40 mfundo za zodzikongoletsera

Anthu akhaafuna azikongoletsa okha. Asayansi akamaphunzira zambiri za makolo athu, m'pamene amazindikira kuti ndi chidwi ndi luso zokongoletsa matupi awo. Pano pali mfundo zosangalatsa za zodzikongoletsera padziko lonse.

Apeza ndi miyambo

• Zodzikongoletsera wamkulu kuti asayansi kudziwa ndi mikanda 100,000 wazaka chipolopolo ku tritium.
• Mawu "zodzikongoletsera" amachokera ku akale French mawu jouel, amene nawonso, anabwera ku Latin jocale, kutanthauza "zidole".
• America kuitana zodzikongoletsera zodzikongoletsera, ndi British - miyala yamtengo wapatali.
• M'madera ambiri, zodzikongoletsera ankavala pokana zoipa. Mwachitsanzo, ntchito yofanana ali ANE, amatchedwanso Chikoputiki mtanda.

Mfundo zokongoletsa

• M'mbiri yonse, anakhalabe zodzikongoletsera otchuka ndi tizilombo moyo. Aiguputo N'kutheka woyamba yemwe anayamba kuchita izo. Iwo ankavala miyala yamtengo wapatali ndi scarab kachilomboka nkhondo. Mexico Mwachitsanzo, kafadala ntchito ngati zokongoletsera, ndi Madagascar waukulu mphemvu anthu ambiri. Panthawi imene zamunthawi ya Victoria mu England kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kafadala yaikulu moyo owala, omwe amagwira zovala ndi unyolo ting'onoting'ono golide.
• 24 karat golide woyenga bwino pa 99,9%, koma ambiri jewelers American ndi European amakhulupirira kuti ndi zofewa kwambiri kwa zodzikongoletsera. Komabe, 24-karat golide - muyezo jewelers Asia, ku Middle East ndi Africa.

• Platinum kasakaniza wazitsulo ndi 90-95% koyera.
• Ambuye kwa kupanga Venetian magalasi Murano galasi ntchito ndi kulolerana wa golide ulusi, galasi ndi enamel, komanso kupeza kulenga ndi chosintha njira kulenga mikanda galasi. Mikanda kwa galasi Venetian anayamba m'chiyambi cha 1200, ndipo iwo ali otchuka.

• Diamondi anali woyamba ncho ku India.
• Imperial State Korona zikuphatikizapo chachikulu "Kullinnan" - yaikulu ya diamondi akhakula anapeza. Iwo chinamasulidwa mu 1905 ndi kulemedwa carats 3,106.75 kapena magalamu 621,35.

zinsinsi za miyala

• Amber - ndi mwala organic zopangidwa unayambira nkhuni phula. Ayenerere Amber, ziyenera zaka zaka zosachepera miliyoni. Komabe, pali zambiri zodzikongoletsera ku utomoni ankamangidwanso kusiya wotchipa kwambiri. Ngati mtengo zikuwoneka otsika kwambiri ndithu, si Amber.

• Age Amber akhoza kukhala zaka zoposa 120 miliyoni.
• Ametusito - izo zangokhala zosiyanasiyana khwatsi, koma wokongola wofiirira mtundu wake wamupanga wotchuka theka-miyala yamtengo wapatali, ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri kwa zodzikongoletsera. Pinki, wautsi khwatsi ndi citrine komanso ali otchuka kwambiri.
• Emeralds anali ncho Aigupto mwamsanga 3500 BC. e.
• Yade limatchedwa "kumwamba mwala".
• Great khalidwe rube ndi wofunika kwambiri kuposa daimondi kukula ofanana.

• Mu chinenero Indian otchedwa Ruby isratnaraj, kutanthauza "mfumu ya miyala yamtengo wapatali."
• Mtundu wotchuka kwambiri ndi buluu safiro, koma miyala iyi zimapezekanso mu mithunzi ena.

• Nofeki imapezeka mu malo ochepa padziko lapansili. Gawo waukulu lili kum'mwera kumadzulo United States. mwala uwu amagwirizana ndi chikhalidwe Native mankhwala zodzikongoletsera American.

