Bayinare code. Mitundu ndi kutalika kwa malamulo bayinare. N'zosiyana bayinare kachidindo

kachidindo bayinare ndi mtundu yolemba TV mu mawonekedwe a anthu ndi maziro. Chotero dongosolo kwa kuwerengetsa ndi Pamalo m'munsi 2. tsiku, malamulo bayinare (tebulo anapereka pang'ono m'munsimu muli zitsanzo za kujambula manambala) ntchito zipangizo zonse yadigito. kutchuka yake kudalilika mkulu osavuta fomu iyi kulowa. Bayinare masamu lophweka, motero, ndipo n'zosavuta kukhazikitsa mu hardware. Intaneti pakompyuta zigawo zikuluzikulu (kapena ngati iwo amatchedwa - mfundo) odalirika kwambiri pamene ntchito mu maiko awiri okha: tawerenga wagawo (ie pano), ndi mfundo ziro (palibe panopa). Choncho, iwo amafanizira akutsutsana ndi zigawo analogi, zomwe ndi zochokera transients.

Kodi bayinare mawonekedwe a kulemba?

Tiyeni tione mmene wofunika aumbike. Limodzi manambala bayinare malamulo Mwina amapanga limati awiri okha: ziro ndi chimodzi (0 1). Pamene ntchito zidutswa ziwiri imatheka kulemba mfundo zinayi: 00, 01, 10, 11. kulowa atatu manambala lili limati eyiti: 000, 001 ... 110, 111. Zimenezi kutalika kwa malamulo bayinare amadalira chiwerengero cha kukha. Mawu amenewa akhoza kulembedwa ntchito mfundo zotsatirazi: N = 2m, kumene: mamita - chiwerengero Akamva, ndipo N - chiwerengero cha ma.

Mitundu ya zizindikiro bayinare

The microprocessors Makiyi ankagwiritsa pojambula zosiyanasiyana mudziwe kuti kukonzedwa. Pang'ono bayinare malamulo akanakhoza kwambiri olumpha mphamvu purosesa ndi ndi kukumbukira ake mkati. Zikatero, chiwerengero cha yaitali chikhato maselo angapo kukumbukira ndi kukonzedwa ndi malamulo ochepa chabe. Pankhaniyi, kumabungwe onse kukumbukira kuti zigwire pansi pa Mipikisano mamvekedwe bayinare code, amaonedwa monga nambala imodzi. Malingana ndi zosowa za izi kapena kuti mudziwe, izi mitundu ya mafungulo:

• unsigned;
• zizindikiro tselyeznakovye mwachindunji;
• chosaiwalika n'zosiyana;
• chizindikiro zina;
• Gray malamulo;
• Gray kachidindo-Express.
• fractional zizindikiro.

Tiyeni tione mwatsatanetsatane aliyense wa iwo.

Unsigned bayinare kachidindo

Tiyeni tiwone chimene chimapanga ngati mbiri mawonekedwe. The zizindikiro unsigned inteja lililonse pang'ono (bayinare) manambala umaimira digiri awiri. Choncho nambala chabe amene akhoza kulembedwa mu mawonekedwe, ndi ziro ndi pazipita akhoza umaimiridwa ndi chilinganizo zotsatirazi: M = 2 ^N -1. manambala ziwiri izi kwathunthu chimatanthauza osiyanasiyana kiyi, sipangakhalenso lofotokozeredwa m'njira kachidindo bayinare. Tiyeni tione kuthekera anati mitundu kulowa. Pamene ntchito mtundu unsigned kiyi tichipeza Akamva eyiti, osiyanasiyana manambala zotheka osiyanasiyana monga 0 kuti 255. Hexadecimal Ndondomekozi ndi osiyanasiyana kuchokera 0 kuti 65535. The mapurosesa eyiti-bit kwa osunga ndi kujambula wa chiwerengero ntchito zamanja kukumbukira awiri kuti zili addressees moyandikana . Ntchito ndi ofunika amapereka malamulo apadera.

