Pali tsopano tchuthi akatswiri iliyonse ntchito. Apo iye ndi anthu omwe amagwira pa asayansi. Tsiku kuyeza ndi mapu taonera mwezi woyamba wa kasupe Lamlungu lililonse chachiwiri, kaya izo chikugwirizana ndi maholide ena kapena ayi. Choncho, mu 2009, iye anafika pa March 8. Kwa anthu amene si adzagwirizana ndi kartosostavitelstvom holide imeneyi amaona kuti ndi zolakwika kwambiri. Ndipotu, ngati inu muyang'ana, ntchito ya akatswiri olemba mapu ndipo oyeza n'kofunika kuti aliyense wa ife.
Kodi chikondwerero
Pamene amakondwerera yoyeza mu Russia, iye kumatanthauza lamulo pulezidenti, analemba mu 2000, pa November 11. Mwezi sanasankhe mwangozi. Izo zinali mu March 1720th Mfumu Yaikulu Peter Ine inaika lamulo kufunika ndi udindo ntchito cartographic m'madera onse a boma Russian. Ndipo mu March 1919th kale boma Soviet mu nkhope ya Commissars Anthu zinasaina Watsimikiza pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa VSU (Geodetic Administration). Tsiku yoyeza ku Ukraine pamodzi madzulo miyala ndi nthaka ndi chikondwerero mu April, Lamlungu lililonse loyamba la mweziwo. Nthawi zina zinagwera pa April 1, ndipo chikugwirizana ndi tsiku choseketsa. Pali mabungwe ena kuti kukondwerera akatswiri awo oyeza tchuthi ndi akatswiri olemba mapu, March 15, polemekeza Watsimikiza Commissars anthu, lofalitsidwa mu 1919 ..
akatswiri olemba mapu wakale
Wolakwika amene amaganiza kuti makadi pokhapokha chofunika kudziwa chinthu pansi. Ndi iwo, mungathe kuphunzira mbiri ya dziko lathu! Akukhulupirira kuti choyamba kwambiri kapena zochepa yeniyeni m'madera chithunzi anaonekera mu 14-15 zaka AD. Koma iwo anakhalako kale asanabadwe Khristu. Chitsanzo cha zimenezi ndi khadi la wasayansi Greek Ptolemy, lomwe limafotokoza m'maiko onse, kuphatikizapo Antarctica, kuoneka bwino bwino. Kenako ntchito zake ntchito ndi akatswiri olemba mapu ambiri Ages Middle. French wasayansi Orontsy Feeney (Oronteus Phynius) kumbuyo mu 1531 anayambitsa map ya Antarctica, ndiko kuti, pafupifupi zaka 300 pamaso kutsegula ake nduna! Ngakhale kale mu 1513, Antarctica wakhala akuyimila mapu a Piri Reis, ndi asilikali, katswiri wina ndi Mdindo kwambiri wa Constantinople. Panali ankalemba ena, amene kutchula tsiku mapu ndiponso kuyeza ofunika. Iwo anasiya ife mapu Africa kunkafika pachimake mu dziko osazizira ndi malo enieni a mitsinje, nyanja ndi pa zitunda, limene asayansi amakono aphunzira ndi m'zaka za m'ma 20.
Chinsinsi cha Atlantis
Hon Plato m'nthawi VI BC, adatambasula mwambi za Atlantis anthu. Popeza molimba akufunafuna chinachake mu ngodya a dziko lapansi, ndiye mu zina. Chifukwa cha mapu wakale wa Antarctica, analemba molondola kwambiri, panali mabuku a kuli chitukuko otaika kumeneko. Zokambirana sakudziwika kwa ife akatswiri olemba mapu amene anakhalako zaka zisanu kapena kuposerapo miliyoni zapitazo, ndipo musaganize kuti kamodzi chikondwerero kuyeza ndi mapu, asiya asayansi amakono kutulukira zinthu zambiri. Ndiyamika makadi awo, anapeza kuti kwa nthawi yaitali Antarctica anali wofatsa kwambiri nyengo, pafupi ndi Mediterranean. Pali kuyenda mtsinje, lokongola minda. Izi zikachitika, ndi chitukuko wakale anali padziko Chile. M'zaka za m'ma 20, asayansi imachitika pa achisanu Africa zivomerezi, kafukufuku wakuya, mokhomerera makulidwe a ayezi ndi anatenga zitsanzo. Kafukufuku anatsimikizira kuti akatswiri olemba mapu wakale anasolola makadi zolondola kwambiri. Kodi iwo anachita izo popanda chipangizo china chilichonse ano sakudziwika.
njira sanjira
Aliyense mapu ali gululi ndondomeko (longitude ndi ufulu). Amene ndi kudziwa longitude ndi chronometer. Woyamba chipangizo otero anatulukira m'zaka za m'ma 18, John Harrison. Izi zisanachitike, ndi drafters wa longitude wa makadi anatsimikiza pomvera kadamsana a nthambi, ndi kupingasa - pamalo otsetsereka a kuwala lapansi pa kaja. Location zinthu atsimikiziridwa zowoneka, ndi mtunda anayeza zingwe kapena kudzera mawilo. Wake scrolled ku chinthu sakugwirizana, kenako kuchulukitsa ndi kutalika kwa m'mphepete chiwerengero cha kusintha. Koma kuti chiwembu cha maphunziro a maiko akutali, kunali koyenera kapena kuzikwaniritsa kapena kuphunzira nawo ku kutalika kwambiri. Tsopano zachitika mothandizidwa ndi zithunzi mlengalenga, kugwiritsa ntchito makina, ndi kale? Patsalanso chinsinsi mmene anthu ankakhala kuposa 5-6, ndi zaka zapitazo, anakwanitsa mwachilungamo molondola akokere maphunziro a lonselo wosadziwika kwa iwo.
