Shorthand - ndichiyani? Tanthauzo la mawu akuti "shorthand." Stenographer - ndani izi?

Shorthand - mbiri lemba la zilembo wapadera yochepa. Iwo ndi chidule mawonekedwe ngati kuti amalola kubereka pa pepala ngakhale mawu moyo. Changu chimene kutulutsa kalatayo, nthawi 4-7 kuposa wabwinobwino.

Shorthand tanthauzo angaperekedwe ndi yosiyana. Mfundo imeneyi ndi poyerekezera ndi luso la kulemba. Pankhaniyi, ndi mofulumira kwambiri, kuti si wochepa ndi liwiro kulankhula. Kodi kukwaniritsa zimenezi? Pofuna kuonjezera liwiro kulemba polemba mwapadera chifukwa chimenechi otchulidwa losavuta. Pankhaniyi, syllables ndi mawu imvera kuchepetsedwa kwambiri. Zizindikiro ndafunsira angapulumutse peresenti makumi asanu nthawi poyerekeza ndi makalata zonse.

nkhani

zaka zoposa 2 zikwi shorthand. Tanthauzo la mawu, amene amatanthauza mfundo amene anawamasulira kuchokera Greek - "narrowband". M'mawu ena,

Ofotokozera dictionary Dahl limaperekanso kulongosola mawu akuti "shorthand." tanthauzo ili: ". kalata chidule, kalembedwe ka, tikuyendera limodzi ndi mawu" Koma wolemba wotchuka Charles Dickens otchedwa njira imeneyi kubereka mawu ozizwitsa chabwino luso.

Kulemba anaonekera kwa zaka zikwi zingapo nthawi yathu ino. Kutulukira chake chinali chifukwa cha kufunafuna wofunafuna munthu kulankhula. Pa siteji koyamba mukuzilemba izo zinali kuwamvera. Ogwiritsa popereka maganizo awo mothandizidwa ndi zinthu zina zakuthupi. Kenako, kulemba wakhala lofotokoza. Pa nthawi imeneyi, njira yofalitsira maganizo anakhala images, chikhalidwe, ndi pamapeto, zilembo, amene alipo lero.

Shorthand anatuluka chinenero olembedwa. Izo zinachitika pa siteji m'banda chitukuko chikhalidwe cha anthu, pamene anthu osiyanasiyana panafunika kukopedwa molondola kulankhula kupyolera timva mofulumira ndi zambiri.

Aigupto akale komanso ntchito shorthand. Kodi inapita kalata opita kwa anthu akale? Mothandizidwa ndi malankhulidwe olembedwa odziŵa kulankhula pagulu lalikulu.

Maluwa wamkulu wa shorthand anafika ku Rome ndi Ancient Greece. A chopereka wapadera bwino kulemba liwilo ndipo anapanga mlembi mtumiki wa pa wogwira kwambiri Cicero - Tyrone. Iye anali mlembi wa shorthand Latin. script Ichi amatchedwa zolemba tironovymi.

Kubwera kwa shorthand alifabeti

Pa siteji koyamba zinali ngati kalembedwe ka. Kodi zikutanthauza chiyani? Pakuti aliyense mawuwo anayamba kupanga chizindikiro. Izi complicates kwambiri ntchito. Kuimba mawu olembedwa panafunika anthu amaloweza nambala yaikulu kwambiri m'nkhaniyi. chiwerengero chawo anafika 13000. Apa anali shorthand izi. Kodi chiwerengero cha anthu otchulidwa ndi yovuta kwambiri kumbukirani, zinaonekeratu kuti aliyense. njira inapezeka m'ma 17. Zinali ndiye kuti England Willis udaikidwa alifabeti dongosolo shorthand. shorthand Posakhalitsa anakhala wotchuka kwambiri m'mayiko ambiri padziko lonse.

Liwiro kulemba Russian

Shorthand ntchito Pskov ndi Novgorod mwamsanga zaka 15-16. Mu Moscow, mkulu-liwiro kalata lakhala likugwiritsidwa ntchito pa loyamba la Romanovs. Zinali m'nthawi ya 16. Pano pali kale m'dziko lathu ali shorthand. zilembo Russian lakhala likugwiritsidwa ntchito dongosolo latsopano choyambirira anayamba Ivaniv mu 1858. Nkhani yoyambirira ya njira zimenezi zichitike Russia March 19, 1860 Izo chinaonekeranso mkangano Kostomarov pulofesa ndi academician Pogodin. Mutu wake ndi funso za chiyambi cha Russia.