Direct lonse zizindikiro khalidwe

Mu mawonekedwe makiyi bayinare MSB ntchito polemba mbale chiwerengero. Zero limafanana kuphatikiza ndi wagawo - opanda. Chifukwa cha ichi osiyanasiyana kumaliseche manambala yosiyanasiyana ankatembenukira motsogozedwa negative. Iwo likukhalira kuti eyiti-bit anasaina inteja bayinare chiwerengero chingakhale olembedwa mu osiyanasiyana kuchokera -127 kuti +127. Hexadecimal - mu osiyanasiyana kuchokera -32767 kuti +32767. The eyiti-bit microprocessor kwa kasungidwe zizindikiro ngati ntchito zamanja zoyandikana.

A sangathe fomu iyi ya kujambula ndi kuti yophiphiritsira M'ndandanda Akamva kiyi ayenera kukonzedwa payokha. Ma aligorivimu mapulogalamu ntchito ndi zizindikiro izi zovuta kwambiri. Kusintha kusankha chamanja Akamva zofunika kuzitsatira kuti makinawa amabisa khalidwe, amene kumathandiza kuwonjezeka lakuthwa kukula mapulogalamu ndi kuchepa mu ntchito yake. Pofuna kuthetsa sangathe uyu wakhala anayambitsa mtundu watsopano wa polojekiti - chigamulocho malamulo bayinare.

Lowani kubwerera kiyi

Izi mawonekedwe a kulemba ndi osiyana ndi malamulo mwachindunji kokha nambala zoipa ndi akamagwira inverting ndi Tinthu onse kiyi. Mu ichi digito ndi chizindikiro Akamva zofanana. Chifukwa ichi, ma aligorivimu ntchito ndi mtundu uwu wa malamulo ali kwambiri m'Chingelezi chosavuta. Komabe, chinsinsi n'zosiyana kumafuna aligorivimu wapadera chifukwa kuzindikira chizindikiro choyamba manambala, kuwerengetsa ubwino wachilengedwe chiwerengero. A reconstructing chizindikiro cha mtengo chotsatira. Komanso, n'zosiyana ndi zizindikiro kutsogolo manambala kujambula makiyi aŵiri ntchito ziro. Ngakhale kuti mtengo uyu alibe chizindikiro zabwino kapena zoipa.

Anasaina manambala bayinare kachidindo zina

Mtundu wa mbiri palibe zolakwa za makiyi m'mbuyomu. zizindikiro yoteroyo imalola chimangirizo mwachindunji manambala zabwino ndi zoipa. Choncho si unachitikira kusanthula chizindikiro pang'ono. Zonsezi anakhala zikomo zotheka chakuti chiwerengero zina ndi masoka chizindikiro mphete osati mudzagwiritse yokumba, monga mafungulo kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo. Komanso, mfundo yofunika kuti mawerengedwe a pokha-mvu kupanga zizindikiro bayinare n'zosavuta kwambiri. Ndi zokwanira kusintha kiyi pokha munthu. Pamene ntchito mtundu wa khalidwe malamulo ongokhala Akamva eyiti, osiyanasiyana manambala zotheka osiyanasiyana monga -128 kuti +127. Hexadecimal kiyi adzakhala osiyanasiyana -32768 kuti +32767. The eyiti-bit mapurosesa kwa kasungidwe manambala zimenezi ntchito zamanja zoyandikana.

Bayinare kachidindo zina zosangalatsa ndikuoneka zotsatira zomwe chodabwitsa amatchedwa chizindikiro magetsi. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe iwo amatanthauza. Zotsatira ndi m'kati akatembenuka mtengo umodzi mamvekedwe aliyense pang'ono ziwiri mamvekedwe mokwanira mkulu mamvekedwe mfundo amapatsa lowani Akamva ndi mamvekedwe otsika. Iwo likukhalira kuti kusungiramo ndi walemba nambala ya zilembo mungathe kugwiritsa ntchito apamwamba kuti Akamva. Pamene mtengo fungulo ili si unasinthiratu.

