Dothi Alluvial: mapangidwe ndi gulu

Kodi nthaka alluvial? Makhalidwe ndi gulu la dothi awa adzapatsidwa mwa ife m'nkhani ino. Dzina la dothi anachokera ku mawu Latin alluvio, kutanthauza "alluvium", "chimayambitsa". Nchifukwa chake etymology ndi chiyambi cha dothi. Iwo analengedwa mitsinje inwash, kuti wapangidwa ndi particles wa miyala kuti mitsinje zoyendera ku malire chapamwamba kwa m'munsi ndi kumanzere magombe ake pa madzi osefukira. Amenewa ndi amatchedwa alluvium. Iye ndi lachonde kwambiri chifukwa cha mtsinje anagona mchere osati kokha, komanso mabwinja zamoyo nyama ndi zomera. Gulu la dothi yaikulu alluvial. Ndipotu, mitsinje ndi ufumu wawo hydrological. Kuyambira, zidzachitika nthawi waikidwa ndi ofanana zinthu zina, izo zimatengera chimene nthaka iwo amapanga m'madera ena. Tiyeni tione mitundu ya dothi nayenso.

Kodi floodplain ndi masitepe

Aliyense waterway pa zaka pang'ono ndi pang'ono kumasintha ndi zimachititsa chilumbachi wa dziko pafupi. Ndi zambiri mtsinje, ndi kwambiri ndi ndondomeko imeneyi. Iye anayesedwa gombe. Kuyambira njira amakhala onse. Koma kuwonjezera kukokoloka m'mphepete mwa nyanja, ndipo pali ndondomeko kwambiri. The mtsinje amadula mu pansi pa bedi lake. Zimenezi angayerekezedwe ndi ntchito mabala ang'ambe thupilo. Chozama mpeni kulumidwa, zazikulu osemphana a m'mbali khungu. Koma fanizoli pokhapo titachitapo kwambiri. Ngati inu muyang'ana pa mtsinje ndi magombe ake mu gawo yopingasa, mukhoza kusankha njira, floodplain masitepe. Ndi woyamba zonse zili bwino - ichi ndi malo madzi utuluke. Kumeneko, pansi pa matope anadzadza ndipo m'dambo ena. Floodplain - gawo la mtsinje chigwa, amene anasefukira pa madzi mkulu. Ndipo nthawi iliyonse otaya masamba madipoziti pa izo. Chifukwa cha ndondomekoyi kudzikundikira umabala nthaka alluvial. Masitepe anali kamodzi kwambiri kumvetsa. Koma mtsinje yagwa pa gombe, ndipo anabalalitsidwa kupanga otsetsereka yosalala. Masitepe ndi zigwa chigumula si mu mitsinje yonse. Mwachitsanzo, mu maphompho madzi mitsinje ikuyenda mwa thanthwe zovuta ndipo sangathe chikusokosera iwo.

Zochita za dothi alluvial

Mtundu wa nthaka pamafunika peresenti atatu okha a m'dzikolo. Koma iye ankaona zachonde kwambiri. Pambuyo nthaka alluvial - Ndipotu, mtsinje matope, wolemera mu mchere. Choncho, dothi izi ndi ofunika kwambiri mu ulimi. Kumbukirani kuti onse a chitukuko oyamba anabadwa ndipo anayamba m'mitsinje: Nile, Yan Tszy ndi Yellow mtsinje wa Tigirisi ndi Firate. madzi awa anapatsa anthu nthaka yachonde amene kukula mbewu wolemera ngakhale ndi mlingo wosazindikira za kulima. Ngakhale mu Egypt zamakono zaulimi dziko lonse ndi anaikira yekha pa magombe a Nile. Mu dothi floodplain alluvial ili meadows, ndiwo msipu wabwino ndi meadows zimene ng'ombe kudyetsa kwa dzinja. Amalimidwa mtsinje anayamba viticulture. Mothandizidwa ndi reclamation m'madera nkhalango mchitidwe mpunga kukula. Floodplains ndi zofunika kwa nsomba. Inde, pa vutoli kumeneko Wapambana zimaswana ndi kugwa wamng'ono.

