Books khungu anthu: makhalidwe, nkhambakamwa ndi mfundo zosangalatsa

Nthawi zonse anthu ankagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri khungu la nyama zovala ndi zipangizo zosiyanasiyana zapakhomo. Akatswiri ena amakhulupirira kuti mawu akuti "khungu" poyamba wakewu "mbuzi". Ndipotu, khungu la nyama zimenezi mwangwiro anakaniza kuvala, ndi m'manja a aluso lidzasinthidwa nsapato kaso kapena mwinjiro. Patapita nthawi, anthu anayamba kutanthauza monga khungu la anthu amoyo onse, kuphatikizapo anthu. anthu ochepa amene amadziwa bwino lero kuti zaka mazana ochepa zapitazo, khungu anthu amaona kuti kukhala ofanana kwambiri chuma, monga Mwachitsanzo, nkhumba kapena nyama yamwana wang'ombe. Chodabwitsa n'chakuti anapangidwa kuchokera kwambiri zinthu zosiyanasiyana zimene anagwiritsa ntchito chabe kufunika kuimbidwa kwa olemekezeka ndi bourgeoisie olemera. An kufunika zosaneneka ku France, amene anayambitsa mawonekedwe a mankhwala ofanana, wakhala chimakwirira mabuku mu khungu anthu. Ndi kotero ankalumidwa ndi phokoso wosangalatsa kwa anthu amakono, tinaganiza kuti akuuzeni zochuluka za malemba ndi ntchito kuti akhala moyo imeneyi pa bwino loderako khungu anthu.

Mbiri ya katundu wachikopa anthu akufa

Zikuoneka kuchita nkhanza mtheradi buku la khungu anthu kapena aliyense mankhwala ena ofanana, koma makolo athu ankaona kuti ndi zabwinobwino. N'zovuta kunena pamene nkhaniyi zachilendo lakhala likugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yoyamba, koma mbiri yakale matenda ambiri a ntchito mafupa a anthu mafuko a South America, Australia ndi Amazon.

kuti anthu awa kuganizira imfa mtundu wa kusintha mu dziko lina, ndi njira yabwino kulemekeza pokumbukira akufa ankaona yopanga mafupa awo ndi khungu la zinthu zosiyana mwambo. Nthawi zambiri iwo anapita kwa ng'oma kwa chikho ndi kusamalira mipeni. Motero, munthu akufa anapitiriza kukhala gawo la fuko ndi Kunali kofunikira mu dziko la mizimu.

M'kupita kwa nthawi, anthufe kusanduka ndipo anasamukira ku miyambo yakale woipitsitsawu. Ku Ulaya, Christianity m'malo chikunja powathandiza mtima ndithu osiyana womwalirayo ndi mitembo yawo. Zinaoneka kuti aliyense mutu sizikanakhoza kugwiritsa ntchito thupi monga munthu wabwinobwino mfundo kupanga Mwachitsanzo, nsapato. Komabe, zenizeni zinali zambiri zochititsa mantha, chifukwa mu zaka chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu ndi chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi analowa zinthu mafashoni zopangidwa ndi chikopa cha anthu akufa. N'zovuta kulandira mfundo yakuti mmodzi wa mabuku omalizira womangidwa khungu anthu tinalengedwa ndi makumi asanu ndi awiri a atumwi wotsiriza. Taganizani za izo - zaka makumi wosamvetseka zapitazo, kuphimba ena cha munthu wakufa anapita ku ulimi wa Buku! Koma sindikuganiza kuti zambiri za wathu, masiku ano simudzapeza. Posachedwapa zinawukhira umboni kuti Europe akadali lizigwira fakitale chapansi umabala nsapato, malamba, m'zikwama ndi mabuku pa khungu la munthu. Ndipo mankhwala munagulidwa pa siteji kupanga, ndi waikamo mu zopereka za Anthu ndi biliyoni. Choncho kaya - palibe amene akudziwa Komabe, nkhawa za zamaganizo anayamba kuphunzira zodabwitsazi, kupanga anapezazo ozunguza.

