Moyo boma - ndichiyani?

Umunthu ndi kuyesetsa kuti tichite bwino. Kwa nthawi yoyamba chinthu choterocho monga chikhalidwe boma (boma moyo), ankaona Lorenz Von Stein pakati pa zana la 19. Ndiye ankaganiza kuti lingaliro la dziko ndiyo kubwezeretsedwa kukhala wofanana ndi ufulu. Komanso, kunali koyenera kuukitsa wamba ndi oponderezedwa a anthu msinkhu wa anthu olemera ndi amphamvu. Iwo anazindikira icho chingakhoze kukhala ndi boma, lomwe adzaonetsetsa kuti ikuchitika patsogolo ndi zachuma za nzika zake.

Kulengedwa Concept

Chiphunzitso cha boma moyo amapereka kukhazikitsa zinthu monga nawo yogwira anthu, umalimbana kuthetsa mavuto, chuma wosanganiza ndi zina zotero, amene angathe kuona ambiri m'mayiko amene ali olemera. Kotero tsopano anapatsidwa zosiyanasiyana mitundu ya chimake ake, makhalidwe zopindulitsa ndiponso mwadongosolo mwafufuza. Mungawerenge iwo chiphunzitso chikhalidwe. Komanso chiphunzitso angapo a mfundo zimene mungachite kusintha zokhazikika.

Pamene munakonza mtundu wa boma ndondomeko chikhalidwe chamangidwa kuzungulira mfundo zina zomwe n'zogwirizana. Awa ndi mtolo wa magulu chikhalidwe, chikhalidwe cha phukusi boma ndi kuchepetsa kusintha lafalitsidwa msika mu bureaucracy lapansi.

Kubwera kwa maluwa ndi

Lingaliro ndondomeko boma umoyo ndi moyo anakhala ambiri pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse. A chizindikiro cha nthawi ino ndi pamaso pa amphamvu kayendedwe ntchito, amene anakuvoterani kumanzere-atatsamira chipani, kawirikawiri anagonjetsa Democrats Social. Pa nthawi yomweyo kotheka kuchita malamulo umene analenga zinthu kukula pang'onopang'ono kwa zachuma ndi Kuonjezera cangu ake, ndipo ndi kuwapatsa kugawa chuma cha zotsatira Choncho, moyo boma ndipo akhala monga tikuona masiku ano. Pambuyo zotsatira zabwino pa anthu m'mayiko zifukwa mkati, olimba zimene zinachititsa kuti mukufuna.

chiphunzitso

Keynesian chiphunzitso cha mfundo zachuma kuganizira moyo boma monga anamanga-stabilizer a dziko. Chifukwa cha khalidwe multifunctional, wosangalala munthawi yomweyo nkhani zambiri zotsutsana ndi njira, bungwe la zochitika wokongola osiyanasiyana a magulu osiyanasiyana.

The chidwi mu nkhani iyi ndi mfundo za boma la moyo, anafuulira K. Offe. Ndichiyani kuwawonetsera? Iye anakhulupirira kuti akamanena za boma moyo unakhazikitsidwa ngati Kuphatikiza zotsatira za osiyanasiyana zinthu, dongosolo limene zimasiyanasiyana m'mayiko osiyanasiyana. Amenewa anali umoyo-zaziwerengero reformism, sosholisimu Mkhristu, lalikulu mafakitale mabungwe, komanso pamaso pa ŵakusanga elites andale ndi azachuma. Zonsezi zakhudza kuti akhala anazindikira ndi zomwe zagwiridwa chiwembu mwatsatanetsatane za inshuwalansi mokakamizidwa anapereka osachepera mlingo malipiro, utenga lamulo chitetezo ntchito, zachitika dongosolo la maphunziro ndi thanzi. Komanso, anthu kudalira boma pa nkhani ya kupeza nyumba (uku akunena okha kuti kupezeka kwa thandizo, osati nyumba ufulu). Komanso, mabungwe anazitcha yovomerezeka oimira andale ndi azachuma antchito.

Chiyambi cha vutoli

chiphunzitso oimira moyo boma ankanena kuti pamapeto pake angathetse mavuto ambiri mtsogolo, chitsanzo ichi chingamulepheretse mavuto mkati dziko. Koma onse sanali mophweka. Cha m'ma 70 ntchentche wa ukutitsimikizira kwambiri chikhalidwe, mkulu ulova ndi anthu okalamba ayamba amaumiriza bajeti boma. Koma ichi chinali chiyambi chabe. P. Rosanvallon (French katswiri) ankanena kuti chitsanzo ichi wakhala mavuto atatu okha mzaka zana makumi awiri:

1. Economic.
2. Maganizo.
3. Aumunthu.

Tiyeni tione iwo mwatsatanetsatane.

