Chibadwa ndi chiyani? Chibadwa ndi mitundu yake

Pafupifupi aliyense amadziwa zimene chibadwa. Kuyambira mfundo za sayansi view cha chibadwa - ndi luso la chamoyo kusamutsa mbali ya chitukuko ndi makhalidwe kwa ana awo. Mwana aliyense zimatengera pa makolo ake ena makhalidwe ndi maonekedwe a maonekedwe, ndi yankho ku funso la chimene chibadwa. Komanso, thupi amatha kuphunzira ndi mtundu wa kagayidwe ndi matenda, ndi mtima. Ichi ndi chifukwa DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) - zakuthupi chibadwa.

chibadwa

Kodi cholowa, ngakhale kudziwa zambiri ya ana, koma kuti sayansi cha chibadwa - ndi chibadwa, osati aliyense amadziwa.

mitundu ya chibadwa

Ngati ife kulankhula za chibadwa anthu, ndiye muchigawane mwa mitundu zotsatirazi:

1. Population. Chinkhoswe mu kuphunzira njira maselo a magulu a anthu amene akutenga malo ndi tanthauzo la ukwati, mchikakamizo cha masinthidwe, kusankha, kudzipatula, kapena kusamuka. Amaphunziranso malamulo mapangidwe a genotype anthu.
2. Amuzolengedwa. Iye wakhala kuphunzira yeniyeni, chibadwa ankalamulira syntheses amuzolengedwa, pamene akugwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono kwambiri wa sayansi (electrophoresis, kusanthula koromatogarafe, etc.).
3. Cytogenetics. Wakhala kuphunzira zonyamulira chuma cha chibadwa, kuti akuphunzira DNA, ntchito zawo ndi dongosolo.
4. Immunogenetics. Iye waima panja chifukwa kukhazikitsidwa kwa mbali ambiri immunological. Kwenikweni izo antigens wa leukocytes ndi erythrocytes, mapuloteni wa seramu magazi.

Mitundu cha chibadwa

Pakali pano, mitundu ya cholowa zotsatirazi:

1. nyukiliya. Kumakhudzana ndi makhalidwe HIV (kumtundu) amene ali mu DNA phata. dzina lake chachiwiri - khromozomu.

I lembani chibadwa nyukiliya:

• Madalitso ndi autosomal recessive osowa (osati mu m'badwo uliwonse). Ndi Mbali imeneyi ya makolo ndi ana awo, nawonso, simungathe kuwapewa. Zingakhalenso ana a makolo amene alibe ziwalo;
• autosomal lalikulu amapezeka mu m'badwo uliwonse. Kodi pali umboni osachepera wina wa makolo a mwanayo, nawonso, adzakhala nazo;
• golandricheskoe (concatenated ndi Y - khromozomu) ndi mwamuna makhalidwe yekha ndi wamba. Imafalikira kudzera mu mzere wa mwamuna;
• ndi recessive X - khromozomu ali osowa. Akazi zitha kukhala kukachitika kuti umboni uwu ndi bambo ake;
• lalikulu ndi X - khromozomu mu akazi m'nthawi 2 zambiri.

2. Cytoplasmic. Iwo wapezeka amayerekezera zotsatira Mitanda zosiyanasiyana reciprocal.

Chibadwa ndi chilengedwe

Mu zinthu zomwezo, anthu zinthu zosiyana. Ndipotu A zimachitika chibadwa. Koma ngakhale amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri mu moyo wa munthu ndi chitukuko, malo, nayenso, ali kusiyana wokongola lalikulu. Chomaliza mapangidwe munthu zimadalira maganizo ndi maphunziro thupi la munthu. Chibadwa ndi chilengedwe zonse zogwirizana. The malo abwino kwambiri, wamkulu mwayi wa mwana kuukitsa munthu wamakhalidwe, ngakhale majini ndi osauka. Tsopano, kuti muyankhe funso ili: "chibadwa Kodi", mukhoza akatenge munthu wodabwitsa.