kachidindo Gray

mawonekedwe kulemba, makamaka mfundo ya chifungulo imodzi yokhalira. Ndiko kusintha kuchokera mtengo wina ndi mzake zikusintha chimodzi chokha pang'ono zambiri. The kulakwitsa pamene kuwerenga deta kumabweretsa kusintha udindo wina ndi mzake ndi nthawi pang'ono kuchepetsa. Komabe, kupeza zotsatira pachithunzichi kwathunthu pamene okhota malo a ndondomeko otere kwathunthu inathetsedwa. Ubwino wa ndondomekozi ndi mphamvu yake ofanana mfundo. Mwachitsanzo, inverting mkulu-kuti Akamva, inu akhoza kungoyankha kusintha malangizo a Buku. Ichi ndi chifukwa ulamuliro Muzifunsa womuyenerera. Pamene mtengo izi zikhoza kukhala outputted monga kutuluka ndi kugwa m'mphepete pa wina olamulira thupi la kasinthasintha. Popeza mudziwe olembedwa Gray yaikulu yekha chokhudza mtima, ndipo zimenezi sumabala leni n'zosangalatsa kumva deta patsogolo ntchito zina chofunika kutembenuza izo kale mu bayinare kalembedwe wamba. Izi zachitika ntchito transducer wapadera - decoder Gray Binar. chipangizo Izi mosavuta anazindikira pa zinthu pulayimale mfundo onse hardware ndi mapulogalamu.

Gray kachidindo-Express

Gray Standard-sitepe imodzi yofunika kwambiri kwa njira zimene zimapezeka mu mawonekedwe a manambala, kuuka kwa mphamvu ya ziwiri. Pa nthawi imene m'pofunika kukhazikitsa njira zina, mawonekedwe zoterozo odulidwa mbiri ndi ntchito kokha gawo pakati. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, a-sitepe imodzi yaikulu kusungidwa. Komabe, mu izi n'zosangalatsa kumva osiyanasiyana chiyambi kachidindo si ziro. Iwo akupita ku mtengo mwasankha. Pa deta processing pa zimachitika opangidwa ndi wonyeketsa theka la kusiyana koyamba ndi kuchepetsedwa kusamvana.

Kugonjera kwa chiwerengero fractional mu bayinare atathana-mfundo yaikulu

Mu ndondomekoyi, tili ndi ntchito osati manambala onse komanso fractional. manambala akhoza analemba mwachindunji, osiyanitsidwa ndi zizindikiro zina. pomanga mfundo otchulidwa kwambiri ndi mofanana lonse. Mpaka tsopano ife tinkaganiza kuti mfundo bayinare ayenera kukhala lamanja la LSB. Koma izi sizili choncho. Iwo akhoza ili kumanzere ndi pang'ono kwambiri (mu nkhani iyi, variable akhoza kulembedwa yekha manambala fractional), ndi variable pakati (makhalidwe wosanganiza akhoza sichigwa).

Chifaniziro cha bayinare akuyandama-mfundo

Izi mawonekedwe ntchito kulemba ambiri, kapena mosinthanitsa - ndi laling'ono kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, kutalika kapena zamitundu maatomu interstellar ndi ma elekitironi. Mu mawerengedwe a makhalidwe awa anafunika kutsatira mpambo bayinare ndi kumaliseche lalikulu kwambiri. Komabe, sitiyenera kuganizira patali dziko kwa millimeter yapafupi. Choncho, mtundu wa atathana-mfundo iyi ndi inefficient. Kusonyeza zizindikiro amatigwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe algebraic. Ndiko kuti, chiwerengero kwalembedwa monga mantissa kuchulukitsa ndi khumi ndi mphamvu za kuchita kufunika nambala yogulira. Chonde kudziwa kuti mantissa ayenera kukhala wamkulu kuposa wina, ndipo pambuyo mfundo decimal sayenera olembedwa kuti ziro.

ndi chidwi

Akukhulupirira kuti kakyulasi bayinare kupangidwa mu oyambirira 18 atumwi masamu Gottfried Leibniz ku Germany. Komabe, asayansi apeza kale izi mbadwa za chilumba ku Polynesia wa Mangareva ntchito mtundu uwu wa masamu. Ngakhale kuti kulamulira pafupifupi inawonongedwa choyambirira dongosolo manambala ofufuza anabwezeretsa bayinare zovuta ndi mitundu decimal nkhani. Komanso, wasayansi chidziwitso Nunez amanena kuti bayinare kachidindo 'kala' ikusonyeza anamugwiritsa ntchito China wakale mpaka kumbuyo zaka za m'ma 9 BC. e. mitundu ina wakale monga Maya komanso ntchito zovuta kuphatikiza decimal ndi machitidwe bayinare chifukwa kutsatira nthawi mipata ndi zinthu zakuthambo.