Turkmenistan: muyezo wa chikhalidwe. Turkmenistan mwa maso a mlendo

Turkmenistan - Dziko kuti mu 90 ntchentche wa XX atumwi, pambuyo kugwa, anali njira kovuta kwambiri. Poyamba panali kuwonongedwa, ndiye panali nthawi mapangidwe pang'onopang'ono. Turkmenistan, mlingo umene moyo ndi osauka, anayamba bwinobwino. The yofunika ankaimba ndi anthu mu ndondomekoyi. Mmodzi wa Republic woyamba anatenga Declaration Ulamuliro. Mu 1995, boma anali ndale.

Zovuta ndondomeko mapangidwe

Khumi zoyambirira za ufulu wodzilamulira kuli Turkmenia wadutsa mu njira zovuta wovulala linalipo nthawi Lalikulu.

Zonse zikuchitika zoipa anali limodzi ndi kusowa kwa vuto la zachuma ndi limodzi la kuba mafakitale zipangizo, chitetezo ndi gawo la mphamvu. Moyo Turkmenistan mu nthawi iyi anali kumva ngakhale kusokonekera mphamvu ndi chuma, limodzi ndi zochitika wamagazi ndi fratricidal.

Zinthu zimene chinachititsa kuti chuma

Turkmenistan, kakhalidwe ka moyo umene wauka zikomo kwambiri kuti khama ndiponso khama la anthu, kuti ndisiye njira zowononga chuma.

Turkmenistan amapeza wopatsidwa Mulungu malo. mbali yake yaikulu - nyengo, mafuta ndi gasi minda dzuwa ndi kutentha. dziko amakhala ndi mtundu chatsekedwa ya chuma, zomwe chakuti ndalama zakunja ndi nawo yokhayo yomwe inalipo m'munda zovuta. Tikumbukenso kuti Turkmenistan ali mwachirengedwe sachoka danga, izo ziribe kubwereketsa kunyanja ndipo atazungulira limati imene nkhani zandale zambiri kumalepheretsa patsogolo mapaipi mpweya. Ndipo, ndithudi, anthu aluso, kum'maŵa ndiwofatsa mawu ndale, koma kuyamikira zimene ali.

mfundozi achititsa kuti kukula chuma cha dziko, akuti:

• ndi gawo zamakono zaulimi zingabweretse pachaka za tonnes miliyoni tirigu ndi thonje kwambiri;
• zida processing makampani zomera latsopano kwa processing wa thonje yaiwisi kapena Beet shuga;
• makampani kuwala, fakitale yatsopano ya jinzi ndi nsalu thonje;
• la Chitekimeni mafuta ndi lubricants High-octeni mafuta opangidwa pa fakitale ano mafuta;
• zikomo ufa pachaka yopezera gasi ndi mafuta makampani aphimbidwa kwathunthu kufunika Turkmenistan zipangizo mphamvu.

Turkmenistan mwa maso a mlendo

Munthu amene anachoka kwa kanthawi mu dziko, umakhudza Chitekimeni onse. Choncho, ndi liwiro lalikulu amasintha malo, zomangamanga, ndi zomangamanga wa dziko lonse ndi mizinda yake payekha. Kunachokera liwiro zosaneneka pa ntchito yomanga latsopano nyumba mkulu-nyamuka, maiwe kusambira, zipatala, misewu, maholo konsati, makhoti tennis, malo malonda, mahotela, mabwalo, komanso wokongola Ashgabat ndege ya mabo ndipo galasi.

Economy la Turkmenistan

Modern Turkmenistan, mlingo chawo cha moyo kwambiri bwino, yodziwika ndi bata ndi mutendele ndale. Mlingo mkulu wa chitukuko zachuma zimathandiza kuti kutentha ndalama nyengo. Chifukwa cha - ndalama mu chitukuko cha makampani Turkmenistan a zomangamanga kumayiko.

chuma Turkmenistan akukulira bwinobwino chifukwa cha ndalama zofunika kwambiri za ndalama zakunja mphamvu ndi mafakitale extractive.

