Chiganizo, mitundu ndi tanthawuzo: zomwe zimapanga chigawenga

Kodi kulakwitsa ndi kupangidwa kwake ndi chiyani? Zomwe zimagwirizana ndi zofuna zawo komanso zochitika zawo zonse, zakhazikitsidwa ndi lamulo lachigawenga, zomwe zimasonyeza kuti chigawenga chimawopsa kwa anthu, dziwani tanthauzo lalikulu. Chikhalidwe cha chigawenga ndicho maziko a mlandu wamlandu. Lamulo lachigawenga la Russian Federation silingatchule lingaliro lomwelo, komabe, likugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu kufufuza ndi kuweruza, chiphunzitso chalamulo, Criminal Criminal Code and Criminal Code.

Zinthu ndi tanthauzo lake

Mlanduwu uli ndi zinthu zinayi zokha:

A) chinthu cholakwira chimene chiwonongeko chikuloledwa (katundu, chikhalidwe, mgwirizano wa anthu, zomwe lamulo lachigamulo liyenera kuteteza);

B) Cholinga cha mbali (chomwe chiri chowopsa kwambiri, mbali yake yowonjezera, zotsatira zoopsa pakati pa anthu ndi kugwirizana koonekeratu pakati pa umbanda ndi zotsatira, zida, njira, njira, nthawi, malo pomwe chilango chachitika);

C) mbali yovomerezeka (yomwe ndi, yomwe ili mkati mwa chigawenga chophwanya malamulo: mkhalidwe wamaganizo, maganizo a wolakwira mlandu ndi zotsatira zake: zolinga kapena kusasamala, cholinga ndi cholinga, maganizo pa nthawi yachitidwe);

D) nkhani ya chigawenga (munthu wamba pa msinkhu woweruza).

Kuchita mtundu uliwonse wa zochitika, malamulo onsewa ali ofunikira kwambiri.

Kuphatikizidwa kwa mlanduwu kuli ndi makhalidwe omwe amachititsa zinthu izi, palinso magulu anayi:

A) zizindikiro zomwe zimayang'ana mwachindunji chinthu, mlandu ndi wozunzidwa;

B) zizindikiro za mbali ya zolinga (zochitika ndi zotsatira za chigawenga, mgwirizano womwe umakhazikika pakati pawo, nthawi, zinthu, njira, zida ndi malo);

C) mbali yeniyeni imakhalanso ndi zizindikiro zake: cholakwika, cholinga, malingaliro, cholinga;

D) zizindikiro za phunziroli (chiyero cha munthu, kukhalapo kwa zaka zomwe udindo wouluka uli kotheka).

Zizindikiro za zinthu zinayi ndizofunikira kwambiri. Cholakwacho chiri ndi ziwalo zovomerezeka ndi zosankha.

Zovomerezeka ndi zosankha

Zinthu zovomerezeka ziyenera kupezeka, ndipo kupezeka kwa ngakhale chimodzi mwa izo kumatanthauza kusowa kwathunthu. Kufunika kwa zinthu zovomerezeka, kuphatikizapo cholinga chawo, ziyenera kuphatikizapo:

• Cholinga cha umbanda.
• Kusagwira ntchito kapena zochita, zotsatira zovulaza, zokhudzana ndi kusagwirizana kapena zochita, ndipo zogwirizana ziyenera kukhala zovuta.
• Zokhudzana ndi phunziroli, zinthu ziyenera kukhala ndi makhalidwe a munthu yemwe ali ndi udindo wathanzi komanso zaka zake.
• Vinyo monga cholinga kapena kunyalanyaza.

Tsatanetsatane wa zochitika zachiwawazo ndizokulu, koma ndizokha zomwe zingathe kudziwa kuti zifukwa zoterezi zimakhala zotani.

Zinthu zomwe zingakonzedwe ndizofunikira pakupanga milandu monga zina zowonjezera, zingakhale zovomerezeka kuti zikhale zofufuzidwa komanso zosankhidwa kwa ena. Mwachitsanzo:

A) chokhudza chinthu: wogwidwa ndi zinthu;

B) kuchokera kumbali ya malo - malo, nthawi, njira, zida;

C) ponena za nkhaniyi, phunziro lapadera;

D) kuchokera kumbali yovomerezeka - maganizo, cholinga ndi cholinga.

Tsatanetsatane wa zochitika zachitetezo ndizopambana, chifukwa kukhalapo kwawo kudzakhala kokha kukangana kwa udindo wolakwa.

