukhala pafupi ndi iwo. Chifukwa chiyani?

The cheza mlingo wa nkhani zopangidwa ureniamu galasi ndi otsika - 20 mpaka 1500 Mr / hr, ndi kololeka malire anachokera - 30 Mr / hr. Izi zikutanthauza kuti, ngati chiwerengero cha zinthu ureniamu galasi, muli kuima pambali pawo mosalekeza kwa zaka zoposa khumi kuti matenda poizoniyu.

Kutha kwa kupanga ureniamu galasi

Pamaso pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World, ureniamu si chidwi sayansi. Only mu 1939, pamene chitsanzo anayamba kupanga unyolo anachita, kumasuka ndalama yaikulu kwambiri mphamvu yochokera pa ureniamu chinayamba chitsanzo cha kwa bomba. Ndiyeno tiyenera kukhala miyala ya ureniamu miyala.

kupanga ureniamu galasi anali sanasiye pafupifupi zaka 50 za zaka mazana makumi awiri.

madipoziti ureniamu zonse padziko lapansi ndiwo anawerengedwa, ndipo mu England pa opanga 'Vaselini galasi "anali anagwira osati zipangizo komanso anamaliza mankhwala.

Pakali pano, ndi ureniamu galasi amapangidwa zedi kochepa mu United States ndi ku Czech Republic. Monga utoto ntchito zatha ureniamu, chifukwa mu patsogolo pa ureniamu kwa mafuta nyukiliya. Ziwiya zopangidwa ureniamu galasi, komanso mankhwala ena, motero mtengo ndithu, pamene patsalanso otchuka kwambiri.

Kodi kudziwa ureniamu galasi?

Ngati mosamala mfundo m'matangadza wakale (Soviet Union) mbale sideboards agogo anga, mu dziko, mu chapamwamba, mukhoza kupeza chikasu kapena wobiriwira mbale mandala, zomwe mwina kuwala mu dzuwa oyambirira. Zinthu akhale chikasu kapena wobiriwira mchere Odzigwedeza, ashtrays, Miphika, magalasi, mabatani, mikanda, ngakhale zaka eelenye chitseko (zenera) khasu.

Pa utitiri misika ndi zonse za pamwamba. M'thumba, mukhoza kukhala mwini rarities zokoma.

Onetsetsani kuti zinthu ureniamu galasi, m'pofunika ndi UV nyale ndipo ndi Geiger kauntala. Momwemo kuchita okhometsa weniweni.

ureniamu Zosayiwalika

Chifukwa chakuti ureniamu galasi zinalembedwa lalikulu zedi, anthu anakhalabe ambiri zidutswa za chikasu ndi wobiriwira. Nthawi zina iwo ali chidwi mbiri, nthawizina - Zotolera zakale, collectible.

Miphika zopangidwa ureniamu magalasi tambirimbiri mndandanda wa mayiko ambiri, wopangidwa Mabaibulo osiyanasiyana, kuyambira Biedermeier (chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi atumwi) ku Art Deco (makumi awiri).

Kwa okhometsa chidwi komanso mafano a nyama ndi mbalame ku ureniamu galasi, mabotolo ndi matambula, tableware - mbale, saucers, saucers, makapu amapereka kwa vinyo.

mankhwala ureniamu mu US

M'mayiko Chingelezi, ureniamu galasi mu zaka mazana makumi awiri anatchedwa "madzi paraffin" chifukwa cha mtundu kufanana kwa eponymous mafuta wamba. Galasi, kupatula bwino, wachikasu ndi wobiriwira, ndi subspecies - pa zikondwerero (ndi oyika mtundu), Depression galasi (mankhwala onse, kaya akhale a kalembedwe, anamasulidwa mu US pa Great Depression), akamayamba (opaque wotumbululuka chikasu), yade (opaque wotumbululuka wobiriwira), Chibama (opaque ndi mithunzi ya wotumbululuka pinki ku chikasu).

Nanga ntchito zowonjezera kwa ureniamu miyalayo?

Na ₂ U ₂ O ₇ - sodium wochuluka uranate - amisiri ntchito ngati pigment chikasu. Chifukwa chojambula zadothi ndi zoumbaumba (glaze enamels) mu mitundu wakuda, wabulauni, wachikasu wobiriwira ndipo ankagwiritsa ntchito oxides ureniamu wa digirii osiyanasiyana makutidwe ndi okosijeni. Uranyl nitrate anamugwiritsa ntchito m'ma makumi awiri mu zithunzi - kumapangitsanso zoipa ndi tinting, ankaudaya positives bulauni.