Chifukwa misa kuphedwa kwa anthu olumala mu Japan amaona?

July 26, 2016 mu nyumba ya kunja olumala wa Tokyo anathyola munthu zida ndi mpeni. Iye mwankhanza anthu 19 pamene iwo anagona, ndi wovulazidwa 26. Kenako anadzisandutsa kuti polisi ya deralo ndipo ananena kuti zikanakhala bwino ngati anthu olumala apita.

N'chifukwa chiyani palibe kulira pagulu?

anthu ambiri amene amateteza ufulu wa anthu olumala, atadandaula chifukwa chochitikacho - Ndipotu, woyamba misa kupha lonse izi Japan kuyambira Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse - walandira pang'ono kwambiri chidwi anthu, poyerekeza ndi imfa ikuluikulu ya moyo mu Paris, Nice, Orlando, Kabul ndi Baghdad.

womenyera ufulu Australia ndi kumbuyo ufulu wa anthu olumala madontho Findlay analemba kuti: "Panalibe hashtags. Palibe kulira pagulu. Ngakhale mapemphero. "

Mtolankhani David Perry taonera ndi Izitu n'zovutitsa kuti mavuto zinachitika chabe Chadzulo lokumbukira lamulo US olemala.

Ndi mwangozi chisoni umboni kwa ambivalence kupitiriza poyerekezera ndi anthu olumala. Pa dzanja limodzi, iwo mbali zofunika kwambiri pa anthu, nthawi zambiri kutumikira monga gwero la kudzoza kwa anthu athanzi. Ndipo pali zizindikiro zambiri ikuyendera, monga kuzindikira za ufulu wawo ndi chilengedwe cha sukulu palimodzi.

Komano, anthu olumala komabe maso tsankho, kukanidwa ndi chiwawa.

Mwatsoka, n'kosavuta mme- kupitiriza pakati pa tsoka ku Japan ndi institutionalization zochitika, yomwe inayamba mu US ndi Europe anakhalabe njira yaikulu kulamulira anthu olumala oposa mazana zaka. Mwatsoka, mwambo umenewu ndi kupitirirabe m'mayiko ambiri.

Kutalikirana kwa anthu amene sadziwa mwayi

Mu Japan, pali kwambiri manyazi ndi anthu amene sangathe kugwira ntchito. Ndipotu, kukadali kofala institutionalization wa anthu olumala, nzeru kapena ena, kuti kulepheretsa ntchito yawo. kusiyana awo amaona chinsinsi manyazi ndi mantha amene amapanga zawo zina anthu zochepa woyenera.

Mu choonadi, olumala ndi imodzi mwa mbali ya moyo wamba, izi zimakhudza anthu onse, ndipo banja lonse pa nthawi inayake pa moyo wawo. Choonadi - kuti anthu onse panthawi ina miyoyo yawo nacho chikhalidwe cha kulumala, mwachitsanzo, chifukwa matenda, kuvulala kapena kungoti zachilengedwe ukalamba ndondomeko.

Komabe, kuopa chiopsezo anu ndi manyazi kuti silipita chilema, kutipanga ife kukana mfundo imeneyi. Zimakhala zosavuta kuyang'ana anthu olumala, monga anthu ziwembu zopulula, osati monga anthu amene ngoyenera ulemu, thandizo ndi mwayi patsogolo.

Kodi ife kuno?

A tione zapitazi zingatithandize kumvetsa maganizo kwa anthu olumala, zomwe zachitika lero. Mbiri ya makhalidwe kwa kulumala si tionetseni patsogolo pa ulimiwu panjira kuti kulolerana.

Dzheyms Trent, ndi purosesa za khalidwe la anthu ndi chikhalidwe ntchito pa University Harvard, m'buku la 1994 "kupeka malingaliro ofooka" limafotokoza kusintha mtima ndi mankhwala a anthu olumala mu America kuyambira nyengo ya atsamunda.

Malinga Trent, a chitsamunda ndipo oyambirira Republican nyengo "zitsiru" - kotero anthu olumala aluntha akhala pa nthawi - anazitcha mamembala a magulu a m'dera lawo.

Koma m'zaka za m'ma 19, anthu anayamba asiye kukula kufunika kwa "normality". A nzika zabwino ndi amene anali ndi mwayi kukhala aphindu ndi palokha. A latsopano kalasi akatswiri amene ntchito zoyenera pa kayendetsedwe ka matenda ndi makhalidwe a anthu.

Pofika m'ma 19, kusintha chinathandiza tanthauzo la "maganizo". Unali vuto chikhalidwe kuti ayenera kuzindikira ankachitira. Maganizo anali yotakata gulu monga osati anthu olumala aluntha, komanso anthu ena amene anazitcha wosabereka kapena zoipa, monga ochokera kwina osauka kapena ena mitundu.