Chigamulo: madigiri a chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu

Mlanduwu uli wosiyana kwambiri ndi wina ndi mzake, iwo akhoza kupatulidwa mu magawo anayi mogwirizana ndi makhalidwe omwewo. Izi ndizolondola ndikutanthauzira kwa tanthawuzo kuti tanthawuzo la chigawenga likufotokozedwa. Mitundu ya iwo ili monga choncho.

1. Mphamvu ya chikhalidwe mu zizolowezi zamakono: zowonongeka, zowonjezera, zamoyo komanso zolembedwa.

• Yoyamba imakhala ndi zida ndi zida zomwe zilipo m'zinthu zonse, zomwe zimadziwika ndi zigawenga.
• Lachiwiri ndilo kukhazikitsa maonekedwe a zolakwa zofanana, zomwe zimasonyeza makhalidwe omwe ali nawo m'gulu la chigawo chimodzi cha Criminal Code.
• Kulemba kwachitatu ndi khalidwe la malamulo a magulu ena.
• Chachinai ndizo zizindikiro zowonjezereka za kuphwanya lamulo linalake la lamulo lachigawenga.

2. Mlingo wa chiopsezo cha pulezidenti womwe uli pansi pano umafufuzira chiwonetsero chofunikira, choyenera komanso choyenera.

• Choyamba - chachikulu - chimakhala chofunikira kwambiri (chovomerezeka) chokhazikika ndi cholingalira chokhazikitsidwa, momwe chigawenga chikuwonekera momveka bwino ndipo sichikhala ndi zovuta kapena zochepetsera.
• Chigawo chachiŵiri chili ndi mwayi, ndiko kuti, ndi zizindikiro zowononga, zomwe zimasonyeza vuto laling'ono kwa anthu a chigamulochi ndipo zimakhala ngati zifukwa zochepetsera chiwerengero cha chilango poyerekeza ndi zilango za zolakwa zomwe zilipo.
• Kumbidwe koyenerera ndizochitika ndi zowawa, zomwe zikuphatikizidwa ndi zizindikiro zowononga, zomwe zimasonyeza ngozi yaikulu kwa anthu omwe apatsidwa, choncho zimapanga chilango chowopsya poyerekeza ndi chilango cha zolembazo.

Zizindikiro za mitundu iwiri yoyamba zimasonyeza kuti tanthauzo la chidziwitso ndilofunika. Mitundu ya iwo imatanthauzira molondola chilango cha olakwira omwe apanga.

Mafotokozedwe: njira yofotokozera ndi mapangidwe

Njira zowonetsera m'malamulo a zigawenga zingakhale za mitundu itatu: zosavuta, zovuta komanso zina. Kulemba koyambirira kumapereka zikhumbo zonse zomwe zimagwira ntchito komanso zolinga kamodzi, zovutazo zimakhala ndi zochitika zina kapena zigawo zina mu dongosolo la kuchulukitsa, njira yowonjezereka ndi mtundu wovuta, ndipo chidziwikiritso chake ndi chakuti pali chisonyezero cha zochitika zachinyengo kapena zochitika zonse mwakamodzi kapena Aliyense payekha adziŵe zomwe zikuchitikazo. Motero, izi kapena phindu la zolinga zamakono zawonetseredwa.

Mbali za mapangidwe a chinthucho ndi mbali yake yothandizira - panthawi yomaliza, zolemba zingakhale zomveka, zovomerezeka kapena zowonongeka. Poyamba, pamodzi ndi chiwonetserochi, chizindikiro cha corpus delicti ndi zotsatira zosalephera, ndipo milandu yokhayo ingakhoze kuonedwa kuti yangwiro mwamsanga pamene zotsatira zotsatiridwa ndi malamulo zili zoopsa kwa anthu. Zolembazo zikuwongosoledwa kokha kuchitapo kanthu choopsa kapena kusagwira ntchito kwa anthu, zomwe zimakhala ngati maziko a udindo, ndipo sizidalira pa kuyambika kwa zotsatira za zochitazo. Kupangidwa kwachulukidwe kwa chigawenga (lingaliro, tanthawuzo, zizindikiro) liri ndi mapangidwe omwe awonedwa kuti athazidwa kumayambiriro - kuyambira nthawi yochita choyipa, pakuyesa kapena kukonzekera kulakwira, ndipo izi sizidalira kumaliza kwa mimba.

Malingaliro

Mutu wa zolakwa kwa nthawi yaitali wakhala ukugwiritsidwa ntchito mwapadera kwambiri pakuchita, koma lamulo lachigawenga silinagwiritse ntchito tanthauzo ili mpaka posachedwapa. The Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, potsiriza, adagwira ntchito yofunikira ya lingaliro limeneli, ngakhale kuti silinapereke tanthauzo lomveka bwino. Koma kusiyana uku kunadzazidwa ndi chiphunzitso chalamulo.