Heathers

zamaganizo Modern akhoza kuyang'ana kwambiri mu chikumbumtima, komwe lobisika maganizo ake onse chinsinsi ndi zokhumba. Ndi chidwi, mwachitsanzo, mabuku womangidwa khungu la munthu, kuwona azimuth yoopsa chikumbumtima chikhalidwe.

Zamaganizo kuti nthawi zonse chidwi mu imfa limodzi anthu. Koma azikhalidwe wakhala analenga taboos, amene anali kusiyana pakati pa dziko la amoyo kwa akufa. Komabe, nthawi zonse pakhala anthu amene amakopeka wapadera kwa akufa - necrophilia. zodabwitsazi wafotokozedwapo m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri ndipo nthawi izo bwino kudziwika. Science watsimikizira kuti maganizo a anthu ndi miyambo amalenga ndithu amphamvu chikumbumtima chiletso kutsekereza anthu ambiri ngati kukopeka.

Koma chidwi zochuluka mankhwala a khungu anthu akhoza akusonyeza chinthu chimodzi chokha - masiku ano anthu wachotsa pafupifupi kudziletsa onse, kuti mumalozana zilakolako obisika kwambiri. Pambuyo zosangalatsa zonse kukhala buku womangidwa khungu anthu samatha nekrofilskoy mofananira kuti mtembo.

Akatswiri ambiri akunena kuti azimuth izi zimachitika pokhapokha pamene kapangidwe ka anthu waonongeka. Mwachitsanzo, pa French kuukira boma m'dziko ntchito mafakitale popanga zinthu zambiri kwa khungu la anthu anaphedwa. zinthu izi kudzitama wina ndi mzake, chifukwa nthawi zambiri iwo analola kuti munthu ameneyo, amene chivundikiro ankagwiritsa ntchito.

Mwina mukuganiza kuti tiyenera kuuza aliyense - ndi mantha ndi ana nkhani kupangidwa atolankhani n'zaka kapena olemba. Ngati muli okayika ngati buku kulibe khungu anthu Ndipotu, mutawerenga chigawo zotsatirazi wa nkhani momveka chenicheni cha zinthu.

Buku wamkulu mu antropodermicheskogo zakuthupi

Kuganizira mabuku pa khungu anthu, timaganiza chilichonse, koma Baibulo. Gwirizanani, ndi kukhulupirira kuti wina kulemba buku lopatulika kwa Akhristu onse pa zinthu zimene poyamba zinali gawo la munthu. Komabe, buku ili mpaka pano, ndipo osati chivundikiro yake chopangidwa ndi chikopa anthu, koma masamba onse.

Baibulo ili ndi limodzi mwa mabuku akale, pambuyo kupenda mosamala, akatswiri anapeza deti limeneli wa chilengedwe chake - cha m'ma lachitatu AD. Mwatsoka, mbiri sanasunge mfundo iliyonse za wolemba buku ndi munthu amene ankatumikira monga khungu mfundo bukhu.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti za nambalayi pachibwenzi ndi mawu ali ndi ofukula African ndi mbadwa Australia. Iwo ntchito zinthu antropodermichesky ndipo pamodzi ndi mabuku a m'Baibulo walunjika mndandanda wa khungu anthu.

M'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri: chitukuko cha mankhwala

Pakali pano, za mabuku pa khungu anthu, anapanga m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri, wasayansi chodziwika bwino. toyesa izi kawirikawiri zina zopezeka m'zinthu owonetsera zakale kapena zopereka payekha. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti amakopeka ndi mabuku amenewa anali mwachindunji zokhudzana ndi kakulidwe ka mankhwala.

Pofika m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri, sayansi wapanga yojambula akutiakuti, ndipo mwa m'tauni chinawonjezeka chiwerengero cha anthu amene mwaufulu anapereka thupi lake atafa chifukwa cha umboni. Izi mitembo ntchito kuphunzira zambiri za thunthu la munthu, koma chikopa, yopanda phindu kwa madokotala, mwadzidzidzi anayamba ntchito ngati chophimbira kapena kumanga kwa Mfundo zachipatala.