• Kodi mwala organic? Iye anadza kupyolera mwa zamoyo, osati zinangokhalako zokha miyala. miyala Organic monga ngale, matanthwe ndi Amber.

udindo baji

• Kuyambira kale, zodzikongoletsera anali chizindikiro cha udindo mkulu wa mwini. Mu Roma, mwachitsanzo, okhawo anthu ena udindo wapamwamba anatilola amavala mphete.

• Kumadzulo, amuna amene anavala mphete ku 19 ndi yaikulu ya zaka 20, amaona effeminate. Tsopano, izo ziri zovomerezeka.
• M'madera ena mu Afirika, ndolo yaikulu ndi chizindikiro cha kulimba mtima, olimba mtima, mphamvu ndi udindo.
• Choyamba ukwati mphete anayamba ntchito mu 1477, pamene Maximilian Ine ndi Mariya Burgundskaya tinakwatirana.
• Anthu anayamba kuvala mphete yekha mu zaka mazana makumi awiri. Mwambo umenewu wakhala anatuluka kumbuyo chitukuko cha mafakitale zodzikongoletsera, lopanga mukufuna kuwonjezera malonda ndi Kuphunzira msika.

• Pofika m'ma 1940s, 85% ya ukwati North America monga mphete kwa onse awiri.
• Mu 1980s oyambirira English thanthwe gulu The amisiri azitsulo atchukitsa zodzikongoletsera amuna, kutsitsimuka makhalidwe a hippies cha m'ma 1960. Popeza conservatism ya British, zinali pang'ono ozunguza kuona munthu amene amavala zodzikongoletsera zopangidwa mikanda ndipo mikanda yamtengo wapatali.

Miyala yamtengo wapatali ndi chipembedzo

• Mu chikhalidwe Islam, ndi kubvala za golidi ndi amuna ndi taboo zachikhalidwe, ndi akazi zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito makutu yokongola.
• Baibulo Mkhristu ali ndi kuvala golide, monga m'mabuku a mtumwi Petro ndi Paulo.

Monga adadzikometsera wokha makolo athu akale

• mikanda 75,000 wazaka anapangidwa kuchokera zipolopolo, anazipeza wakale Africa Blombos Cave.
• Komabe mikanda wina aliyense wopangidwa kuchokera zipolopolo mazira nthiwatiwa apezeka Kenya. Ali ndi zaka 40,000.

• makolo athu, ndi Cro-Magnons ankavala mikanda yosavuta zibangili zopangidwa fupa, mano, zipatso ndi miyala kuziluka wachikopa kapena nyama sinew.
• Ancient zibangili chosema zopangidwa tusks yaikuluyi apezeka Russia.
• Mkuwa zodzikongoletsera anayamba kuwonekera zaka 7,000 zapitazo. Ofukula za Museum of History Wakale Austria wotsika anapeza manda a mkazi jeweler. N'zotheka kutsutsa kale, kopanda kuti kalelo, amuna okha anali jewelers.

Jewelers wa chitukuko loyamba

• Zokongoletsa anaonekera ku Iguputo za 3000-5000 zaka zapitazo. Kwenikweni, zinali za golide.

• Mesopotamiya manda, ankakhala mu Royal necropolis Uri wakale, omwe analembedwa 2900-2300 BC Akatswiriwa anapeza mu zodzikongoletsera zazikulu chopangidwa ndi golide, siliva ndi miyala theka-mtengo wapatali.
• Ku Asuri wakale, amuna ndi akazi ankavala yaikulu zodzikongoletsera kuphatikizapo mphinjiri, zibangili pa mapazi awo ndi mikanda chachikulu.

• Amwenye anapanga zodzikongoletsera zoposa 5,000 zaka.
• The Chinese anayamba zodzikongoletsera pa nthawi yomweyo, koma iwo ankagwiritsa ntchito kokha pafupi zaka 2,000 zapitazo, pamene anayamba anthu ambiri Chibuda.
• The Chinese wakale zambiri amakonda siliva, golide. Anagwiritsa ntchito kupangira zodzikongoletsera okongola ndi nthenga kingfishers ndipo zosiyanasiyana miyala buluu. Koma mwala ankakonda kwa anakhalabe yade, Chinese ndipo ngakhale anapatsa makhalidwe ake anthu monga kuuma, mphamvu ndi kukongola.