Mfundo yoti maganizo kupepera ndi ena anthu olumala ayenera kuchotsedwa mabanja awo ndipo anaikidwa mabungwe amene ayamba otchuka.

Chiyambi cha institutionalization ndi

Kumayambiriro mabungwe ofanana mu United States anaonekera chifukwa cha French mphunzitsi Eduardu Segenu, amene ankatchedwa "mtumwi kwa zitsiru lapansi." Iye ankakhulupirira kuti anthu olumala akhoza kuphunzira ndi kukhala. Yasintha ndi kupambana Séguin, woyamba American bungwe anthu olumala akhala wodzipereka kwa maphunziro awo ndi chitukuko. Iwo anazitcha muyeso wosakhalitsa atsatira kuti lizigwirizana anthu kuwasandutsa mamembala wopindulitsa.

Institution malo nkhanza

Kwa zaka zingapo, mabungwe ayamba kusamukira m'ndende kwamuyaya kwa "wofooka apamwamba". Zinali zovuta kupeza ntchito kwa anthu ngakhale pambuyo achire, makamaka mu nthawi ya wosaperewera zachuma. M'zaka makumi awiri eugenics oyambirira kayendedwe ankalimbikitsa mapangidwe tsankho olumala, chifukwa anali ankaganiza kuti iwo ndiwo kuopseza chiyero cha bloodline a dziko.

Facilities anthu olumala "anaganiza" vutoli pobisa ndi "undesirables" asakuoneka. Komanso olamulidwa ndi mwayi anthu awa ndi ana ndi tsankho, ndi zina - ndi njira yolera yotseketsa.

Choncho, ntchito mabungwe awa ankatembenukira kwa maphunziro ndi chisamaliro anira chikhalidwe. Achita wonsewo ndipo anthu olumala ayamba kuchitira ankawanyoza ndi asaone chiwawa.

Nthawi zina wolemala ngakhale kugwiritsidwa ntchito zatsopano zachipatala. Popanda chilolezo awo poyera kuti wothandizila matenda monga a chiwindi, fuluwenza kapena chinzonono.

Kusintha zovuta m'mayiko ambiri

Pofika m'ma makumi awiri, mchitidwe institutionalization anayamba kumudzudzula. Zonse zinayamba ndi ya utolankhani investigative, komanso kayendedwe ka makolo. Anthu olumala ayamba kachiwiri monga banja, kuwapatsa maphunziro ndi ntchito. Chifukwa cha anthu awa olumala zambiri amakhala ndi mabanja awo, ngakhale ambiri mwa mavuto amene anatuluka mu heyday wa institutionalization chikhalidwe zimasungika, ngakhale mu njira zosiyana.

Mwachitsanzo, anthu olumala mu mayiko ena ali kugwira ntchito zokambirana kutetezedwa, kumene zikugwira ntchito wotopetsa ndi wonyong'onya ndi amakakamizidwa kuti apeze malipiro pansipa osachepera lapansi. Iwo akhoza olekanitsidwa mu makalasi wapadera maphunziro komwe ndi mwayi zochepa ntchito ndi socialization.

Komabe, mwambo wa institutionalization, ndi mavuto ake onse mtumiki, akhala m'madera ambiri a dziko. Mwachitsanzo, osati kale anaonekera atolankhani a kufufuza zinthu zoopsa ndi nkhanza mabungwe amenewa la Mexico ndi Romania.

mmene institutionalization

Koma ngakhale mayiko monga Japan, komwe anthu olumala akhala asintha khalidwe lawo, iwo amakumana ndi tsankho, kukanidwa ndi chiwawa.

Mantha, manyazi ndi kusamvetsetsa yozungulira chilema amapitirizabe ngakhale pambuyo mabungwe ofanana atsekedwa.

Mwachitsanzo, banja la anthu amene anaphedwa Japan asankha osati kupereka mayina awo. Choncho, ndi institutionalization maganizo anawatsogolera kuti zochita. mabanja amenewa mosavuta, achibale awo kuiwalika, kuposa kuvomereza kuti iwo ali olumala.

Tiyeni kuwachitira anthu

Koyamba, kuphedwa mu Japan sanachite munthu wina mutu. Koma zochita zake mwachionekere akulamuliridwa ndi kale institutionalization. Mchitidwe wodzipatula anthu mabungwe zikusonyeza kuti asonyezedwa osati monga anthu ena. Ngakhale pamene, m'mayiko ambiri, maofesi awa adatsekedwa, anthu awo akale kupitiriza kuchitiridwa chimodzimodzi.

Onse iwo amayiwala kuti nawonso, ndi anthu amene ali kufunika ndi tanthauzo. Imfa zawo zopusa Amachitanso zowawa ndi woyenera yomweyo atolankhani, komanso ena chiwawa misa.