amalinyero
M'zaka za m'ma 13, anatulukira kampasi, amene kwambiri adziwerenga ntchito ya akatswiri olemba mapu. Pa nthawi imeneyo si mapu dziko, komanso nyanja, amene ntchito ndi amalinyero. Ndi wamba izi thunthu Hristofora Kolumba. Ndi chitukuko cha navigation ndi mkubwela yolinganizika zida sanjira kukodzedwa kwambiri ndi bwino. limati ambiri kupereka Maulendo kufufuza m'mayiko osadziwika. Chifukwa, makadi akhala yeniyeni zambiri, kunalinso lonse choyamba. Izo analengedwa ndi German Martin Behaim. Patapita kanthawi, Gerhard Mercator ndi Abraham Ortelius anapanga Buku la mapu oyamba padziko lonse lapansi. Akukhulupirira kuti sayansi ya mapu kupangidwa Mercator. Pa tsiku la kuyeza ndi mapu, ambiri amatchula dzina lake. Zinali katswiri anayambitsa dongosolo la zikuonetsa Hrs ndi zolosera mapu. M'zaka za m'ma 18 anayamba kuyeza kutalika kwa chinthu pamwamba pa nyanja, yomwe chinali chiyambi cha zimachititsa chilumbachi ndi.
Mapu ku Russia
Mu Russia, m'mayiko onse otukuka, zofunika kwambiri linali lofika mitsinje malo chidziwitso, nyanja, nkhalango, mizinda ndi misewu pakati pawo. Ngakhale Ivan Grozny inakhazikitsa polinga kuti buku la malo mwatsatanetsatane zojambula. Zotsatira zake zinali otchedwa "Big zojambula" Tsopano anataya. Tikhonza ndemanga pa ntchito imeneyi. Koma anasunga magazini a maps of Siberia, lomwe nkhani malamulo Peter Godunov mu 1667. Ndipo Fyodor Godunov, ntchito "zojambula Big" anapanga mapu ake. Ndipo ngakhale mfumu, anakhala miyezi ingapo, pa mapu chinali bwino kwambiri. Peter Ine, chifukwa cha lamulo lomwe timakondwerera yoyeza mu March, osati anatenga ndodo mwachangu, kutsogolera la mapu Russian, koma ankagwiritsanso nkhani imodzi yofunika kwambiri boma. Kuchita ntchito Peter ine ndawaitanira engravers yachilendo, Ine anatumiza alonda kwambiri chakonkuno ndipo oyeza (Kozhin ndi Urusova). Pambuyo pake, lofalitsidwa Buku Loyamba la Mapu Russia ndi mapu 19 mwa madera osiyana.
mapu zamakono
Mapu ali kusanduka ndipo pambuyo Peter I. Paulo Ine apatsidwa ntchito ku dipatimenti asilikali, Alexander I inakhazikitsa Corps wa oyeza usilikali ndipo Nicholas Ine ovomerezeka kukhazikitsidwa kwa Pulkovo Observatory. Njira ndi luso sanjira akupitiriza bwino. Mu zaka mazana makumi awiri akatswiri olemba mapu anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito lithographic ndi photochemical njira zithunzi za zinthu. Pakompyuta Technology Kutulukira okonza, osindikiza, Zitsulo zofufuzira zidazo, mlengalenga ntchito patsogolo ndondomeko ya kulenga mapu olondola. Tsopano popanda sikutheka mmene moyo wathu. Maps ndi ziziyenda ndi alendo, Akatswiriwa ndi omanga. Oyeza kukonzekera zawo m'madera inventories, mapu, njanji ndipo misewu. Tsiku yoyeza 2014 wagwa 9 March, basi pambuyo pa tsiku amayi. Pulezidenti anayamikira oyeza ndi akatswiri olemba mapu a dziko nakhumba iwo mopitirira bwino ntchito.
Zabwino zonse pa kuyeza ndi mapu
M'misewu ya m'matauni ndi m'midzi zambiri kuona anthu ndi chikombole, mlingo kapena theodolite. Iwo kutenga miyezo, kudziwa zolondola malo dera limene zinthu, kuchita mbali kumanga. Muwayamikire, maka iwo pa holide awo akatswiri kungakhale mawu chabe, koma zikhoza kukhala ndakatulo. Mwachitsanzo, awa:
Oyeza, atlases ndi maps of ankalemba onse,
Ndithudi ntchito yanu ndi yofunika kwambiri,
Kodi aliyense kugundana lapansi adakhala,
M'mitsinje kuti ikuyenda mwa izo,
kokwana zana A kudzayesedwa, nthawi zana onani
Komanso kutithandiza mapu a mibadwo,
Yopuma ndi nyengo zoipa tigawa,
Yang'anani pansi mavuto.
Choncho tiyeni nthawi zambiri anangomwetulira
Mwayi ndi tsoka amasunga tisavulale,
Tiyeni malingaliro anu onse anaphedwa,
Ndipo inu muli chimwemwe chokwanira zaka zana limodzi!