Sherman Act: okhutira ndi ntchito zotsatira

Sherman ambiri odana ndi kusakhulupilika Act, wadutsa mu United States m'zaka za m'ma 20, kwenikweni kulengeza nkhondo pa kuphangira ndi makampani akuluakulu. Akuti iye anali zingamuthandize m'tsogolo kwambiri, kuchita izo zinatsimikizira kukhala operewera. Kodi mfundo yaikulu ya izo ndi zifukwa kulephera kwa tanthauzo lake, werengani nkhani.

Chiyambi cha m'ma XX mu United States: udindo wa boma chuma ndi ubwenzi chikhalidwe

America m'zaka za m'ma 19 mochedwa. - kumayambiriro kwa m'ma 20. popemphera mayendedwe anali lidzasinthidwa dziko tingachipeze powerenga za bizinesi amapeza. Mmenemo, popanda malamulo alionse amagwira ntchito okhawo chimphona adalira. M'pake kuti koletsedweratu ufulu wa mpikisano msika ndi Kuneneratu za tochepa ndi sing'anga zinthu zimene zinachititsa kuti uwonongedwe. iwo sakanakhoza kupikisana. Kuti pali chimphona, wokwatibwa ndi John D. Rockefeller , wotchedwa Standart Mafuta, amene ndi zaka za m'ma 20, United States analanda msika wa malonda mafuta ndi 95%! Kachitidwe koyamba, anatengera pofuna kuteteza malonda ndi malonda ndi kuphangira ndi ufulu anakhala Act Sherman. Komabe, mosiyana ndi zimene timayembekezera, sanachite choncho yotchuka wotchedwa "hayala ufulu mafakitale."

Sherman ndi ndani?

The Mlengi wa mlomo anatchula pamwamba anali American wandale wotchuka John Sherman, dzina mchitidwewo amene ndipo kenako analandira. A membala tsogolo la Nyumba ya oimira ndi Kazembe wa Ohio, komanso Mlembi 35 a boma ndi Mlembi Zachuma US anabadwa pa March 7, 1897 ku Lancaster. bambo ake anali woweruza, ndipo banjali linali lalikulu kwambiri ndipo inkakhala makolo ndi ana 11. Education Sherman analandira mu sukulu ya chilengedwe, anakhala chidwi kumanja ndipo pambuyo maphunziro, pasukulu mowa.

Pambuyo pa ukwati wake anachita chidwi ndi ndale. Mu 1854, ndili ndi zaka 43, anali osankhidwa ku Nyumba ya oimira kunyumba boma wake wa Ohio. Mu 1980 anapanga pofuna kutenga utsogoleri, koma anasowa D. Garfield. umunthu wake ndi wofunika kwambiri mu mbiri ya dziko, koma dziko lonse la anthu ambiri a Sherman Act, wadutsa mu United States. Likutanthauza dera la chilamulo ntchito, iye kungotchula panopa chakhala chofunika kusintha kwabwino malowa malamulo.

Akamanena za chilamulo

Act Sherman anali woyamba malamulo odana monopolistic America. Dzina lake kwa Mlengi wake, anali ovomerezedwa ndi Senate ya dziko April 1890 (51 mavoti wina), Nyumba ya oimira (pamodzi) ndi kuvomerezedwa ndi pulezidenti wa Garrisson. Pamaziko a chilamulo anabwera July 2, 1890.

Lemba la analengeza wake kuti impeding ufulu wochita malonda ndi kulenga akhulupirira (kuphangira), ndi kulowa ndi zolinga zimenezi mu chiwembu ndi kanthu koma ngati mlandu. Tikumbukenso kuti Sherman Act zaka khumi anali mu mode "tulo", komabe izo si makumi awiri ndi chimodzi pulezidenti US Teodor Ruzvelt.

mchitidwewo sinakhudze adalira ndi kuphangira wotero. Komabe, limafotokoza zoletsa mwachindunji ndi zolaula ufulu wochita malonda osati pa mlingo dziko (pakati limati), komanso padziko lonse lapansi. D. Rockefeller ndi gulu lake atayamba chachikulu. Choncho, mu 1904 motsutsa Standart Mafuta chinali chiwerengero cha milandu ambiri odana ndi kusakhulupilika. The Supreme Court anaganiza gulu la kampaniyo. D. Rockefeller inasweka ndi Standart Mafuta 34 bulanchi, azungu anapitiriza kulamulira iwo.

Kodi ndi cholakwa?

The Sherman Act, wadutsa mu United States anafotokoza kuti munda wa zachuma ndi mwina chikhalidwe mfundo - malo omwe pa nthawi chofunika zosintha. Zotsatira za zinali m'malo zochepa. Komanso, mchitidwewo kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutali chizindikiro. Umasinthasintha kutanthauzira kwa malamulo akuluakulu milandu kwachititsa chakuti mabungwe ogwira anali wofanana ndi kuphangira ndi kunyanyala - mu kuipitsidwa ndi maganizo kwa kuletsa malonda kwaulere. Ndipotu kuchita anadutsa anthu, patapita anamuukira. Izi ndi loophole m'chilamulo yathetsedwa yekha mu 1914 mothandizidwa ndi Act Clayton. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti Act Sherman mu gawo makamaka ayende mu nthawi yathu, izo zili m'gulu la US Federal Code.

Kodi zotsatira yotsatira?

Nthawi yaitali ndipo woyamba odana ndi okhawo malamulo osati anabweretsa zotsatira ankafuna. stratification Social anthu anapitirira, ndipo anthu wamba American anali mu vuto, anapezeka ndi zizindikiro zonse za maganizo a zachuma. Zonsezi ali mwachibadwa kutsogozedwa ndi kuwonjezeka mu likulu makampani kuwonjezeka kusakhutira pakati pa zigawo zosiyanasiyana za anthu: ndi anzeru mwapang'onopang'ono, alimi ogwira ntchito. dziko kumizidwa mu gulu odana ndi kukhulupirira, limodzi ndi kukula kwa ntchito ogwira ncthito ndi kulimbana kwa kalasi osaukitsitsa wa chitetezo boma. Pang'onopang'ono, lamulo la "updating" mfundo ndi zachuma akhala akukhulupirira utsogoleri chipani osati Democrats komanso Republicans. Chinthu choyamba kwa kuthetsa vuto anali "Act kuti athandize kumbali ya Kuthi ndi chilolezo cha mayeso chilungamo" (1903), pambuyo lamulo zapita kukhazikitsidwa kwa Utumiki wa Trade ndi Labor.

Anatsimikizira sinathe kuchita, koma chofunika kusintha zabwino anakhala Sherman Act, wadutsa mu United States. Zimatanthauza dera lamanja la lamulo, kodi wokhutira, pamene mapiko ndi imodzi mwa zolakwa zikuluzikulu - mayankho a mafunso amenewa zikugwirizananso nkhaniyi. Nkhani zonse akupezeka onse m'chinenero choyambirira ndipo yomasulira. Zidzakhala kwambiri makamaka kwa ofuna zamakono chi mbiri ya USA.