Zizindikiro ndafunsira chinenero cha Chirasha akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito mwakhama theka lachiwiri la zana la 19. Iwo ankayenera ena atolankhani, olemba mabuku, akatswiri a maphunziro ndi ophunzira.

Special chitukuko shorthand mu Russia analandira m'zaka za m'ma 20. Pamene utakhazikitsidwa, State Duma. Ndi chilengedwe cha ulamuliro umenewu pali kufunika kuti alembe misonkhano. Vuto ili analenga shorthand Bureau, n'zochititsatu anthu angapo dazeni.

Kumvetsera Chosavuta itakula ndi kubwera kwa Bolsheviks mphamvu. Mu 1925 izo unachitikira Conference Onse-Union pa nkhani shorthand. Mu Soviet Union kuti lofalitsidwa wapadera magazini - ". Mafunso a shorthand" Iwo ubwera mu 20 ntchentche Mu zaka zapitazo. Mu nthawi yomweyo, izo unakhazikitsidwa anthu stenography maphunziro apamwamba. Kenako, liwilo kulemba anaphunzitsa pa sukulu ina Soviet ndi yunivesite. Ntchito stenographer zikwizikwi za anthu nazo dziko.

Choncho, mu Russian kulemba mkulu-liwiro ife mwachangu ntchito zaka zana limodzi. Nthawi imeneyi anaona kuunika mabuku ambiri ndi mabuku pa chilango chimenechi.

Mafomu machitidwe kudya kujambula

Zakhala mu ankafuna shorthand. Kodi kalata munamutcha? Kwa zaka zoposa chimodzi, mtundu uwu wa mbiri bwino ndipo anayamba. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, njira zosiyanasiyana langokhala kachitidwe awiri. Mmodzi wa iwo - ndi zojambula ndi wachiwiri - kalembedwe ka. Woyamba zachokera pa mzere molunjika ndi bwalo ndi ziwalo zake mfundo. Dongosolo chachiwiri limapangidwa gawo chowulungika ndi makalata ntchito kulemba ochiritsira.

Mu France ndi ku England, ambiri ndi zojambula shorthand. Kutanthauza dongosolo angathe kuikidwa pa osakaniza makamaka mizere molunjika, mabwalo (kapena zigawo zake) ndi mfundo.

Kalembedwe ka shorthand ntchito makamaka mu Germany. dongosolo ndi wokongola kwambiri mu kalembedwe ndi yabwino kulemba.

zilembo ndafunsira ili ndi zilembo zosiyana kuchokera otsetsereka ndi kutalika kwa thickening ndi zotsalira, etc. Ndipo zosiyanasiyana imeneyi Tingaone mu machitidwe onse.

Koma shorthand ano, Mbidzi kugwirizanitsa zonse mitundu ya pamwamba. Cholinga chachikulu cha makalata inapita patsogolo pa siteji lili kubweretsa kachitidwe alipo mu chimodzi. Komanso shorthand amafuna kuyanjanitsa zomveka kufupika ndi kugwirizana.

Ndani ayenera luso mwamsanga Letters

Shorthand - ndichiyani? Ichi ndi chilango zovuta. Ndipo anthu ena amadabwa kuti ndipo tsopano m'gulu mndandanda wa nkhani mokakamizidwa mu masukulu amenewo kumene Mwachitsanzo, amaphunzitsidwa mlembi ntchito. Kumene, zamakono n'zotheka kuti apange CD a kuyankhulana kapena ulaliki kwa zojambulidwa. Komabe, nthawi yambiri chofunika pokonza mfundo. Komanso, si onse amatha kumveka chifukwa chisokonezo zosiyanasiyana. Chinthu china - ndi shorthand. Tanthauzo la mawu, mawu ndi mawu onse pogwiritsa ntchito njira wakhala ankaona mosavuta, monga polemba mawu yachibadwa. Zizindikiro ndafunsira zazindikirika mosavuta kuposa mpukutu wa.