Gulu la dothi alluvial

Mbali khalidwe la dothi awa ndi mwamsanga anakulira. Makamaka izo nkhawa madera a thyathyathya chigumula. Ena mitsinje chigumula amapezeka mu kasupe oyambirira pamene chisanu chimasungunula, ena - m'nyengo yozizira (Mediterranean nyengo), wachitatu - m'chilimwe, pa mvula yamvula. Koma boma hydrological amapereka pachaka (otsika madzi) mitengo apamwamba wotsikitsitsa otaya. Kodi mtsinje pa madzi mkulu masamba madipoziti wake, ndi amphamvu accumulative ndondomeko. Koma alluvial dothi floodplain ndi sakanikira mu zikuchokera awo. Mudadzala madzi asanafike, otaya mtsinje mofulumira kwambiri pafupi ndi bedi. Choncho, mu gawo m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya particles ikuluikulu ndi waikamo - miyala, mchenga. Pamene madzi wapita, pakadali anapanga magombe ichi ndi mikondo. A pang'ono motalikira kwa mtsinje pa pang'onopang'ono. Pali waikamo particles bwino - yl, dongo. Pali madera ena a floodplain amene anadzazidwa chaka chilichonse, koma madzi osefukira. Chotero magawo nthaka. Potsiriza, pa masitepe pali kuwaika, nkhalango ndi dothi dambo ndi lopangidwa ndi Kuwonjezera alluvium.

Gawo Dobrowolski

Wotchuka academician likusonyeza izi mitundu ikuluikulu dothi, popangidwa ndi ntchito mitsinje. GV Dobrovolsky chimasiyanitsa mtsinje dothi, alluvium ndipo zakhala zikuzunza m'miyoyo kuwaika. A pang'ono patsogolo ku mtsinje, mu floodplain chapakati, imene mitsinje lowland angafikire makilomita angapo m'lifupi, ili dambo dothi. The dothi alluvial wa chithaphwi, yomwe ili m'mphepete mwa bwalo m'munsi, ambiri humus ndi gleya. Koma gulu la maphunziro Dobrowolski ntchito kokha kwa mitsinje Russian kuti kuyenda mu m'mphepete mwa zigwa ndi kotentha chokhala ndi nyengo. M'madera ena achilengedwe simungakhoze kudutsa njira ya waterlogging m'madera bwalo.

Zotsatira za nyengo ndi pansi

The mtsinje n'chofunikira ofunika mapangidwe dothi alluvial. Ndi m'dambo ake kukhazikika pa magombe a chigumula kumveka. Komanso pa nthaka alluvial lili kukhudza nyengo, makamaka mvula. M'madera chinyezi ndi dothi acidic. Ndi kuchepa kuchuluka kwa mvula nthaka kukhala ndale. dothi zamchere anapanga m'madera louma. Pansi komanso zimakhudza nthaka. Komabe, impermanent. Mu nthawi ya madzi otsika ndi chilala pansi kupita mwakuya mu nthaka. Koma pa nyengo ya mvula ndi madzi osefukira, iwo ndi gwero. The aquifer kungachititse kuti waterlogging wa nthaka, kuwapatsa mineralization makamaka. Makamaka kwambiri imasonyezedwa mu chapakati ndi bwalo mbali ya floodplain lapansi.

Ntaka ku magwero pakamwa pa mtsinje

Bwinobwino mitsinje amabadwa mu mapiri. Small mtsinje komabe alibe mphamvu sambike magombe ake. Ndipo anatentha mwa thanthwe zovuta. Koma madziwo ali blurs salt Tibwerezenso silika ndi zinthu organic, ndi oxides ya manganese ndi chitsulo, gypsum ndi choko, mankhwala enaake ndi sulphate ndi sodium. Mu malire chapamwamba cha mitsinje phiri alluvium coarse, anamanga timiyala ndi mchenga coarse. Madzi amalowa lathyathyathya mbali ya Russia ndi hydrography osiyana. Iwo amabadwa mu zithaphwi. Ndipo chifukwa dothi floodplain alluvial, ngakhale malire chapamwamba za mitsinje kunyamula mbali yaikulu ya humus. Mu malire pakati pa mitsinje lowland meander ndipo nthawi zambiri kusintha bedi awo. Amachepetsa liwiro la mtsinje, kupanga madzi amakhala patsogolo, mineralized, ndipo mu nyengo chinyezi amadziwikanso oxidized. Izi Kodi ndi zovuta kwambiri mwachindunji pa mapangidwe dothi alluvial. Delta pa zimphona ngati amadzimadzi monga Volga Yenissei, Don, ndi nthambi kugwera kudzanja. Mu malire m'munsi mwa ndondomeko alluvial ndi kuvutitsidwa kwambiri. Pali waikamo manyowa, zimene dongo, ₃ SaS0 salt, pawiri potassium sodium, manganese, chitsulo.