Iyambe kufalitsidwa mu mawonekedwe mabuku okha pankhani zachipatala, koma ndiye panali zopereka malamulo ndipo ngakhale malamulo Katolika.

kafukufuku buku chikopa

Si kale anapeza buku chidwi kwambiri ndi zachilendo buku la khungu anthu. Kunja, chopereka unremarkable wa nkhani ndi lamulo Spanish, koma mabuku anakopeka pang'ono zachilendo mtundu kumangako ndipo analembapo pa chivundikiro, ponena kuti magazini ino ya antropodermicheskogo zakuthupi. Pambuyo mayesero angapo ikuchitika anatsimikizira Baibulo limeneli komanso elucidated zochitika zachilendo zomwe zinachititsa kuti maonekedwe a buku lino.

chakuti mu mmasate za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri ndi zina Dzhonas Rayt ankapita oopsa kwa Africa. Iye ankafuna kuti tifufuze zina mwa mafuko wamba, koma anagwidwa ndi kudyedwa ndi odya anzawo. Patapita nthawi mkulu wa fuko anaganiza zobwerera ofufuza ena katundu wake, iye anali kuwakonda ndi khungu, amene pazifukwa zina mbadwa anakana kudya chakudya. Mwazina anali wokalamba ndi olema kabukhu kakang'ono la chilamulo Spanish, yemwe ali mmodzi wa Jonas Wright anaganiza kupotokola otsala a khungu wofufuzayo.

French kuukira boma: An Kuyamba kwa mafashoni wa mankhwala khungu anthu

M'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu zinali zodzaza ndi mndandanda wa zinthu mwankhanza Europe. Tsiku lililonse mu Paris anaphedwa anthu mahandiredi ochepa amene alibe nthawi m'manda thupi. Zimenezi zachititsa kuti kutsegula mu nineties za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu mu France, likulu la fakitale yaing'ono kupanga khungu anthu. Kuyambira zinabala mankhwala osiyanasiyana omwe olemekezeka anagula m'kuphethira kwa diso. Unali yapamwamba kwambiri ndi yapamwamba mwa anzake kudzitamandira chotero kawirikawiri ndi okwera mtengo kwambiri bagatelle.

Izi lamkunkhuniza, miyezo ya munthu ano, ndi kachitidwe anapitiriza m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi. Only tsopano khungu woperekayo amakhala wakupha, anaphedwa pa milandu zambiri, ndi amene amakhala ndi mtima anaganiza anapereka gawo la iye yekha atamwalira mu anthu ena. A nkhani wotchuka wa mnyamata wa ku Russia, amene pambuyo choipa anavutika amputation manja. Iye anafunsa madokotala kuchotsa khungu ku miyendo yake, ndipo pambuyo kuvala inasanduka mfundo kumanga ndi chimakwirira Kutolere ndakatulo wa zikuchokera wake. Buku zachilendo, iye anapereka msungwana, yemwe anali chikondi unrequited kwa zaka zingapo.

Buku chikopa Piper

Mu mmasate wa chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi atumwi piper ku England dzina lake George Cudmore anaphedwa chifukwa cha kupha munthu wa mkazi wake. chinthu osauka, pomudyetsanso poizoni ndi Arsenic ndi prikopalis m'munda. Khungu Cudmore anagula wina wa amalonda olemera mabuku ndi kulipanga kumanga kwa deta ndakatulo.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti m'buku lapeza amene anali wopereka antropodermicheskogo chuma, komanso aliyense upandu zinachititsa kuti imfa yake mu mayenje a mdima m'ndende.

zakuthambo mphatso

M'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, anali ndi ntchito wotchuka zakuthambo nthawi yake mu France. Camille Flammarion - kuti dzina lake - zafalitsa zambiri mapepala ake kafukufuku amene anali kuwerenga amuna osati akazi komanso ophunzira.