Mu yochepa nthawi dziko wakhala zinasinthika kuchokera ku zopangira m'munsi m'chigawo mofulumira osauka. Chuma yamakono ya Turkmenistan akutsimikiza ufulu wodzilamulira. boma ndi kukwapula kwa bata ake m'misewu ndi opindulitsa kusintha kunja.

Lero, Turkmenistan (muyezo wa chikhalidwe cha anthu) pachikhalidwe woyamba pakati pa mayiko a ku Central Asia ndi CIS. Anthu kupeza ufulu gwero: mchere, mpweya, madzi ndi kuunika. Pa mlingo wokwanira pa chitukuko limasonyeza mpweya pakati pa mizinda ya Turkmenistan.

Waukulu zazikulu za citukuko zizindikiro

Mayiko Fund Monetary mu 2015 ali muno kuchepa mu kukula GDP 9% (zambiri likupezeka pa webusaiti boma cha IMF).

Monga tanenera mu izi kumasulidwa atolankhani, mu 2014 Turkmenistan olembedwa kukula kwa 10,3% GDP. Pankhaniyi, chuma cha boma anakhalabe ndi ndinapirira kuti zodabwitsa zosiyanasiyana pa msika dera. Moyo umenewu mu Turkmenistan chaonekera zikomo zotheka kwa katundu yogwira chuma hydrocarbon ndi ndalama pagulu.

Kuyembekezera kuchepa GDP m'chaka panopa mogwirizana ndi IMF zidzachitika chifukwa anthu adzakhala kuchepetsa ndalama ku katundu wa gasi, komanso kuchepetsa pagulu wachibale ndalama kuti GDP.

Ngakhale depreciation posachedwapa ndalama dziko, kufufuma chikuyembekezeka kumapeto kwa chaka adzakhala padziko 6.5% (pafupifupi la Turkmenistan - 7.5%). Zimenezi zidzatheke chifukwa wotsatira lonse mitengo chakudya kugwa ndi kuwuka kwa dola.

Moyo Turkmenistan kuti m'mayiko ena

Kalembera wa 2003 anasonyeza kuti Turkmens zimapanga% 85 okha mwa chonse cha anthu a boma, otsala 15% - m'mayiko ena.

Tiyeni tikambirane Russian moyo Turkmenistan. Choncho, onse mofanana mu 2003 tagwirizana anasaina pakati Moscow ndi Ashgabat, chimene "Gazprom" wayamba kukhala ndi "Turkmenneftegaz" gasi mpaka 2028. Komabe, chaka chomwecho kwa Turkmenistan ndi kuchotsa chidwi cha pangano mu 1993, pa nthawi imene boma unilaterally kutsazikana mwayi ndi nzika wapawiri. Ngakhale izi, Russian ofesi ya kazembe Chatuluka pasipoti la Russia ndipo kenako mu 2003, anafotokoza kuti kupanda ratification wa Protocol ndi nyumba yamalamulo Russian.

Mu 2013, zinthu wakhala anakula popeza amapereka kusintha zitupa chitsanzo akale ku boma latsopano la Turkmenistan "mapasa" anafunsidwa kusiya mtundu wina uliwonse kupatula Turkmenistan. Vutoli sichinayambe anathana lero.

Muyezo wa moyo ku Turkmenistan lero

Mlingo wa masiku moyo m'dziko lino zisakuyenda chawonjezeka kwambiri, ndipo anatsimikizira ndi kusanthula chizindikiro ichi chitsanzo cha likulu - Ashgabat. Choncho, yankho la funso "Kodi yosabvuta kukhala Turkmenistan?" Kodi ambiri magalimoto m'misewu, komanso mtengo mafoni ndi anthu.