Izi zikutanthawuza kuti chiwerengero cha chigawenga ndi lamulo lachigawenga lomwe limaperekedwa pazifukwa ndi zochitika zomwe zimapereka chikhalidwe cha ntchito yoopsya yaumphawi monga chigawenga, zolinga komanso zofunikira (zizindikiro) zomwe zimagwira ntchito. Pano palikutanthauzira kwakukulu: dongosolo limene zinthu (zizindikiro) ndilo tanthawuzo la corpus delicti. Zatchulidwa kale kuti chigawenga chikuphatikizapo zigawo zinayi: chinthu ndi mbali yake, cholinga ndi mbali yake. Tsatanetsatane wa zochitikazo ndizoti zonse ndizo chifukwa chokhala ndi mlandu. Ngati chinthu chimodzi chosowa chikusowa, palibe mlandu woweruza. Mwachitsanzo, ngati chigawengachi chidachitidwa ndi munthu wamisala, izi ndizopanda kukhala ndi mlandu wamlandu.

Mfundo ya malamulo

Kukhazikitsa malamulo m'Chilamulo cha Criminal Code kumaphatikizapo kufufuza zochitika zomwe zilipo komanso ntchito zina za anthu omwe anayamba kusonyeza zizindikiro za kukula, ndi zosayenera komanso zovulaza kusiyana ndi momwe anthu amaonera. Kufunika kwa chigawenga ndi lamulo la corpus delicti ndilo lamulo lokwanira bwino ndipo likuwonetseratu dongosolo lonse la maubwenzi lomwe limapangidwira mdziko, makamaka zopotoza zawo ndizovulaza, kulepheretsa ntchito zothandiza anthu komanso kuchepetsa chilungamo.

Wowongolera malamulo ali ngati sayansi ya chilengedwe amene sapereka malamulo ndipo samapanga iwo, koma ndiwongolerani yekha, amene amayesa kufotokozera malamulo a mkati malamulo okhudza za uzimu. Choncho, tanthauzo la chigamulo cha lamuloli likufotokozedwa mu Code Criminal (Part Special), pomwe chigawenga chimodzi chikhoza kusiyanitsidwa ndi wina. Mwachitsanzo, kubera kuchoka ku chiwombankhanga, kubera ku chikholi kumasiyana ndi zizindikiro zosiyana siyana za zochitikazi.

Ku Russia

Choyamba pang'ono za lamulo la Chiroma ndi Chingerezi. Ku Roma wakale, kuba kunkazindikiritsidwa ngati ufulu wolowa, kuphatikizapo ngongole yopanda malipiro. Kuwombera malamulo a Chingerezi kumawunikira njira zosiyanasiyana zowonongera katundu wa wina, ngakhale munthu atapatsa kanthu kena kopezeka kapena kuyenga magetsi. Ndipo ku Russia, lamulo lophwanya malamulo limathetsa milandu yeniyeni, mndandanda wa zomwe zimakhala zowonjezereka.

Ndipo izi zikutanthawuza kuti n'zotheka kuti awononge ndikuzindikira kuti ndilo khalidwe lomwe limagwirizana ndi maonekedwe ake. Zotsatira za malamulo a chigamulo cha Criminal Code zimasonyezedwa mwa mawonekedwe a zizindikiro zenizeni zotsatizana, koma zofunikira kwambiri komanso zowonongeka komanso zowunikira, zomwe zimagwirizanitsa ntchitoyi ngati ngozi.

Zolakwa zosatha komanso zomalizira

M'zigawo zina (Gawo lapadera la Code Criminal), zizindikiro za milandu yonse yomaliza zimatchulidwa, zomwe ochitawo anachita pamodzi ndi a co-executors kapena okha. Komabe, Gawo Lalikulu la Chigamulo cha Kachilamulo liri ndi malamulo pa zolakwa zopanda malire, zomwe zilipo kukonzekera kapena kuyesedwa.

Kufunika kwa mbali yeniyeni ya corpus delicti ndikuti Gawo Lachiwiri limafotokoza zizindikiro za ziwawa komanso zolakwa. Munthu akamachita ntchito, mwachitsanzo, ntchito za wothandizira, wokonza bungwe kapena wogwira ntchitoyo ndipo sanachite zomwe anachitazo, ndiye kuti bungwe, bungwe kapena zovuta zimaganiziridwa. Pazitsulo iliyonse yachinyengo ili ndi zizindikiro zofanana.