mabuku ake akhala kulimbikitsa wotchuka kufa TB. Iye kawirikawiri kusokonezeka pa matenda ake ndi kuwerenga ntchito za Flammarion, kotero wolemba anapatsa khungu pambuyo pa imfa.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti zakuthambo konse ngakhale anakumana ndi mtsikana, koma analandira mosangalala mphatso ake. M'buku lake lotsatira anapangidwa mu kabokosi chivundikiro cha wotchuka French. Kumbali n'zosiyana anali mawu ena omwe amati kuti Mwachitsanzo ino ya akazi chikopa.

Maulendo a wachifwamba

Padziko m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi panali nkhani zachilendo, chifukwa cha zomwe pali buku lina khungu anthu. American zigawenga Dzheyms Allen moyo likuvutika anthu amene achifwamba. Koma tsiku lina, wovulalayo wina anatha kumupatsa kukana amphamvu ndipo ngakhale chilonda gunshot, ndi wolanda zinachititsa kuti kupolisi.

Kamodzi mu ndende, James anayamba kulemba Maulendo Ake ndipo chinaperekedwa atamwalira ntchito khungu lake kumangidwa kwawo. Ngakhale osayembekezereka kwambiri chifukwa onse anali chakuti Mwachitsanzo zachilendo, lobadwa adzakhala, amayenera kufika anthu Kutsekeledwa Allen.

ndakatulo kumbali

Mmodzi wa nthawi otchuka kwambiri mabuku pa khungu anthu zinalembedwa makumi asanu ndi awiri a atumwi wotsiriza. Iwo ali odzipereka kwa Spanish kumbali ndakatulo ndi panopa kusungidwa mu Bailey Library.

Pa bukhu limanena kuti anali ngati chuma chikuto membala khungu limodzi la mafuko zamakolo amene asankha kukhalabe pambuyo pa imfa ya achibale. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, banja lililonse anapeza okwanira kuchuluka kwa khungu, nthawi zina kugwa pa msika wakuda. Kuchokera kumeneko imatumizidwa zokambirana zosiyanasiyana anabalalika ponseponse dziko.

Kodi mabuku a khungu anthu

N'zosadabwitsa kuti zinthu izi angapezeke mu malaibulale zikuluzikulu za dziko. Tangoganizirani kuti buku angachite m'manja mwa wophunzira aliyense kapena katswiri mu munda makamaka amene akufuna kuwonjezera luso lawo.

Mwachitsanzo, pa Harvard atatu mabuku amenewa anapezeka. Komabe, ndodo laibulale yunivesite musati kukusalani kumumvera pali zambiri. Kumene, kuli kovuta kupeza popanda mayesero wapadera, zomwe n'zosatheka kuchita ndi mabuku onse zikwi khumi ndi zisanu ndi University Harvard. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti toyesa khungu anthu laibulale ndodo sakufuna kuti achotse kwa ndalama zawo. Iwo amapitiriza kukhala chikalata pa manja a ophunzira.

, Imatchedwanso kuti mabuku amenewa anali mu Observatory mu Zhuvizii, Exeter Library ndi Boston zolembalemba thumba. Timaganiza kuti si mndandanda wa malo kumene mungapeze toyesa osowa zakuthupi antropodermicheskogo. okhometsa ambiri payekha konse kulankhula za chuma chake, kotero iwo zobisika kwa dziko.

Ndi aliyense wa nkhani zathu n'zoonekeratu kuti buku la khungu anthu - chenicheni, osati nthano kapena nthano. Ziribe kanthu momwe timachitira zodabwitsazi, izo analipo mu moyo wa makolo athu kwa zaka zambiri ndipo akalipo mpaka lero. Ngakhale kuti anthu ambiri amaganiza kuti zinthu izi ikani kwambiri osungirako zinthu zakale, osati pa maalumali laibulale zamkati za Anthu.