Pakali pano, mkulu-liwiro kalata adamfunsa zosiyanasiyana. Shorthand ali ofunika kwambiri makamaka kwa anthu omwe amatanganidwa ndi ntchito maganizo. N'zosadabwitsa kuti kulemba akulankhula alembi mtsogolo kuphunzitsa ntchito zizindikiro zapadera. Ndipotu anthu a ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku akukumana ndi buku lalikulu zambiri, ndipo dzikolo shorthand zimawathandiza kuti magawowa kwambiri ntchito osati okha, komanso bwana.

mtengo kalembedwe ka

Shorthand mu ankafuna osati chifukwa cha mkulu kulemba liwiro. Timatha inu kulemba nkhani molondola monga momwe kungathekere. Aliyense mwini njira imeneyi akhoza shorthand kukambirana zofunika kwenikweni kwa mwatsatanetsatane lomaliza. Amphamvu mtsogoleri amene ankakonda kugwira mosathamanga kudya, adzasangalala ndi mlembi wake, amatha kulemba mfundo zonse pa nthawi ya zokambirana kapena kumisonkhano.

Kupeza luso zothandiza

Kodi kuphunzira stenography Inde? kalembedwe ka kulemba maphunziro kumanga mu ndondomeko zina. Choyamba, kuphunzira umamumvera zilembo.

Zizindikiro zoyambirira za zolemba anaphunzira opezeka mu kope ndi mzere yopapatiza. Izi ndi zofunika chifukwa kufunika kulowa mofulumira khalidwe msinkhu ndi dzanja ayenera pang'onopang'ono izo. Chinachake kenako, inu mukhoza kupita kwa mapepala ndi mzere mwachizolowezi. Popeza katswiri njira ya kujambula stenography zonse ali pa nerazlinovannoy pepala kumveka. Pankhaniyi, aliyense wa shorthand zotchulidwa kangapo mu mzere. Kogwira mtima kwambiri ngati mu kulemba kufunika kwake idzanenedwa. Pankhaniyi, kalembedwe ka kulemba luso adzakhala anayamba mofulumira. Akuwerenga zolemba zosonyeza kuti adzathe kudula padziko pensulo pa.

Zoyamba za kalata mofulumira

dongosolo shorthand amagwiritsa njira imene chikudutsa ikuchitika mavawelo. Wina chizindikiro kuphatikiza ma anthu a zilembo zomwe zimachitika kawirikawiri kwambiri, ndi syllables makamaka wamba. Mwachitsanzo, ngati mawu kutsekedwa monga -tsiya, -tsa, ndi -ktsiya -ntsiya, ndi kalembedwe shorthand adzakhala yemweyo. Zikuyenera kuchita, kuti, mawu monga "kachigawo", "malire", "siteshoni" ndi "chisomo."

Ena zithunzi zinalembedwa Zining'a kambirimbiri ndi mawu. Mu chiphunzitso shorthand kuwadziwitsa kulembetsa kangapo, kubwereza mwamaganizo phindu. Pakuti mosavuta Zining'a kuloweza ndi mawu zinalembedwa mu kope osiyana. Pa nthawi yomweyo ziyenela kuyan'anidwa kuti afabeti. lotanthauzilirali nthawi zonse tiyenera mankhwala kubwereza ndi kuwerenga. Cholinga cha phunziro ili ndi kubweretsa dongosolo la kulemba zolemba kuti automatism ndi chitukuko cha luso nkhani zawo ndi ena anthu ndi liwiro monga lemba yachibadwa.

Patapita nthawi anakhala mu maphunziro, chidziwitso wabweza ayenera pang'onopang'ono kuyamba kuchita. Kuti zimenezi zitheke, zizindikiro poyamba shorthand anaikapo mu kalata wamba. Pang'onopang'ono kusintha kwa wosanganiza lemba kalembedwe ka.

Ndipo tsopano shorthand amakhalabe zogwirizana ndi otchuka. Phunziro zingakhale mu maphunziro apadera. Kawirikawiri mpaka makumi maola maphunziro.

Khalidwe la kulemba liwilo

Shorthand, anamanga pa mfundo alifabeti, angapo mbali. Choyamba, monga mmene tafotokozera pamwambapa, yodziwika ndi kufupika kwa tracings. Komanso, amangosankha kusintha kulemba shorthand zosatheka. Iwo ali muyeso. Ife tonse tikudziwa kuti mu kulemba yachibadwa M'kalata yomweyo akhoza kulembedwa mu imodzi mwa zingapo zimene mungachite zilipo. Chotero ufulu shorthand zoletsedwa. Zizindikiro zonse ayenera mosamalitsa kumatanthauza kokha chizindikiro dongosolo.