Anthu wamba, nkhani zoterozo zingaoneke pang'ono zilizonse. Komabe, chuma akhoza kunena molimba mtima kuti za umoyo wa anthu m'dziko lililonse zitha kutenga malo pamene kukula GDP, kuwonjezeka pa munthu amapeza. Pankhaniyi, munthu wabwinobwino tikunena yekha pa mitengo ya katundu amene ali masitolo. Kuchokera pa zigawo zikuluzikulu zimenezi, tikhoza kunena kuti pafupifupi muyezo wa moyo ku Turkmenistan anakhala apamwamba.

Zinthu zofunika pa chitukuko cha

Umboni wakuti olimba nawo pa anthu, ndiwo maziko a chitukuko cha ntchito zachuma, komanso umwini mopitilira patsogolo khalidwe la moyo Turkmenistan ayenera kuperekedwa. Ayenera kupitiriza kusintha kwa banki ngongole ndi chuma cha boma, analenga zinthu zabwino kwambiri za chitetezo ndi anzawo a anthu.

Khumi zoyambirira za m'ma XXI kuonetsetsa umoyo ndi zachuma chitukuko cha dziko chifukwa kufunika kutsirizitsa malamulo, komanso chitukuko cha njira atsopano kotheratu kwa lamulo m'munda malamulo ubale zachuma. Choncho, malamulo ayenera akuyendera malangizo otsatirawa.

Kuwonjezera chimango zolimbana

Izi ndi malangizo poyamba, yemwe ali kuti alimbikitse ndi kukhala msika chuma. Limodzi mwa madera yaikulu ya chuma chipika akamaliza anali chitukuko cha malamulo atsopano, amene amathandiza m'munsi malamulo a malonda (ntchito) zochita. chochitika ichi ndi chinthu chofunika wotsatira njira malamulo ndi zolimbana kulenga mabungwe ntchito. Zinali zofunika pakati pawo ali wotanganidwa ndi kumalo a ntchito.

Tax malamulo a ndalama ndi bajeti muzochitika

Ichi ndi malo chachiwiri kukonza chimango zolimbana. A chimango ano malamulo losiyana yodalirika zina, ndi nthawi asapita mu chuma cha boma lonse. Cholinga cha ndondomekoyi ayenera bwino mu bajeti boma ndi monga zazikulu za citukuko kasamalidwe limagwirira kwa chuma dziko.

Bwino mfundo zachuma zimadalira dongosolo msonkho wa boma. Mfundo yaikulu ya ntchito malamulo - codification wonse wa msonkho chimango malamulo, limene Turkmenistan lero. Maphunziro moyo uno akhoza kwambiri patsogolo malamulo wonse. Choncho, zochokera dongosolo la kuphunzira misonkho yosiyanasiyana ndi mitengo, komanso njira ndi njira kuonetsetsa malipiro awo kwa bajeti, tiyenera kukulitsa legislated dongosolo yunifolomu ya mapangidwe zosonkhanitsira, ndi chiyanjo cha ndalama zonse zofunikira.

Lamulo la ntchito za Boma munthu wa chuma

umenewu ndi wachitatu kufunika ndipo ayenera amathandiza kuti lamulo malamulo a ntchito ikuchitika ena zamanja, ndi imodzi mwa malo ofunika kwambiri pa dongosolo lonse chuma Turkmenistan.

Chifukwa kusintha zachuma ndi kusintha chikwaniritsidwa mu chitukuko tima zoterozo Boma la chuma: a zaulimi, mphamvu ndi zomangamanga. Sikutheka mu nkhani iyi, iwalani za makampani nsalu zomangira zoyendera ndi aya.

Polongosola mwachidule nkhaniyo, tisaiwale kuti Turkmenistan anakwanitsa kuthetsa mavuto amene anauka pambuyo kugwa kwa Union, osati kuthetsa vutoli, komanso kutenga njira ya vuto la zachuma.