Mlandu uliwonse ukhoza kuwonetsedwa ndi zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana zoziganizira ndi zolinga, zida ndi zochitika zokha. Nkhani za Criminal Code (Special Part) zimangotchula zokhazokha zomwe zimakhazikitsidwa komanso zomwe zimakhalapo: chinthu, zigawenga kwa chigawenga, zonse zomwe zimagwira ntchito komanso zolinga, zomwe zimachitidwa kuti zikhale zolakwa. Kufunika kwa mbali yeniyeni ya corpus delicti n'kofunika kwambiri chifukwa apa tikuona kuti kusagwirizana kapena kuchita, zotsatira zoopsa kwa anthu, zochitika za malo ndi nthawi, kugwirizana, zochitika, njira ndi njira, zida zogwiritsira ntchito milandu - kutanthauza zizindikiro.

Chitsanzo

Kufotokozera mwachidule zikhalidwe zomwe zimachitika pazolakwa zonse zimatha kupanga chiphunzitso cha sayansi chomwe chimaphatikizapo malingaliro omwe ali pamwambapa, magulu awo anayi (omwe amatchedwanso maphwando a ziwalozo kapena zinthu zake). Amapereka tsatanetsatane wa chinthucho, mbali yake, cholinga chake komanso nkhani ya mlanduwu. Chitsanzo (lingaliro) nthawi zambiri chimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mabungwe a maphunziro ndipo chimakhala chofunika kwambiri. Popeza mbali iliyonse ya corpus delicti ili ndi zizindikiro zake, zilembo zake zonse, ndizokha, zenizeni ndi zosatheka.

Pazochitika zonsezi ndizofunikira, ndiko kuti, zovomerezeka pa zochitika zilizonse, zizindikiro, komanso chiwerengero cha munthu, uncharacteristic, chovomerezeka. Mwachitsanzo, malo, nthawi, amatanthawuza, zipangizo, njira zopangira chigawenga, zotsatira zake komanso zinthu zomwe sizichitika nthawi zonse sizili mbali imodzi ya chigawenga, koma kusagwira ntchito ndi zochitika ndizo mbali, ndipo zizindikiro zake ziri chabe Ndilololedwa kwa chiwerengero chirichonse. Komabe, zochitika zapachiwawa sizitchula mwachindunji zizindikiro zovomerezeka kapena zosankha mu Code Criminal (Part Special). Zizindikiro za ndondomeko imeneyi ndizofotokozedwa kapena kutanthauzira, monga momwe zimanenedwa ndi matanthauzo - mawu enieni, malamulo, mawu odziwika bwino.

Zitsanzo

Pali zifukwa zingapo, zomwe zifukwa, zomwe zigawenga zimafotokozedwa mu Code Criminal (Part Special). Chiwerengero cha zizindikiro zovomerezeka za cholinga ndi zomangamanga zimatsimikizira kuti ndimeyi ndizofunika: ndizolembedwa, zovomerezeka kapena zowonongeka. Chitsanzo cha zinthu zakuthupi: kunyalanyaza (gawo 1 la chaputala 293 la Criminal Code), pomwe zinthu zovuta zikusowapo. Apa ndikofunikira kukhazikitsa ngati chigawenga chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwakukulu, kuphwanya kwakukulu kwa zofuna ndi ufulu wa mabungwe kapena nzika kapena zofuna za anthu, boma, kutetezedwa ndi lamulo. Ngati zinthu zowonjezereka zilipo (gawo 2 la mutu womwewo), izi zikutanthauza kuvulaza kwambiri thanzi kapena imfa ya munthu chifukwa cha kusowa kwake. Ngati pali zovuta kwambiri (gawo 3 la mutu womwewo) - kupha imfa kwa anthu awiri kapena kupyolera mwa kunyalanyaza.

Chitsanzo cha zolembedwera sichikusonyeza zotsatira zake, padzakhala zochitika kapena zochitika zokwanira zomwe zili m'nkhani ya Criminal Code. Zotsatira zake sizingapangidwe ndi chigawenga ichi, ndipo ngati zilipo, zimaganiziridwa poika chilango. Mwachitsanzo, kulembedwa ndi ufulu wovota kapena kusokonezeka mu ntchito yama komiti. Mavitaminiwa ndi mawonekedwe apamwamba, mapeto a zochitikazo amapititsidwa kumayambiriro kwa chigawenga. Mwachitsanzo, kuba (zojambula 162) zimapangidwa ngati chiwonongeko chowombera katundu pomwe chiwawa choopsa cha thanzi ndi moyo chikugwiritsidwa ntchito, kapena chiopsezo chotere. Kubwebweta ndi chigawenga chokwanira kuchokera pa nthawi yoyamba ya chiwonongeko. Kutsirizira kwa lamulo lake kunasinthidwa pa nthawi ya kuyesa kupha, pamene kugonjetsa chuma cha wina sichinayambe kuchitika.