akayambana

Kumapeto kwa 70s izo zinkawoneka kuti posachedwapa moyo pagulu adzalamulira enaake. Ogwiritsa adzamva kutetezedwa akuluakulu ngozi moyo ndi zosowa. Koma kuyambira chiyambi cha 90s anayamba chidwi (wachibale) kuwonjezeka ulova ndi mitundu yatsopano ya umphawi. Anasonyeza kuti maganizo inakambidwanso koyambirira anali zabodza. Popeza boma moyo anakumana ndi mavuto oyamba a zachuma. Nazi mathithi chomwecho pa 80th. Ndiye timaika funso mphamvu ya njira ntchito ndi phukusi boma mu gawo chuma moyo pagulu (pamene ichi chidachitika kuti kuthetsa mavuto). Makamaka anadzudzula bureaucratization ya zida boma, komanso chikhalidwe chatsekedwa zosankha watenga. Zimenezi zinachititsa chisokonezo wa patsogolo. Kuchita zimenezi zinachititsa kuti vuto la umayenda. Izo zonse idzathetsedwe. Mu 90s mochedwa panali mavuto aumunthu. Koposa zonse za pamwamba, funso pansi mfundo ufulu chikhalidwe ndi mfundo za umodzi chikhalidwe. Koma iwo ndi cilamulo ndi phindu chifukwa cha chitsanzo ntchito.

mthunzi

Tiyeni otoydom ku mutu Nkhani yaikulu ndi kupereka chisamaliro chawo kuti zochitika mbiri yakale, monga wakumwamba boma moyo. Lingaliro pansi pa kuganizira poyamba unakhazikitsidwa mu 1920s mochedwa. Pamene "kumwamba" ali chiyambi chake cha m'ma 19.

Pa "Opium" nkhondo ya Chinese ankafuna kuchita zinthu mogwirizana ndi mfundo za kufalitsidwa egalitarian ndipo si mchikakamizo cha aggressors ndi (munthu chachikulu pokhala Britain). Poyamba opareshoni ndithu bwinobwino. Koma, tsoka, gululi wagwetsedwa, ndipo kodi inasanduka pamapeto pake, tingathe yekha woweruza.

directionality

Makamaka mu lingaliro ziri kuthetsa mikangano chikhalidwe, pamene mothandizidwa ndi boma ndi chocheperako mwamtheradi moyo kwa zigawo zonse za anthu. Chifukwa chaichi, thandizo chikhalidwe pulogalamu kwa ndalama zochepa ndi osauka, mitsuko umalimbana kuchepetsa ulova ndi zina zotero. Ie kuthetsa mavuto amene msika ndekha sitingathe. Kumlingo, kutengera pulogalamu akuthamanga mu USSR.

Chifukwa izi padali ndiponso mokangalika anagwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti "moyo boma". Pansi, m'lingaliro imagwera mkati dziko lililonse, chifukwa pali anthu kulikonse, koma akuimira malangizo osiyana pang'ono. Chotero anaitana boma chikhalidwe amene anganene yokonza onse okhala wina kuchuluka kwa ubwino okhudzidwa: ufulu kuphunzira, malipiro moyo, zaumoyo ndi zina zotero.

dziko A mothandizidwa ndi msonkho akufuna kuti akonze bwino ena pakati pa olemera ndi osauka. Iwo amayesetsa kuonetsetsa mlingo osachepera pa moyo wotukuka. Waukulu chopunthwitsa kwa kumbali ya lingaliro ili ndi mavuto a zachuma. Koma akukhulupirira kuti pa nthawi adzakhululukidwa anaganiza. Anthu m'tsogolo sadzakhala ndi Usatong'olere pa ntchito, monga iwo adzakhala kwathunthu wotetezedwa. Chikondi cha ndalama tidzakambirana monga ndipo ayenera kukhala - chikhalidwe chopweteka.

othandiza oyamba

Njira yoyamba malangizo a boma moyo, umene unatha nthawi yaitali (osati monga Chinese - zaka zingapo), zinalengedwa mu 80s wa atumwi 19 ku Germany. Monga Mlengi wa kusintha amenewo ndi Boma la Otto Von Bismarck. Iwo yakhazikitsa dongosolo la ukutitsimikizira chikhalidwe, zimene zinaphatikizapo ubwino ulova, inshuwalansi kapena ngozi ndi zaka zaka penshioni. Koma polima osati kwambiri wosamalira nzika wamba monga attenuate mphamvu ya kunadetsa Socialist Party wa Germany. Chitsanzo chimenechi chinali opatsirana, ndipo anapeza zinachitikira anayamba ntchito ndi maboma ena ambiri.

Makamaka kuwulula mu nkhani iyi ndi nkhani ya Sweden. Dziko changotsala pang'ono kutheratu umphawi, ngakhale kuti pali pakati pa misonkho apamwamba. zochita zokhazikitsa anapatsidwa dzina la "ndondomeko chikhalidwe olaula." Kuonjezera kukula ndi mayendedwe a kukhazikitsa ma awa ndi mphamvu ndithu pamaso pa Soviet Union. Kuti athe kupikisana ndipo anapatsidwa ufulu zasekondale ndi maphunziro, mankhwala ndi zina zotero.

Pomaliza

Boma moyo ndi mtundu wa lofanana ndi mfundo zokomera pa mbali ya aufulu-capitalist msasa. Ngakhale ambiri kupambana, akatswiri ambiri samatenga iye kwambiri chifukwa cha mavuto amene alipowa. Pamene nsonga ya patchulidwa watchulidwa mfundo zimenezi worldview kumatanthauza kutembenuka ngozi imene anthu a mowa, amene ali zingapo zotsatira zoipa.