State ngongole: mitundu ndi kufunika chitukuko cha chuma cha dziko

ngongole State umaimiridwa ndi kapangidwe ka zinthu zogwirizana ndi mitundu. Choncho, malingana ndi udindo wa wobwereka ndi awa mitundu ya ngongole: centralized ndi decentralized. Yoyamba ukufanizidwa ndi sheya boma wosindikiza Boma kudzera ku Unduna wa Zachuma. State ngongole ya mtundu wachiwiri zochokera issuance wa masheya ndi makonsolo ndi waukulu structural mchitidwe dongosolo la ndalama dera wodzilamulira. Ndi zida izi ndi zotheka ndi maboma a m'mayikowo njira ya chitukuko cha chigawo chomwe mufuna. N'chifukwa chake decentralized ngongole za boma mu 2013 ali ndi prerequisites onse ntchito yake ngati chida chachikulu chuma chimene angathe kuchitidwa ya citukuko chuma.

The issuer ndi udindo nsinga m'dera ngongole monga wachinsinsi zonse zofunika pa boma ndi zachuma. Ntchito zambiri izi mozindikira ndalama angathe kusankha kupeza sheya amenewa. State mtengo wa chiyamiko chifukwa Mwachangu ake. Pankhaniyi, waukulu zotengera malingaliridwe chinthu akuti ndi mlingo wa oyenerera ogwira ntchito udindo bungwe la kaikidwe ka nsinga izi.

Malinga chinthu kusiyanitsa ngati ngongole boma: mkati ndi kunja ngongole. Yoyamba ya ndalama anabwereka monga kudziika pa malire a boma ndalama dziko. Khama la ngongole lachilendo kumafuna kuwayika iwo mu ndalama zakunja kunja. Tikumbukenso kuti si anthu komanso n'zotheka kugula ngongole boma zoweta.

The State ali ndi ufulu kuti apereke ngongole ku mabungwe ngongole mlingo lonse, komanso mabanki akunja.

Malinga ndi kukhwima kwa ngongole boma yochepa, sing'anga-akuti ndi yaitali ngongole akhoza allocated. Choncho, yochepa ngongole zikusonyeza mapulani ake kwa nthawi ya chaka chimodzi, sing'anga yaitali - mpaka zaka zisanu, ndi yaitali - zaka zisanu.

Pali gulu lina la Kuyamikira boma, zochokera mitundu ya akadzabweranso:

- chidwi yokhudza eni kulandira ndalama mu mawonekedwe a ena mwa mapindu ndi;

- kuchotsera - kugulitsa masheya kwambiri m'dziko ikuchitika pa mtengo pansipa zawo zimangokhala ;

- kuwina - kukhazikitsa sheya izi ikuchitika popanda kukonza peresenti ndi zopalira alandire ndalama zokha pamene nambala yeniyeni ya mgwirizano likumira kufalitsidwa, kudzitengera phindu.

malo apadera mu ngongole ndi ndalama dongosolo la malotale allocated boma (atagwira njuga ndalama kapena katundu wogulidwa ndi matikiti kwa ndalama zina).