NKHANI zilembo stenographic

Aya kalembedwe ka zilembo lolingana, ziyenera kulembedwa pa makona a madigiri sikisite ku mzere wa kulemba. Pambuyo pa zimenezi otsetsereka bwino. Zizindikiro zonse ziyenera kulembedwa mu mzere wa kulemba. Ulamuliro zofunika, amene anachita pamene kalata ndafunsira: litsatidwe otsetsereka, mawonekedwe ndi kukula enieni aliyense kalembedwe. Ngati anagwiriridwa, mbiri sangakhoze kuwerenga.

Kukula zizindikiro ndafunsira anafotokozedwa ndi msinkhu wawo. zithunzi zonse ndi zilembo za anawagawa yaing'ono, chachikulu, ndipo limodzi azithunzi omwe tikunena. Pankhaniyi, malo awo ali mu chiŵerengero ena. Choncho analandira kuchuluka kwa zizindikiro limodzi azithunzi omwe tikunena - 3 mm. Small akuti ndi gawo limodzi kutalika kwa wina-azithunzi omwe tikunena.

Zizindikiro ndafunsira anawagawa ostrookanchivayuschiesya chowulungika ndi sublinear. Mu kalembedwe shorthand lolingana mawu lonse, ayenera zolumikizana. Zinalembedwa popanda cholembera kusokoneza ku pepala. Kusiyana zizindikiro awiri ayenera kukhala theka miyeso. The kalembedwe "tsa" makalata "L", "b" imene kuima pa chiyambi cha mawu, olembedwa ndi kufalitsa kumanzere.

Zolemba motsatira kulemba mawu lonse, ali cholukanalukana mwa zinthu zomwezo, pamene zichitike longhand. Ngati fano lililonse inalembedwa molondola ndi umboniwo ndafunsira, si wolondola, koma kuwoloka kuchokera ntchito slash.

The kalembedwe ka sanagwiritse ntchito zonse chinenero zopumira alipo. marekodi ndafunsira ali yekha mukapeza ndi mfundo. Ntchito ngati modabwa ndi funso zizindikiro. Nkhani koma ndi ogwidwawo zizindikiro, iwo akugwiritsidwa kokha milandu kufunikanso kwambiri.

mbuye kalembedwe ka

Katswiri shorthand kungakhale osati mkazi. Nthawi zambiri njira izi anali nthumwi za kugonana mphamvu. Koma, ngakhale, m'zaka otsiriza analimbitsa view kuti kalembedwe ka - ndi chinthu ntchito wamkazi. ndi zofunikira kwa akatswiri zimenezi?

Stenographer - katswiri amene ali ndi udindo kapena kungosunga kulankhula kudzera mwa dongosolo mwapadera anayamba zizindikiro. Udindo wa akatswiri amenewa monga kuchepetsa kukonza chilichonse chimene kutchulidwa pompopompo, ndi kusinkhasinkha pepala anatenga kukambirana kapena kulankhula. The stenographer ayenera kutha kumvetsa ndi zimene zimaonekera pa pepala, kusiya mbiri mu mawonekedwe angathe kuwaŵerenga.

Pa nkhani imeneyi, zikuonekeratu kuti kalembedwe ka - sikungokhudza aliyense akhoza kubwera ndi munthu okha basi. Ndi dongosolo ena a m'nkhaniyi wapadera. Pa nkhani imeneyi, amayamba kuphunzira shorthand.

Kodi ndi pamene ankafuna ngati akatswiri? Stenographer zofunika pa misonkhano, misonkhano ndi misonkhano, pamene ulaliki ndondomeko ayenera wasenza. Koyamba, ntchito Zikuoneka kuti uncreative ndi wonyong'onya. Komabe, oimira anakambirana zapaderazi kukhala wosiyana ndi makhalidwe abwino ndi akatswiri. Choyamba, ndi stenographer ayenera kuganizira, kuwonjezera, pamafunika kukumbukira chidziwitso changwiro cha luso chinenero molondola ndiponso kulankhulana.

M'pofunikanso kunena kuti kulemba kalembedwe ka silingakhoze kokha atsogolere ntchito, komanso kukhala a phindu lalikulu, komanso kupulumutsa nthawi. Kuphunzira chilango zimenezi kumathandiza kuti chitukuko chachikulu munthu, kwambiri zawachitikira mawu ake, amene kudzadza polemba zosiyanasiyana malemba.