Alluvial dothi sod

dothi izi zili pafupi yomweyo ya mtsinje, m'mphepete mwake mumbali. Iwo yodziwika ndi zochepa kwambiri a humus mu zikuchokera. Ngakhale madera awa anasefukira chaka floodplain, mtsinje atagona pamenepo yokha akhakula alluvium - coarse mchenga, ukuluukulu. Pa madzi osefukira anapanga zitunda, amene ndiye yagwa ndi mpweya. The dothi alluvial wa sod gleying pang'ono, kapangidwe awo mawotchi. Top wosanjikiza - yaing'ono makulidwe friable sod. Pansipa lagona woonda humus kaja. m'lifupi, malingana ndi zomera m'mphepete mwa nyanja akhoza kufika masentimita atatu makumi awiri. Ngakhale m'munsi mafuta anakonza kapangidwe kuwala. Wosauka mu dothi humus si chidwi ulimi.

ndi magawo alluvial nthaka Kodi

A pang'ono patsogolo kwa bedi mtsinje, ndi mikondo m'mphepete mwa nyanja, ndi m'madera amene anasefukira chaka chilichonse, koma mafunde amphamvu (mu Russia - patapita nyengo makamaka achisanu). Choncho, mafunsidwe a mtsinje amadzimadzi kapangidwe kuwala (miyala, mchenga) ndi alternated ndi zigawo za manyowa, zimene amene opangidwa kuchokera chimbudzi cha dambo zomera. Magawo alluvial nthaka, motsutsana ndi kuwaika nthaka, chidwi kwambiri ulimi. Pa malo awa lathyathyathya madzi msipu alimi ng'ombe kapena kuwagwiritsa ntchito pa udzu. Mbiri magawo alluvial nthaka wosanjikiza humus ndi masentimita makumi atatu ndi makumi wandiweyani. Zimenezi zimathandiza kuti kukula zobiriwira dambo zomera ndi zitsamba. Sod ndi pano mu mbiri, koma izi wosanjikiza woonda - zisanu masentimita. Pansipa ndi gleyed magawo alluvium. Mawotchi zikuchokera dothi la ankawonjezereka.

Alluvial-dambo dothi

Amakhala makamaka ku Central m'Chigwa cha floodplains a. dothi awa wapangidwa loamy kapena mchenga loam slabosloistymi Mtsinje m'dambo. Osaya pansi ngakhale pa nthawi ya chakudya chilala udzu zobiriwira zomera. Choncho, mbiri anapanga amphamvu topsheet chabwino grained humus nailivaniya. Aquifer pa akuya ambiri zosakwana mita, capillary wakudya zomera dambo. Pansi pa mbiri nthaka zimawonedwa gleying. Humus alluvial-dambo dothi atatu peresenti kuposa magawo. Ngati pansi kwambiri mineralized, pa masamba amenewa zikukwaniritsidwa floodplain subtypes solodized kapena dothi mchere. Ndithu chikoka pa mapangidwe dothi lili ndi zomera. Mitengo ndi zitsamba anapanga podzolized subtype alluvial dambo nthaka.

bog dothi

The ngalande matendawa, omwe zambiri zimachitika mu nearterrace m'dera la chigwa mtsinje, ndi nyengo chinyezi pali stagnation wa madzi ndondomeko. Kuwonjezera aquifer amachokera otsetsereka kusefukira pamwamba. Zonsezi (nthaka madzi, chinyezi nyengo mpumulo maganizo) kutsogolera chakuti amenewa zikukwaniritsidwa alluvial chithaphwi dothi. Iwo yodziwika ndi kapangidwe lolemera, wolemera mu peat, gleying. Pa maziko iyi chithaphwi zomera, nthawi zina misondodzi. ogleevaniya njira zikuchitika ndi madipoziti alluvial. Komanso, nthaka kumaonjezera chifukwa kudzikundikira humus. Mtundu zoterozo primers anachita ikhoza kukhala acidic kapena ofooka zamchere.

masitepe nthaka

Tisaiwale kuti mabanki mkulu wa mitsinje, nayenso, apangidwe madipoziti alluvial. Pokhapo - wamkulu kuposa wa dothi floodplain. M'zaka ndipo ngakhale zaka amalimidwa anapanga nkhungu wosanjikiza wa malo ena - podzolic nkhalango, dambo, wakuda lapansi. Koma pansi mapangidwe izi bodza lomwelo alluvial nthaka yonse.